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Rollo I, Williams C. Carbohydrate Nutrition and Skill Performance in Soccer. Sports Med 2023; 53:7-14. [PMID: 37421586 PMCID: PMC10721660 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-023-01876-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 07/10/2023]
Abstract
In soccer, players must perform a variety of sport-specific skills usually during or immediately after running, often at sprint speed. The quality of the skill performed is likely influenced by the volume of work done in attacking and defending over the duration of the match. Even the most highly skilful players succumb to the impact of fatigue both physical and mental, which may result in underperforming skills at key moments in a match. Fitness is the platform on which skill is performed during team sport. With the onset of fatigue, tired players find it ever more difficult to successfully perform basic skills. Therefore, it is not surprising that teams spend a large proportion of their training time on fitness. While acknowledging the central role of fitness in team sport, the importance of team tactics, underpinned by spatial awareness, must not be neglected. It is well established that a high-carbohydrate diet before a match and, as a supplement during match play, helps delay the onset of fatigue. There is some evidence that players ingesting carbohydrate can maintain sport-relevant skills for the duration of exercise more successfully compared with when ingesting placebo or water. However, most of the assessments of sport-specific skills have been performed in a controlled, non-contested environment. Although these methods may be judged as not ecologically valid, they do rule out the confounding influences of competition on skill performance. The aim of this brief review is to explore whether carbohydrate ingestion, while delaying fatigue during match play, may also help retain sport soccer-specific skill performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian Rollo
- Gatorade Sports Science Institute, PepsiCo Life Sciences, Global R&D, Leicestershire, UK.
- School of Sports Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK.
| | - Clyde Williams
- School of Sports Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
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Morelli L, Compostella F, Panza L, Imperio D. Unusual promoters and leaving groups in glycosylation reactions: The evolution of carbohydrate synthesis. Carbohydr Res 2022; 519:108625. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2022.108625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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FELISBERTO P, SEIDINGER SC, SANTOS T, TORRES W, LIRA FS, BUONANI C. Testosterone and lean mass show a positive correlation with the technical performance of footballers. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2022. [DOI: https:/doi.org/10.23736/s0022-4707.21.12422-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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FELISBERTO P, SEIDINGER SC, SANTOS T, TORRES W, LIRA FS, BUONANI C. Testosterone and lean mass show a positive correlation with the technical performance of footballers. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2022. [DOI: https://doi.org/10.23736/s0022-4707.21.12422-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Alshuwaier GO, Ghazzawi HA, Alaqil AI, Alsharif YR, Alibrahim MS, Aljaloud KS. The Effect of Intensity Soccer Training Sessions on Marked Biochemical Indicators of Blood Acidity of Saudi Young Soccer Players. Open Access J Sports Med 2022; 13:17-23. [PMID: 35299591 PMCID: PMC8922456 DOI: 10.2147/oajsm.s356075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Methods Results Conclusion
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghareeb O Alshuwaier
- Department of Exercise Physiology, College of Sport Sciences and Physical Activity, King Saud University, Riyadh, ZIP 4545, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hadeel Ali Ghazzawi
- Department of Nutrition and Food Technology, School of Agriculture, The University of Jordan, Amman, 11942, Jordan
| | - Abdulrahman I Alaqil
- Department of Physical Education, College of Education, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, ZIP 400, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, 5230, Denmark
- Correspondence: Abdulrahman I Alaqil, Department of Physical Education, College of Education, King Faisal University, P.O. BOX 31982, Al-Ahsa, ZIP 400, Saudi Arabia, Tel +966 555239166, Email
| | - Yahya R Alsharif
- Department of Exercise Physiology, College of Sport Sciences and Physical Activity, King Saud University, Riyadh, ZIP 4545, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Shaab Alibrahim
- Department of Physical Education, College of Education, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, ZIP 400, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khalid S Aljaloud
- Department of Exercise Physiology, College of Sport Sciences and Physical Activity, King Saud University, Riyadh, ZIP 4545, Saudi Arabia
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Dextrose 10% drink is superior to sodium-dextrose drink in increasing blood glucose and sprint speed in soccer players: A double-blinded randomized crossover trial study. Sci Sports 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.scispo.2020.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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7
