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Jiang H, Han TL, Yang J, Yang Y, Wang F, Chen Y, Huang N, Mansell T, Craig JM, Scurrah KJ, Novakovic B, Baker PN, Zhang H, Wei Y, Wang L, Saffery R. Evidence for ethnicity and location as regulators of the newborn blood metabolome: a monozygous twin study. Front Nutr 2024; 10:1259777. [PMID: 38239842 PMCID: PMC10794553 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2023.1259777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Monochorionic, diamniotic (MCDA) monozygotic twins share nearly all genetic variation and a common placenta in utero. Despite this, MCDA twins are often discordant for a range of common phenotypes, including early growth and birth weight. As such, MCDA twins represent a unique model to explore variation in early growth attributable primarily to in utero environmental factors. Methods MCDA twins with a range of within-pair birth weight discordance were sampled from the peri/postnatal epigenetic twin study (PETS, Melbourne; n = 26 pairs), Beijing twin study (BTS, Beijing; n = 25), and the Chongqing longitudinal twin study (LoTiS, Chongqing; n = 22). All PETS participants were of European-Australian ancestry, while all Chinese participants had Han ancestry. The average of the birth weight difference between the larger and smaller co-twins for all twin pairs was determined and metabolomic profiles of amino acids, TCA cycle intermediates, fatty acids, organic acids, and their derivatives generated from cord blood plasma by gas chromatograph mass spectrometry. Within and between co-twin pair analyses were performed to identify metabolites specifically associated with discordance in birth weight. Multivariable regression and pathway enrichment analyses between different regions were performed to evaluate the geographical effects on the metabolism of MCDA twin pairs. Results PETS twins showed a markedly different metabolic profile at birth compared to the two Chinese samples. Within-pair analysis revealed an association of glutathione, creatinine, and levulinic acid with birth weight discordance. Caffeine, phenylalanine, and several saturated fatty acid levels were uniquely elevated in PETS twins and were associated with maternal BMI and average within pair birth weight, in addition to birth weight discordance. LoTiS twins had higher levels of glutathione, tyrosine, and gamma-linolenic acid relative to PETS and BTS twins, potentially associated with eating habits. Conclusion This study highlights the potential role of underlying genetic variation (shared by MZ twins), in utero (non-shared by MZ twins) and location-specific (shared by MZ twins) environmental factors, in regulating the cord blood metabolome of uncomplicated MCDA twins. Future research is needed to unravel these complex relationships that may play a key role in phenotypic metabolic alterations of twins independent of genetic diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huimin Jiang
- Department of Reproductive Medicine Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ting-Li Han
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jing Yang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yang Yang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Maternal and Fetal Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Mass Spectrometry Centre of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Life Science Institution, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Fengdi Wang
- Department of Reproductive Medicine Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yuelu Chen
- Department of Reproductive Medicine Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Nana Huang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Toby Mansell
- Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, and Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Jeffrey M. Craig
- Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, and Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- The Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation (IMPACT), School of Medicine, Deakin University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Katrina J. Scurrah
- Twins Research Australia and Centre for Mental Health, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Boris Novakovic
- Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, and Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Philip N. Baker
- College of Life Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Hua Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Maternal and Fetal Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yuan Wei
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Lianlian Wang
- Department of Reproductive Medicine Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Richard Saffery
- Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, and Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
