1
|
Kashlan OB, Wang XP, Sheng S, Kleyman TR. Epithelial Na + Channels Function as Extracellular Sensors. Compr Physiol 2024; 14:1-41. [PMID: 39109974 PMCID: PMC11309579 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c230015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/10/2024]
Abstract
The epithelial Na + channel (ENaC) resides on the apical surfaces of specific epithelia in vertebrates and plays a critical role in extracellular fluid homeostasis. Evidence that ENaC senses the external environment emerged well before the molecular identity of the channel was reported three decades ago. This article discusses progress toward elucidating the mechanisms through which specific external factors regulate ENaC function, highlighting insights gained from structural studies of ENaC and related family members. It also reviews our understanding of the role of ENaC regulation by the extracellular environment in physiology and disease. After familiarizing the reader with the channel's physiological roles and structure, we describe the central role protein allostery plays in ENaC's sensitivity to the external environment. We then discuss each of the extracellular factors that directly regulate the channel: proteases, cations and anions, shear stress, and other regulators specific to particular extracellular compartments. For each regulator, we discuss the initial observations that led to discovery, studies investigating molecular mechanism, and the physiological and pathophysiological implications of regulation. © 2024 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 14:5407-5447, 2024.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ossama B. Kashlan
- Department of Medicine, Renal-Electrolyte Division,
University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- Department of Computational and Systems Biology, University
of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Xue-Ping Wang
- Department of Medicine, Renal-Electrolyte Division,
University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Shaohu Sheng
- Department of Medicine, Renal-Electrolyte Division,
University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Thomas R. Kleyman
- Department of Medicine, Renal-Electrolyte Division,
University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh,
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University
of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Sun H, Zhou Y, Jiang S, Zhao D, Li H, Lu Y, Ma B, Zhou B. Association between low-sodium salt intervention and long-term blood pressure changes is modified by ENaC genetic variation: a gene-diet interaction analysis in a randomized controlled trial. Food Funct 2023; 14:9782-9791. [PMID: 37843257 DOI: 10.1039/d3fo02393a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
Background: Hypertension is closely associated with excessive sodium intake, and low-sodium salt has been shown to lower blood pressure. However, whether low-sodium salt interacts with genetic variation related to salt sensitivity of blood pressure is unclear. Methods: A total of 259 hypertensive patients who completed the previous 3 years of a low-sodium salt vs. normal salt intervention were included in our study. Genetic risk scores (GRSs) of systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) were respectively built for each participant. A general linear regression model and a generalized mixed model were applied to identify the interaction effects between low-sodium salt intervention and ENaC genetic variation on SBP/DBP changes and trajectories over 3 years. Findings: during the 3-year intervention, both SBP and DBP levels showed a significant decline in the low-sodium salt intervention group than those in the normal salt intervention group over 3 years (Psalt intervention group = 0.001 for SBP and Psalt intervention group = 0.006 for DBP). Furthermore, a gene-diet interaction was found for the SBP change trajectory over 3 years (PSBP-GRS×salt intervention group = 0.011); specifically, significant SBP reductions were found between salt intervention groups in the high SBP-GRS group (-18.77 vs. -9.58 mmHg, Psalt intervention group = 0.001), but not in the low SBP-GRS group (-15.71 vs. -14.62 mmHg, Psalt intervention group = 0.791). No interaction effect between low-sodium salt intervention and genetic variation of ENaC was found for changes in DBP. Conclusions: Higher ENaC genetic variation is associated with a greater reduction in SBP in response to a low-sodium salt intervention. Hypertensive patients with higher ENaC genetic variation may experience a greater benefit in SBP reductions by consuming low-sodium salt. (Trial registration: chiCTR-TRC-09000538, https://www.chictr.org.cn).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hao Sun
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Evidence-based Medicine, the First Hospital of China Medical University, 155 Nanjing North Street, Heping District, 110001, Shenyang, Liaoning, China.
| | - Ying Zhou
- Department of Cardiology, the First Hospital of China Medical University, 155 Nanjing North Street, Heping District, 110001, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Shuyi Jiang
- Center of Reproductive Medicine, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, 36 Sanhao Street, Heping District, 110001, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Dan Zhao
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Evidence-based Medicine, the First Hospital of China Medical University, 155 Nanjing North Street, Heping District, 110001, Shenyang, Liaoning, China.
| | - Huamin Li
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Evidence-based Medicine, the First Hospital of China Medical University, 155 Nanjing North Street, Heping District, 110001, Shenyang, Liaoning, China.
| | - Yue Lu
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Evidence-based Medicine, the First Hospital of China Medical University, 155 Nanjing North Street, Heping District, 110001, Shenyang, Liaoning, China.