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Fernandes H. A proposal of energy and macronutrients intakes for elite soccer players. Sci Sports 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.scispo.2021.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Queiroz RLDS, Castro RKD, Caponi LQ, Gosalvez MM, Calvo JCP, Drago S, Díaz CC, Fernandez MPR. ORAL HEALTH CONDITIONS AND SELF-REPORTED PRESENCE OF PAIN IN ROWERS: AN EPIDEMIOLOGY STUDY. REV BRAS MED ESPORTE 2021. [DOI: 10.1590/1517-8692202127062021_0131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT Introduction: Rowers are especially prone to oral health problems due to the massive consumption of supplements and isotonic drinks that lead eating disorders, due to the need for weight control, and to the development of teeth clenching caused by the constant activation of the chewing muscles during sports activity. Objective: To evaluate the oral health status of a group of Brazilian rowers and to identify the main risk factors influencing their oral health. Methods: One hundred and twenty rowers (84 men and 36 women) with an age of 24.16 ± 5.74 years participated in this study; an average height of 1.79 ± 0.09 cm and body mass of 75.02 ± 11.64 kg were detected by means of a questionnaire focused on the main factors that influence the deterioration in athletes’ oral health. Results: The dental results revealed a significant number of rowers with the oral breathing pattern (46.7%), malocclusion (65.8%), bruxism (33.3%) and noise and/or pain in the TMJ (temporomandibular joint) (20.8%). The use of supplements and isotonic drinks (48.3%) and the incidence of bleeding gums (30.83%) were also found. Conclusion: The results show the importance of making rowers aware of the relevance of oral health and the need for prevention systems, ideally including sports dentistry specialists within the sports medicine departments of rowing clubs. Level of evidence II; Retrospective study.
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Acute Effects of Warm-Up, Exercise and Recovery-Related Strategies on Assessments of Soccer Kicking Performance: A Critical and Systematic Review. Sports Med 2021; 51:661-705. [PMID: 33332012 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-020-01391-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A number of reviews have collated information on the impact of warming-up, physical exertion and recovery strategies on physical, subjective and physiological markers in soccer players yet none have solely analyzed their potential effects on components of kicking performance. OBJECTIVE To systematically analyse the influence of warm-up, exercise and/or recovery-related strategies on kicking performance in male soccer players and provide a critical appraisal on research paradigm related to kicking testing constraints and data acquisition methods. METHODS A systematic literature search was performed (until July 2020) in PubMed, Web of Science, SPORTDiscus, Scopus and ProQuest. Studies in male soccer populations, which included the effects of warm-up routines, physical exercise and/or recovery-related interventions, reported on comparisons pre-post or between experimental conditions and that computed at least one measure of kicking kinematics and/or performance were considered. Methodological quality and risk of bias were determined for the included studies. Constraints related to kicking testing and data acquisition methods were also summarized and discussed. RESULTS Altogether, 52 studies were included. Of these, 10 examined the respective effects of a warm-up, 34 physical exercise, and 21 recovery-related strategies. The results of eight studies showed that lower limb kinematics, kicking accuracy or ball velocity were improved following warm-ups involving dynamic but not static stretching. Declines in ball velocity occurred notably following intermittent endurance or graded until exhaustion exercise (three studies in both cases) without inclusion of any ball skills. In contrast, conflicting evidence in five studies was observed regarding ball velocity following intermittent endurance exercise interspersed with execution of ball skills. Kicking accuracy was less frequently affected by physical exercise (remained stable across 14 of 19 studies). One investigation indicated that consumption of a carbohydrate beverage pre- and mid-exercise demonstrated benefits in counteracting the potentially deleterious consequences of exercise on ball velocity, while four studies reported conflicting results regarding kicking accuracy. Most evidence synthesized for the interventions demonstrated moderate level (77%) and unclear-to-high risk of bias in at least one item evaluated (98%). The main limitations identified across studies were kicks generally performed over short distances (50%), in the absence of opposition (96%), and following experimental instructions which did not concomitantly consider velocity and accuracy (62%). Also, notational-based metrics were predominantly used to obtain accuracy outcomes (54%). CONCLUSIONS The results from this review can help inform future research and practical interventions in an attempt to measure and optimise soccer kicking performance. However, given the risk of bias and a relative lack of strong evidence, caution is required when applying some of the current findings in practice. PROSPERO ID CRD42018096942.