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Huang N, Jiang H, Zhang Y, Sun X, Li Y, Wei Y, Yang J, Zhao Y. Amniotic fluid metabolic fingerprinting contributes to shaping the unfavourable intrauterine environment in monochorionic diamniotic twins. Clin Nutr 2024; 43:111-123. [PMID: 38035859 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2023.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Revised: 10/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Amniotic fluid (AF) is the primary intrauterine environment for fetal growth throughout gestation. Selective fetal growth restriction (sFGR) is an adverse complication characterized by unequal growth in twins with nearly identical genetic makeup. However, the influence of AF-mediated intrauterine environment on the development and progression of sFGR remains unexplored. METHODS High-throughput targeted metabolomics analysis (G350) was performed on AF samples collected from sFGR (n = 18) and MCDA twins with birth weight concordance (MCDA-C, n = 20) cases. Weighted correlation network analysis (WGCNA) was used to identify clinical features that may influence the metabolite composition in AF. Subsequently, partial least-squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analyses were performed to compare the different types of sFGR and MCDA-C twins. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) and multivariate ROC curves were utilized to explore potential AF markers in twins with sFGR. RESULTS In our study, 182 metabolites were quantified in 76 AF samples. WGCNA indicated that the metabolite composition in late AF may not be influenced by gestational age. PLSDA demonstrated distinct variations between the metabolite profiles of AF in the sFGR and MCDA-C twins, with a significant emphasis on amino acids as the primary differential metabolite. The dissimilarities observed in sFGR twins were predominantly attributed to lipid metabolism-related metabolites. In particular, the KEGG enrichment metabolic pathway analysis revealed significant associations of both types of sFGR twins with central carbon metabolism in cancer. The multivariate ROC curves indicated that the combination of carnosine, sarcosine, l-alanine, beta-alanine, and alpha-n-phenylacetylglutamine significantly improved the AUC to 0.928. Notably, the ROC curves highlighted creatine (AUC:0.934) may be a potential biomarker for severe sFGR. CONCLUSION The data presented in this study offer a comprehensive metabolic map of the AF in cases of sFGR, shedding light on potential biomarkers associated with fetal growth and development in MCDA twins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nana Huang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China; National Clinical Research Center for Obstetrics and Gynecology (Peking University Third Hospital), Beijing, China; National Center for Healthcare Quality Management in Obstetrics, Beijing, China
| | - Hai Jiang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China; National Clinical Research Center for Obstetrics and Gynecology (Peking University Third Hospital), Beijing, China; National Center for Healthcare Quality Management in Obstetrics, Beijing, China
| | - Youzhen Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China; National Clinical Research Center for Obstetrics and Gynecology (Peking University Third Hospital), Beijing, China; National Center for Healthcare Quality Management in Obstetrics, Beijing, China
| | - Xiya Sun
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China; National Clinical Research Center for Obstetrics and Gynecology (Peking University Third Hospital), Beijing, China; National Center for Healthcare Quality Management in Obstetrics, Beijing, China
| | - Yixin Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China; National Clinical Research Center for Obstetrics and Gynecology (Peking University Third Hospital), Beijing, China; National Center for Healthcare Quality Management in Obstetrics, Beijing, China
| | - Yuan Wei
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China; National Clinical Research Center for Obstetrics and Gynecology (Peking University Third Hospital), Beijing, China; National Center for Healthcare Quality Management in Obstetrics, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Yang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China; National Clinical Research Center for Obstetrics and Gynecology (Peking University Third Hospital), Beijing, China; National Center for Healthcare Quality Management in Obstetrics, Beijing, China.
| | - Yangyu Zhao
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China; National Clinical Research Center for Obstetrics and Gynecology (Peking University Third Hospital), Beijing, China; National Center for Healthcare Quality Management in Obstetrics, Beijing, China.
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Zhu M, Sun R, Jin L, Yu D, Huang X, Zhu T, Gong Y, Chen Y, Shi J, Wang Q, Lu C, Wang D. Metabolomics profiling of maternal and umbilical cord blood in normoglycemia macrosomia. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2023; 36:2270761. [PMID: 37848386 DOI: 10.1080/14767058.2023.2270761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023]
Abstract
Background: Macrosomia is a common disorder that occurs during pregnancy. We investigated the comprehensive metabolite profiles of pregnant maternal and fetal sera in normoglycemic macrosomia in a Chinese population. Methods: Forty pregnant women and their fetuses were included in the study (twenty macrosomia patients and twenty normal-weight controls). Maternal and umbilical cord serum metabolites were identified using ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry. Results: In total, 203 metabolites were identified. Lipids and lipid-like molecules were the predominant metabolites. Fifty-three metabolites with significant differences were obtained in the maternal samples. In the macrosomia group, the levels of docosahexaenoic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid, and arachidonic acid were significantly higher than those in the control group. Umbilical cord serum samples were obtained for 24 different metabolites. The maternal-fetal gradient of polyunsaturated fatty acids was decreased in the macrosomia group. Aconitic acid, citric acid, isocitric acid, 2-methylhexanoic acid, and 12-hydroxystearic acid were the common differential metabolites in the maternal and umbilical cord serum samples. Conclusion: There were obvious metabolic abnormalities in the sera of pregnant women and fetuses with macrosomia. Lipids and lipid-like molecules were the predominant differential metabolites but had different classifications in the maternal and umbilical cord serum. These results may provide new insights into the long-term metabolic disorders associated with macrosomia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mianmian Zhu
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Rongyue Sun
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Lixu Jin
- Department of Obstetrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Dandan Yu
- Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoxia Huang
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Ting Zhu
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Yujing Gong
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Yuan Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Jiamin Shi
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Qiu Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Chaosheng Lu
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Dan Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, P. R. China
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Deng L, Hao S, Zou W, Wei P, Sun W, Wu H, Lu W, He Y. Effects of Supplementing Growing-Finishing Crossbred Pigs with Glycerin, Vitamin C and Niacinamide on Carcass Characteristics and Meat Quality. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:3635. [PMID: 38066986 PMCID: PMC10705760 DOI: 10.3390/ani13233635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Revised: 11/11/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2024] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to determine the influence of supplementing the diet of growing-finishing pigs with glycerin and/or a mixture of vitamin C and niacinamide on carcass traits and pork quality. Eighty-four weaned piglets with an initial average body weight of 20.35 ± 2.14 kg were assigned, at random, to four groups for a 103-day feeding experiment: control; glycerin-supplemented group; vitamin C and niacinamide-supplemented group; and glycerin, vitamin C and niacinamide-supplemented group. At the end of the experiment, three pigs/group were randomly selected and slaughtered, and samples were collected for analysis. The results indicated that supplementing crossbred pigs with glycerin, vitamin C and niacinamide simultaneously increased the redness (a*) value (p < 0.05), glycerol content (p < 0.01) and myristoleic acid content (p < 0.01) in the longissimus dorsi and tended to increase the level of flavor amino acids, linoleic acid, linolenic acid and erucic acid, as well as the percentage and density of type I myofibers in the longissimus dorsi and the semimembranosus muscle. Glycerin had an influence (p < 0.01) on the erucic acid content in the longissimus dorsi and the semimembranosus muscle, and vitamin C and niacinamide had an interaction effect (p < 0.05) on the redness (a*) value of the longissimus dorsi. Glycerin, vitamin C and niacinamide supplementation in the diet of crossbred pigs improved the color, flavor and nutritional value of pork, which contributed to an increased intent to purchase this product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linglan Deng
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Engineering Research Center of Feed Development, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China; (L.D.); (S.H.); (W.Z.); (P.W.); (W.S.); (W.L.)
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
| | - Shaobin Hao
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Engineering Research Center of Feed Development, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China; (L.D.); (S.H.); (W.Z.); (P.W.); (W.S.); (W.L.)
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
| | - Wanjie Zou
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Engineering Research Center of Feed Development, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China; (L.D.); (S.H.); (W.Z.); (P.W.); (W.S.); (W.L.)
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
| | - Panting Wei
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Engineering Research Center of Feed Development, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China; (L.D.); (S.H.); (W.Z.); (P.W.); (W.S.); (W.L.)
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
| | - Wenchen Sun
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Engineering Research Center of Feed Development, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China; (L.D.); (S.H.); (W.Z.); (P.W.); (W.S.); (W.L.)
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
| | - Huadong Wu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
| | - Wei Lu
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Engineering Research Center of Feed Development, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China; (L.D.); (S.H.); (W.Z.); (P.W.); (W.S.); (W.L.)
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
| | - Yuyong He
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Engineering Research Center of Feed Development, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China; (L.D.); (S.H.); (W.Z.); (P.W.); (W.S.); (W.L.)