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Felisberto P, Seidinger SC, Santos T, Torres W, Lira FS, Buonani C. Testosterone and lean mass show a positive correlation with the technical performance of footballers. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2021; 62:769-777. [PMID: 33885259 DOI: 10.23736/s0022-4707.21.12422-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Monitoring technical performance during a soccer match has become an indispensable practice, since the players perform different functions within the tactical system adopted by the team, resulting in specific technical actions that are fully responsive to the individual technical level of each player. Thus, current study aimed to investigate the possible direct and mediating relationship between salivary testosterone and the technical performance of semi-professional footballers during a training game. METHODS To characterize the sample, the anthropometric profile, body composition, biological maturation, lower limb power, speed, estimation of maximum oxygen consumption, and physical performance were used. To determine testosterone concentrations, saliva was collected before and after the training game, for subsequent measurement using enzyme immunoassay (ELISA) and Salimetrics Kits. For quantification of technical performance and participation with the ball during the training game, scout software was used from the footage of the training game. The reliability of the technical performance analyses was determined through the repetition test of two attempts (Cohen's Kappa agreement index). RESULTS The direct relationship between post-game testosterone and total participation with the ball in the second half; the direct relationship between the percentage of lean mass with post-game testosterone and an apparent relationship between percentage of lean mass and total participation with the ball from the set of relations mediated by post-game testosterone concentrations. CONCLUSIONS The results suggest that testosterone concentrations combined with high levels of lean mass may have a important role in the technical performance and participation with the ball of semi-professional footballers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Felisberto
- Department of Physical Education, Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), Faculty of Science and Technology, Presidente Prudente, São Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Physical Education, Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), Faculty of Science and Technology, Presidente Prudente, São Paulo, Brazil, Sports Research Group (GEPEs).,Department of Physical Education, Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), Faculty of Science and Technology, Presidente Prudente, São Paulo, Brazil, Laboratory of Investigation in Exercise (LIVE).,Post-Graduate Program in Movement Sciences - Interunits, Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), Faculty of Science and Technology, Presidente Prudente, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sylvia C Seidinger
- Department of Physical Education, Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), Faculty of Science and Technology, Presidente Prudente, São Paulo, Brazil - .,Department of Physical Education, Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), Faculty of Science and Technology, Presidente Prudente, São Paulo, Brazil, Sports Research Group (GEPEs).,Post-Graduate Program in Motricity Sciences - Interunits, Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), Faculty of Science and Technology, Presidente Prudente, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Thaislaine Santos
- Department of Physical Education, Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), Faculty of Science and Technology, Presidente Prudente, São Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Physical Education, Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), Faculty of Science and Technology, Presidente Prudente, São Paulo, Brazil, Sports Research Group (GEPEs).,Post-Graduate Program in Motricity Sciences - Interunits, Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), Faculty of Science and Technology, Presidente Prudente, São Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Physical Education, Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), Faculty of Science and Technology, Presidente Prudente, São Paulo, Brazil, Exercise and Immunometabolism Research Group (GIME)
| | - Wesley Torres
- Department of Physical Education, Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), Faculty of Science and Technology, Presidente Prudente, São Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Physical Education, Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), Faculty of Science and Technology, Presidente Prudente, São Paulo, Brazil, Laboratory of Investigation in Exercise (LIVE).,Post-Graduate Program in Motricity Sciences - Interunits, Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), Faculty of Science and Technology, Presidente Prudente, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fábio S Lira
- Department of Physical Education, Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), Faculty of Science and Technology, Presidente Prudente, São Paulo, Brazil.,Post-Graduate Program in Movement Sciences - Interunits, Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), Faculty of Science and Technology, Presidente Prudente, São Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Physical Education, Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), Faculty of Science and Technology, Presidente Prudente, São Paulo, Brazil, Exercise and Immunometabolism Research Group (GIME)