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
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Li LJ, Du R, Ouidir M, Lu R, Chen Z, Weir NL, Tsai MY, Albert PS, Zhang C. Early Pregnancy Maternal Plasma Phospholipid Saturated Fatty Acids and Fetal Growth: Findings from a Multi-Racial/Ethnic Birth Cohort in US. Nutrients 2023; 15:3287. [PMID: 37571228 PMCID: PMC10420908 DOI: 10.3390/nu15153287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Revised: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Saturated fatty acids (SFAs) during pregnancy are associated with disrupted metabolic programming among offspring at birth and later growth. We examined plasma phospholipid SFAs in early pregnancy and fetal growth throughout pregnancy. We enrolled 321 pregnant women from the NICHD Fetal Growth Studies-Singleton Cohort at gestational weeks 8-13. Ultrasonogram schedules were randomly assigned to capture weekly fetal growth. We measured plasma phospholipid SFAs at early pregnancy using blood samples and modeled fetal growth trajectories across tertiles of SFAs with cubic splines using linear mixed models after full adjustment. We then compared pairwise weekly fetal growth biometrics referencing the lowest tertile in each SFA using the Wald test. We found that even-chain and very long even-chain SFAs were inversely associated, whereas odd-chain SFAs were positively associated with fetal weight and size. Compared with the lowest tertile, the highest tertile of pentadecanoic acid (15:0) had a greater fetal weight and size, starting from week 13 until late pregnancy (at week 39: 3429.89 vs. 3269.08 g for estimated fetal weight; 328.14 vs. 323.00 mm for head circumference). Our findings could inspire future interventions using an alternative high-fat diet rich in odd-chain SFAs for optimal fetal growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling-Jun Li
- Department of O&G, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117575, Singapore;
- Global Centre for Asian Women’s Health, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117575, Singapore
- NUS Bia-Echo Asia Centre for Reproductive Longevity and Equality (ARCLE), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117575, Singapore
- Human Potential Translation Research Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117575, Singapore
| | - Ruochen Du
- Biostatics Unit, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117575, Singapore;
| | - Marion Ouidir
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Grenoble Aples University, Site Santé, Allée des Alpes, 38700 La Tronche, France;
| | - Ruijin Lu
- Division of Biostatistics, School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA;
| | - Zhen Chen
- Division of Population Health Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA;
| | - Natalie L. Weir
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; (N.L.W.); (M.Y.T.)
| | - Michael Y. Tsai
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; (N.L.W.); (M.Y.T.)
| | - Paul S. Albert
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA;
| | - Cuilin Zhang
- Department of O&G, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117575, Singapore;
- Global Centre for Asian Women’s Health, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117575, Singapore
- NUS Bia-Echo Asia Centre for Reproductive Longevity and Equality (ARCLE), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117575, Singapore
- Human Potential Translation Research Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117575, Singapore
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Policastro V, Righelli D, Ravà L, Vernocchi P, Bianchi M, Vallone C, Signore F, Manco M. Dietary Fatty Acids Contribute to Maintaining the Balance between Pro-Inflammatory and Anti-Inflammatory Responses during Pregnancy. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15112432. [PMID: 37299395 DOI: 10.3390/nu15112432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Revised: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND During pregnancy, the balance between pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory responses is essential for ensuring healthy outcomes. Dietary Fatty acids may modulate inflammation. METHODS We investigated the association between dietary fatty acids as profiled on red blood cells membranes and a few pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines, including the adipokines leptin and adiponectin at ~38 weeks in 250 healthy women. RESULTS We found a number of associations, including, but not limited to those of adiponectin with C22:3/C22:4 (coeff -1.44; p = 0.008), C18:1 c13/c14 (coeff 1.4; p = 0.02); endotoxin with C20:1 (coeff -0.9; p = 0.03), C22:0 (coeff -0.4; p = 0.05); MCP-1 with C16:0 (coeff 0.8; p = 0.04); and ICAM-1 with C14:0 (coeff -86.8; p = 0.045). Several cytokines including leptin were associated with maternal body weight (coeff 0.9; p = 2.31 × 10-5), smoking habits (i.e., ICAM-1 coeff 133.3; p = 0.09), or gestational diabetes (i.e., ICAM-1 coeff 688; p = 0.06). CONCLUSIONS In a general cohort of pregnant women, the intake of fatty acids influenced the balance between pro- and anti-inflammatory molecules together with weight gain, smoking habits, and gestational diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Policastro
- Department of Political Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80138 Naples, Italy
- Istituto per le Applicazioni del Calcolo "Mauro Picone", National Research Council, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Dario Righelli
- Istituto per le Applicazioni del Calcolo "Mauro Picone", National Research Council, 80131 Naples, Italy
- Department of Statistical Sciences, University of Padova, 35121 Padua, Italy
| | - Lucilla Ravà
- Clinical Epidemiology, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, 00165 Rome, Italy
| | - Pamela Vernocchi
- Unit of Human Microbiome, Multimodal Laboratory Medicine Research Area, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, 00165 Rome, Italy
| | - Marzia Bianchi
- Research Unit of Molecular Genetics of Complex Phenotypes, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, 00146 Rome, Italy
| | - Cristina Vallone
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Department, USL Roma1, San Filippo Neri Hospital, 00135 Rome, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Signore
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Department, USL Roma2, Sant 'Eugenio Hospital, 00144 Rome, Italy
| | - Melania Manco
- Research Area for Fetal, Neonatal and Cardiological Sciences, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, 00165 Roma, Italy
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Fayezi S, Mehdizadeh A, Germeyer A, Strowitzki T, Fayyazpour P, Nowrouzi Z, Zarezadeh R. Maternal erythrocyte fatty acid composition as a predictive marker for pregnancy health. Biofactors 2022; 48:763-778. [PMID: 35357720 DOI: 10.1002/biof.1840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Pregnancy is accompanied by a surge in demand for fatty acids (FAs) in order to support maternal health, as well as fetal growth and development. Of particular demand is essential for long-chain polyunsaturated FAs. FAs are primarily obtained from dietary sources and are distributed in the body. In comparison with the use of self-reporting approaches, measuring the FA levels within different blood compartments can present a more accurate image of nutritional, and thus tissue, FA composition. Hence, the FA profile of plasma or serum is commonly used for physiological analyses. Nevertheless, plasma and serum FAs are not yet incorporated into cell membranes, and consequently may not be a suitable reflection of the FA status of body tissues. The evaluation of erythrocyte FA levels offers a superior possibility for the following reasons: the biological fluctuation of erythrocyte FA composition is low, phospholipids account for almost all the lipid content of erythrocytes, and the FA profiles of erythrocytes represent those of tissues. Here, we elaborate on whether the status of maternal erythrocyte FAs can serve as a prognostic biomarker for reproductive health and fetomaternal complications, including embryonic and fetoplacental development, gestational length, and preeclampsia. In addition, factors with the potential of altering the maternal erythrocyte FAs such as maternal diet, lifestyle habits, genetics, and body composition are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shabnam Fayezi
- Department of Gynecologic Endocrinology and Fertility Disorders, Women's Hospital, Ruprecht-Karls University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Reproductive Biology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Amir Mehdizadeh
- Hematology and Oncology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Ariane Germeyer
- Department of Gynecologic Endocrinology and Fertility Disorders, Women's Hospital, Ruprecht-Karls University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Thomas Strowitzki
- Department of Gynecologic Endocrinology and Fertility Disorders, Women's Hospital, Ruprecht-Karls University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Parisa Fayyazpour
- Department of Biochemistry and Clinical Laboratories, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Student's Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Zahra Nowrouzi
- Department of Biochemistry and Clinical Laboratories, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Student's Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Reza Zarezadeh
- Department of Biochemistry and Clinical Laboratories, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Student's Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Endocrine Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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Wen Y, Hu L, Li J, Geng Y, Yang Y, Wang J, Chen X, Yu L, Tang H, Han T, Yang Y, Liu X. Exposure to two-dimensional ultrathin Ti3C2 (MXene) nanosheets during early pregnancy impairs neurodevelopment of offspring in mice. J Nanobiotechnology 2022; 20:108. [PMID: 35248077 PMCID: PMC8898431 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-022-01313-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Two-dimensional ultrathin Ti3C2 (MXene) nanosheets have been extensively explored for various biomedical applications. However, safety issues and the effects of Ti3C2 on human health remain poorly understood. Results To explore the influence on foetal or offspring after exposure to Ti3C2 nanosheets, we established a mouse model exposed to different doses of Ti3C2 nanosheets during early pregnancy in this study. We found that Ti3C2 nanosheets had negligible effect on the reproductive ability of maternal mice, including average pregnancy days, number of new-borns, and neonatal weight, etc. Unexpectedly, abnormal neurobehavior and pathological changes in the cerebral hippocampus and cortex in adult offspring were observed following Ti3C2 nanosheet treatment. In further studies, it was found that Ti3C2 exposure led to developmental and functional defects in the placenta, including reduced area of labyrinth, disordered secretion of placental hormones, and metabolic function derailment. The long-chain unsaturated fatty acids were significantly higher in the placenta after Ti3C2 exposure, especially docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and linoleic acid. The metabolic pathway analysis showed that biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids was upregulated while linoleic acid metabolism was downregulated. Conclusions These developmental and functional defects, particularly metabolic function derailment in placenta may be the cause for the neuropathology in the offspring. This is the first report about the effects of Ti3C2 nanosheet exposure on pregnancy and offspring. The data provides a better understanding of Ti3C2 nanosheets safety. It is suggested that future studies should pay more attention to the long-term effects of nanomaterials exposure, including the health of offspring in adulthood, rather than only focus on short-term effects, such as pregnancy outcomes. Metabolomics could provide clues for finding the prevention targets of the biological negative effect of Ti3C2 nanosheets. Graphical Abstract ![]()
Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12951-022-01313-z.