| | - Camila Buonani
- Department of Physical Education, Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), Faculty of Science and Technology, Presidente Prudente, São Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Physical Education, Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), Faculty of Science and Technology, Presidente Prudente, São Paulo, Brazil, Sports Research Group (GEPEs)
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Zhu Y, Sun F, Li C, Chow DHK, Wang K. Acute Effect of Brief Mindfulness-Based Intervention Coupled with Fluid Intake on Athletes' Cognitive Function. J Sports Sci Med 2020; 19:753-760. [PMID: 33239950 PMCID: PMC7675633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
During the half time of intermittent team sports, substantial physiological changes relating to acid-base balance and glycemic response affect the second-half performance. Refuel and rehydrate strategy is therefore necessary to be investigated. This field experiment assessed the acute effect of a brief mindfulness-based intervention (MBI) coupled with fluid intake on players' cognitive function in a simulated soccer game. In a single-blinded, randomized, cross-over experiment, 14 male players received three treatments [Control: noncarbohydrate solution + traveling introduction audio; CHO: Carbohydrate (CHO)-electrolyte solution + traveling introduction audio; and CHO-M: CHO-electrolyte solution + MBI] during a simulated half-time break of a soccer game. Participants' mindfulness level, blood glucose and lactate, rating of perceived exertion, and cognitive function performance assessed by the Stroop effect task (ST), Corsi block-tapping test (CBT), and rapid visual information processing task (RVIPT) were immediately measured before, during, and after the trial. Repeated measure ANOVA was used for statistical analysis. The results revealed that: (1) in ST, the CHO_M group performed better than the Control group and marginally better than the CHO group; (2) in CBT, both the Control group and CHO-M group responded faster in the posttest than in the pretest; however, the performance of the CHO group remained the same; (3) the CHO group spent less time on missing numbers in post RVIPT compared with the other two groups. In conclusion, findings of this study provided a preliminary evidence of the positive effect of MBI coupled with CHO intake on athletes' cognitive function, with both positive and negative effect of CHO ingestion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxin Zhu
- Department of Health and Physical Education, The Education University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Fenghua Sun
- Department of Health and Physical Education, The Education University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Chunxiao Li
- School of Physical Education & Sports Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Daniel H K Chow
- Department of Health and Physical Education, The Education University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Kangle Wang
- Department of Health and Physical Education, The Education University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
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Fernandes HS. Carbohydrate Consumption and Periodization Strategies Applied to Elite Soccer Players. Curr Nutr Rep 2020; 9:414-419. [PMID: 33098050 DOI: 10.1007/s13668-020-00338-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW During a soccer season, athletes tend to play intense and light matches such as decisive and qualifying games. The amount of muscle glycogen stores is a determining factor of performance during exercise, and manipulation of carbohydrate intake during the soccer season to enhance muscle glycogen stores can improve the performance of elite soccer players. The purpose of this review is to provide a holistic view of the periodization of carbohydrates and their effects on sports performance, based on what the literature recommends for the periodization of carbohydrates for endurance athletes, and of muscle glycogen recovery and compensation among professional soccer players. RECENT FINDINGS The ingestion of large amounts of carbohydrates (CHO;10 g/kg of body weight (BW)/day) is important 36 h before a match for the elite soccer player to ensure muscle glycogen supercompensation. In addition, elite soccer players should intake 1 to 1.5 g/kg BW/h within the first 4 h after a soccer game to maximize glycogen resynthesis. However, the season is comprised of away and home games that require different intensities; thus, soccer players need to periodize CHO intake based on evidence-based recommendations such as "train low," "train low, compete high," and/or "sleep low." The goal is to induce training adaptations by alternating with high or low CHO availability based on seasons, matches, and training intensities. The strategy can result in improved performance during games. Periodizing the consumption of carbohydrates, based on the intensity of training and matches, should include more carbohydrates when the matches require higher intensity and fewer carbohydrates when they require lower intensity; this is a strategy that will improve the performance of elite soccer athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haniel Soares Fernandes
- Nutrition Departament, Estácio de Sá College, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil.
- Nutrition, Metabolism e Physiology in Sport, São Gabriel da Palha College, São Gabriel da Palha, Espírito Santo, Brazil.
- Clinical and Functional Nutrition, São Gabriel da Palha College, São Gabriel da Palha, Espírito Santo, Brazil.