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Umeda N, Hirai T, Ohto-Nakanishi T, Tsuchiya KJ, Matsuzaki H. Linoleic acid and linoleate diols in neonatal cord blood influence birth weight. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:986650. [PMID: 36093109 PMCID: PMC9453817 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.986650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Low-birth-weight infants exhibit a high risk for postnatal morbidity. Cytochrome P450 (CYP) and epoxide hydrolase (EH) are involved in the metabolism of factors responsible for low-birth-weight in infants. Both CYPs and EHs have high substrate specificity and are involved in polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) metabolism. The CYP pathway produces epoxy fatty acids (EpFAs), which are further degraded by soluble EH (sEH). Additionally, sEH inhibition enhances the action of EpFAs and suppresses inflammatory responses. During pregnancy, excessive activation of maternal inflammatory response is a significant factor associated with low-birth-weight. However, the association of EpFAs, which have potential anti-inflammatory properties, with the low-birth-weight of infants remains uninvestigated. This study aimed to clarify the association between the umbilical cord serum EpFA and low-birth-weight using data obtained from the Hamamatsu Birth Cohort for Mothers and Children (HBC Study) by analyzing the umbilical cord blood samples. METHOD We selected a subgroup of 200 infants (106 boys and 94 girls), quantified EpFA concentration in their cord blood samples collected at birth, and examined its correlation with birth weight. RESULTS The comparison between the low-birth-weight and normal-birth-weight groups revealed no significant correlation between PUFA and EpFA concentrations, but a significant correlation was observed in the linoleate diol concentrations of the two groups. Furthermore, birth weight did not significantly correlate with PUFA, EpFA, and diol concentrations in cord blood; however, multiple regression analysis showed a significant negative correlation of birth weight with the concentration of linoleic acid (LA) (r = -0.101, p = 0.016) as well as LA-derived dihydroxyoctadecenoic acid (diHOME) (r = -0.126, p = 0.007), 9,10-diHOME (r = -0.115, p = 0.014), and 12,13-diHOME (r = -0.126, p = 0.007) after adjusting for obstetric factors, including gestational age, infant's sex, childbirth history, delivery method, and maternal height. CONCLUSIONS Birth weight was significantly correlated with the concentration of LA and linoleate diol diHOME after adjusting for obstetric confounders. Our results show that CYP and sEH involved in PUFA metabolism may influence the birth weight of infants. Further validation is needed to provide insights regarding maternal intervention strategies required to avoid low-birth-weight in infants in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoko Umeda
- Department of Functional Brain Activities, United Graduate School of Child Development, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Osaka University, Kanazawa University, Chiba University, and University of Fukui, Osaka, Japan
- Research Center for Child Mental Development, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan
- Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Science, Fukui Health Science University, Fukui, Japan
| | - Takaharu Hirai
- Department of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing, School of Nursing, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan
| | | | - Kenji J. Tsuchiya
- Research Center for Child Mental Development, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Hideo Matsuzaki
- Department of Functional Brain Activities, United Graduate School of Child Development, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Osaka University, Kanazawa University, Chiba University, and University of Fukui, Osaka, Japan
- Research Center for Child Mental Development, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan
- Life Science Innovation Center, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan
- *Correspondence: Hideo Matsuzaki,
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Identification of PDXDC1 as a novel pleiotropic susceptibility locus shared between lumbar spine bone mineral density and birth weight. J Mol Med (Berl) 2022; 100:723-734. [PMID: 35314877 PMCID: PMC9110509 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-021-02165-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Revised: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
An increasing number of epidemiological studies have suggested that birth weight (BW) may be a determinant of bone health later in life, although the underlying genetic mechanism remains unclear. Here, we applied a pleiotropic conditional false discovery rate (cFDR) approach to the genome-wide association study (GWAS) summary statistics for lumbar spine bone mineral density (LS BMD) and BW, aiming to identify novel susceptibility variants shared between these two traits. We detected 5 novel potential pleiotropic loci which are located at or near 7 different genes (NTAN1, PDXDC1, CACNA1G, JAG1, FAT1P1, CCDC170, ESR1), among which PDXDC1 and FAT1P1 have not previously been linked to these phenotypes. To partially validate the findings, we demonstrated that the expression of PDXDC1 was dramatically reduced in ovariectomized (OVX) mice in comparison with sham-operated (SHAM) mice in both the growth plate and trabecula bone. Furthermore, immunohistochemistry assay with serial sections showed that both osteoclasts and osteoblasts express PDXDC1, supporting its potential role in bone metabolism. In conclusion, our study provides insights into some shared genetic mechanisms for BMD and BW as well as a novel potential therapeutic target for the prevention of OP in the early stages of the disease development. KEY MESSAGES : We investigated pleiotropy-informed enrichment between LS BMD and BW. We identified genetic variants related to both LS BMD and BW by utilizing a cFDR approach. PDXDC1 is a novel pleiotropic gene which may be related to both LS BMD and BW. Elevated expression of PDXDC1 is related to higher BMD and lower ratio n-6/n-3 PUFA indicating a bone protective effect of PDXDC1.
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Ren X, Vilhjálmsdóttir BL, Rohde JF, Walker KC, Runstedt SE, Lauritzen L, Heitmann BL, Specht IO. Systematic Literature Review and Meta-Analysis of the Relationship Between Polyunsaturated and Trans Fatty Acids During Pregnancy and Offspring Weight Development. Front Nutr 2021; 8:625596. [PMID: 33842522 PMCID: PMC8027310 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2021.625596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), and trans fatty acids (TFAs) may have an impact on offspring weight development. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis according to PRISMA guidelines to evaluate whether levels of these fatty acids during pregnancy influenced offspring weight development. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) with DHA and/or EPA supplementation or cohort studies, which examined levels of DHA, EPA, or TFAs in maternal or neonatal blood samples and recorded offspring weight, were included. Overall, 27 RCTs and 14 observational studies were identified. The results showed that DHA and/or EPA supplementation doses >650 mg/day resulted in slightly higher birth weight (MD 87.5 g, 95% CI 52.3-122.6, n = 3,831) and combined BMI and BMI z score at 5-10 years (SMD 0.11, 95% CI 0.04-0.18, n = 3,220). These results were rated as moderate quality. Results from the observational studies were generally inconsistent. High TFA levels during pregnancy seemed to be associated with lower birth weight. Finally, this review and meta-analysis supports a relationship between high maternal or neonatal DHA and/or EPA levels and higher offspring birth weight and weight in childhood. More high-quality long-term studies are still needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Ren
- Research Unit for Dietary Studies at the Parker Institute, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Birgitta Lind Vilhjálmsdóttir
- Research Unit for Dietary Studies at the Parker Institute, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jeanett Friis Rohde
- Research Unit for Dietary Studies at the Parker Institute, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Karen Christina Walker
- Research Unit for Dietary Studies at the Parker Institute, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Suzanne Elizabeth Runstedt
- Research Unit for Dietary Studies at the Parker Institute, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lotte Lauritzen
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Paediatric and International Nutrition, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Berit Lilienthal Heitmann
- Research Unit for Dietary Studies at the Parker Institute, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Sydney Medical School, The Boden Institute of Obesity, Nutrition, Exercise, and Eating Disorders, Sydney University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Section for General Medicine, Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ina Olmer Specht
- Research Unit for Dietary Studies at the Parker Institute, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Welch BM, Keil AP, van ‘t Erve TJ, Deterding LJ, Williams JG, Lih FB, Cantonwine DE, McElrath TF, Ferguson KK. Longitudinal profiles of plasma eicosanoids during pregnancy and size for gestational age at delivery: A nested case-control study. PLoS Med 2020; 17:e1003271. [PMID: 32797061 PMCID: PMC7428021 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1003271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inflammation during pregnancy is hypothesized to influence fetal growth. Eicosanoids, an important class of lipid mediators derived from polyunsaturated fatty acids, can act as both direct influences and biomarkers of inflammation through a variety of biological pathways. However, quantifying these distinct inflammatory pathways has proven difficult. We aimed to characterize a comprehensive panel of plasma eicosanoids longitudinally across gestation in pregnant women and to determine whether levels differed by infant size at delivery. METHODS AND FINDINGS Our data come from a case-control study of 90 pregnant women nested within the LIFECODES prospective birth cohort study conducted at Brigham and Women's Hospital in Boston, Massachusetts. This study included 31 women who delivered small for gestational age (SGA) babies (SGA, ≤10th percentile), 28 who delivered large for gestational age (LGA) babies (≥90th percentile), and 31 who delivered appropriate for gestational age (AGA) babies (controls, >10th to <90th percentile). All deliveries occurred between 2010 and 2017. Most participants were in their early 30s (median age: 33 years), of white (60%) or black (20%) race/ethnicity, and of normal pre-pregnancy BMI (median BMI: 23.5 kg/m2). Women provided non-fasting plasma