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The Effects of Low- and High-Glycemic Index Sport Nutrition Bars on Metabolism and Performance in Recreational Soccer Players. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12040982. [PMID: 32252250 PMCID: PMC7231210 DOI: 10.3390/nu12040982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2020] [Revised: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Consumption of low-glycemic index (GI) carbohydrates (CHO) may be superior to high-GI CHO before exercise by increasing fat oxidation and decreasing carbohydrate oxidation. We compared the effects of pre-exercise feeding of a low-GI lentil-based sports nutrition bar with a high-GI bar on metabolism and performance during a simulated soccer match. Using a randomized, double-blind, counterbalanced, crossover design, participants (n = 8) consumed 1.5 g/kg available CHO from a low-GI bar (GI = 45) or high-GI bar (GI = 101) two hours before a 90 min simulated soccer match, and 0.38 g/kg body mass during a 15 min half-time break. The test involved alternating 6 min intervals of paced jogging, running, walking, and sprinting, and 3 min intervals of soccer-specific skills (timed ball dribbling, agility running, heading, kicking accuracy). Carbohydrate oxidation rate was lower during the match after consuming the low-GI compared to high-GI bar (2.17 ± 0.6 vs. 2.72 ± 0.4 g/min; p < 0.05). Participants performed better during the low-GI versus high-GI bar condition on the agility test (5.7 ± 0.4 versus 6.1 ± 0.6 s; p < 0.01) and heading (i.e., jumping height 24.7 ± 4.3 versus 22.2 ± 4.5 cm; p < 0.01) late in the soccer match (72 min). A low-GI lentil-based sports nutrition bar provides a metabolic benefit (lower carbohydrate oxidation rate) and a modest improvement in agility running and jumping height (heading) late in the test.
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14
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Bauer EB. Transition metal catalyzed glycosylation reactions – an overview. Org Biomol Chem 2020; 18:9160-9180. [DOI: 10.1039/d0ob01782e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
An overview of transition metal catalyzed glycosylation reactions is presented and the main trends in reactivity are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eike B. Bauer
- University of Missouri - St Louis
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- One University Boulevard
- St Louis
- USA
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Honey Supplementation and Exercise: A Systematic Review. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11071586. [PMID: 31336992 PMCID: PMC6683082 DOI: 10.3390/nu11071586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2019] [Revised: 06/27/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Honey is a natural substance formed primarily of carbohydrates (~80%) which also contains a number of other compounds purported to confer health benefits when consumed. Due to its carbohydrate composition (low glycaemic index, mostly fructose and glucose), honey may theoretically exert positive effects when consumed before, during or after exercise. This review therefore appraised research examining the effects of honey consumption in combination with exercise in humans. Online database (PubMed, MEDLINE, SPORTDiscus) searches were performed, yielding 273 results. Following duplicate removal and application of exclusion criteria, nine articles were reviewed. Large methodological differences existed in terms of exercise stimulus, population, and the nutritional interventions examined. All nine studies reported biochemical variables, with four examining the effects of honey on exercise performance, whilst five described perceptual responses. Acute supplementation around a single exercise session appeared to elicit similar performance, perceptual, and immunological responses compared with other carbohydrate sources, although some performance benefit has been observed relative to carbohydrate-free comparators. When consumed over a number of weeks, honey may dampen immunological perturbations arising from exercise and possibly improve markers of bone formation. More well-controlled research is required to better understand the role for honey in a food-first approach to exercise nutrition.
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Regulation of Muscle Glycogen Metabolism during Exercise: Implications for Endurance Performance and Training Adaptations. Nutrients 2018; 10:nu10030298. [PMID: 29498691 PMCID: PMC5872716 DOI: 10.3390/nu10030298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2018] [Revised: 02/23/2018] [Accepted: 02/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the introduction of the muscle biopsy technique in the late 1960s, our understanding of the regulation of muscle glycogen storage and metabolism has advanced considerably. Muscle glycogenolysis and rates of carbohydrate (CHO) oxidation are affected by factors such as exercise intensity, duration, training status and substrate availability. Such changes to the global exercise stimulus exert regulatory effects on key enzymes and transport proteins via both hormonal control and local allosteric regulation. Given the well-documented effects of high CHO availability on promoting exercise performance, elite endurance athletes are typically advised to ensure high CHO availability before, during and after high-intensity training sessions or competition. Nonetheless, in recognition that the glycogen granule is more than a simple fuel store, it is now also accepted that glycogen is a potent regulator of the molecular cell signaling pathways that regulate the oxidative phenotype. Accordingly, the concept of deliberately training with low CHO availability has now gained increased popularity amongst athletic circles. In this review, we present an overview of the regulatory control of CHO metabolism during exercise (with a specific emphasis on muscle glycogen utilization) in order to discuss the effects of both high and low CHO availability on modulating exercise performance and training adaptations, respectively.
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