samples during 3 prenatal study visits (at median 11, 25, and 35 weeks gestation) and were analyzed for a panel of eicosanoids. Eicosanoids were grouped by biosynthetic pathway, defined by (1) the fatty acid precursor, including linoleic acid (LA), arachidonic acid (AA), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), or eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), and (2) the enzyme group, including cyclooxygenase (COX), lipoxygenase (LOX), or cytochrome P450 (CYP). Additionally, the concentrations of the 4 fatty acids (LA, AA, DHA, and EPA) were measured in maternal plasma. Analytes represent lipids from non-esterified plasma. We examined correlations among eicosanoids and trajectories across pregnancy. Differences in longitudinal concentrations between case groups were examined using Bayesian linear mixed effects models, which included participant-specific random intercepts and penalized splines on gestational age. Results showed maternal plasma levels of eicosanoids and fatty acids generally followed U-shaped curve patterns across gestation. Bayesian models showed that associations between eicosanoids and case status varied by biosynthetic pathway. Eicosanoids derived from AA via the CYP and LOX biosynthetic pathways were positively associated with SGA. The adjusted mean concentration of 12-HETE, a LOX pathway product, was 56.2% higher (95% credible interval 6.6%, 119.1%) among SGA cases compared to AGA controls. Eicosanoid associations with LGA were mostly null, but negative associations were observed with eicosanoids derived from AA by LOX enzymes. The fatty acid precursors had estimated mean concentrations 41%-97% higher among SGA cases and 33%-39% lower among LGA cases compared to controls. Primary limitations of the study included the inability to explore the potential periods of susceptibility of eicosanoids on infant size due to limited sample size, along with the use of infant size at delivery instead of longitudinal ultrasound measures to estimate fetal growth. CONCLUSIONS In this nested case-control study, we found that eicosanoids and fatty acids systematically change in maternal plasma over pregnancy. Eicosanoids from specific inflammation-related pathways were higher in mothers of SGA cases and mostly similar in mothers of LGA cases compared to controls. These findings can provide deeper insight into etiologic mechanisms of abnormal fetal growth outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barrett M. Welch
- Epidemiology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Alexander P. Keil
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Thomas J. van ‘t Erve
- Epidemiology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Leesa J. Deterding
- Mass Spectrometry Research and Support Group, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Jason G. Williams
- Mass Spectrometry Research and Support Group, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Fred B. Lih
- Mass Spectrometry Research and Support Group, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - David E. Cantonwine
- Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Thomas F. McElrath
- Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Kelly K. Ferguson
- Epidemiology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle, North Carolina, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Impact of erythrocyte long-chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid levels in early pregnancy on birth outcomes: findings from a Belgian cohort study. J Perinatol 2020; 40:488-496. [PMID: 31913325 DOI: 10.1038/s41372-019-0573-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2019] [Revised: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the association between maternal erythrocyte long-chain omega-3 PUFA (n-3 LCPUFA), measured in early pregnancy, and pregnancy and birth outcomes. STUDY DESIGN One hundred and eight healthy women with a singleton pregnancy were included. Erythrocyte fatty acids were analyzed using gas chromatography. Gestational length, birth anthropometric measures, and pregnancy-associated complications were collected from hospital medical records. RESULTS We observed significant positive associations between maternal docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) levels (p = 0.024) and omega-3 index values (p = 0.021) and gestational length in adjusted linear regression models. Each point in maternal DHA level was associated with 2.19 days longer gestational duration (β = 2.19; 95% CI 0.29-4.09). No consistent associations were found between n-3 PUFA levels and composite pregnancy outcome. CONCLUSION These findings suggest that the gestational length is positively affected by maternal n-3 LCPUFA status as soon as the early stages of pregnancy.
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