| | - Bing Ma
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Evidence-based Medicine, the First Hospital of China Medical University, 155 Nanjing North Street, Heping District, 110001, Shenyang, Liaoning, China.
| | - Bo Zhou
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Evidence-based Medicine, the First Hospital of China Medical University, 155 Nanjing North Street, Heping District, 110001, Shenyang, Liaoning, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Han N, Oh JM, Kim IW. Combination of Genome-Wide Polymorphisms and Copy Number Variations of Pharmacogenes in Koreans. J Pers Med 2021; 11:33. [PMID: 33430289 PMCID: PMC7825650 DOI: 10.3390/jpm11010033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Revised: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
For predicting phenotypes and executing precision medicine, combination analysis of single nucleotide variants (SNVs) genotyping with copy number variations (CNVs) is required. The aim of this study was to discover SNVs or common copy CNVs and examine the combined frequencies of SNVs and CNVs in pharmacogenes using the Korean genome and epidemiology study (KoGES), a consortium project. The genotypes (N = 72,299) and CNV data (N = 1000) were provided by the Korean National Institute of Health, Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. The allele frequencies of SNVs, CNVs, and combined SNVs with CNVs were calculated and haplotype analysis was performed. CYP2D6 rs1065852 (c.100C>T, p.P34S) was the most common variant allele (48.23%). A total of 8454 haplotype blocks in 18 pharmacogenes were estimated. DMD ranked the highest in frequency for gene gain (64.52%), while TPMT ranked the highest in frequency for gene loss (51.80%). Copy number gain of CYP4F2 was observed in 22 subjects; 13 of those subjects were carriers with CYP4F2*3 gain. In the case of TPMT, approximately one-half of the participants (N = 308) had loss of the TPMT*1*1 diplotype. The frequencies of SNVs and CNVs in pharmacogenes were determined using the Korean cohort-based genome-wide association study.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - In-Wha Kim
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea; (N.H.); (J.M.O.)
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Kho M, Smith JA, Verweij N, Shang L, Ryan KA, Zhao W, Ware EB, Gansevoort RT, Irvin MR, Lee JE, Turner ST, Sung J, van der Harst P, Arnett DK, Baylin A, Park SK, Seo YA, Kelly KM, Chang YPC, Zhou X, Lieske JC, Kardia SLR. Genome-Wide Association Meta-Analysis of Individuals of European Ancestry Identifies Suggestive Loci for Sodium Intake, Potassium Intake, and Their Ratio Measured from 24-Hour or Half-Day Urine Samples. J Nutr 2020; 150:2635-2645. [PMID: 32840624 PMCID: PMC7549298 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxaa241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2020] [Revised: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Excess sodium intake and insufficient potassium intake are risk factors for hypertension, but there is limited knowledge regarding genetic factors that influence intake. Twenty-hour or half-day urine samples provide robust estimates of sodium and potassium intake, outperforming other measures such as spot urine samples and dietary self-reporting. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to investigate genomic regions associated with sodium intake, potassium intake, and sodium-to-potassium ratio measured from 24-h or half-day urine samples. METHODS Using samples of European ancestry (mean age: 54.2 y; 52.3% women), we conducted a meta-analysis of genome-wide association studies in 4 cohorts with 24-h or half-day urine samples (n = 6,519), followed by gene-based analysis. Suggestive loci (P < 10-6) were examined in additional European (n = 844), African (n = 1,246), and Asian (n = 2,475) ancestry samples. RESULTS We found suggestive loci (P < 10-6) for all 3 traits, including 7 for 24-h sodium excretion, 4 for 24-h potassium excretion, and 4 for sodium-to-potassium ratio. The most significant locus was rs77958157 near cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript prepropeptide (CARTPT) , a gene involved in eating behavior and appetite regulation (P = 2.3 × 10-8 with sodium-to-potassium ratio). Two suggestive loci were replicated in additional samples: for sodium excretion, rs12094702 near zinc finger SWIM-type containing 5 (ZSWIM5) was replicated in the Asian ancestry sample reaching Bonferroni-corrected significance (P = 0.007), and for potassium excretion rs34473523 near sodium leak channel (NALCN) was associated at a nominal P value with potassium excretion both in European (P = 0.043) and African (P = 0.043) ancestry cohorts. Gene-based tests identified 1 significant gene for sodium excretion, CDC42 small effector 1 (CDC42SE1), which is associated with blood pressure regulation. CONCLUSIONS We identified multiple suggestive loci for sodium and potassium intake near genes associated with eating behavior, nervous system development and function, and blood pressure regulation in individuals of European ancestry. Further research is needed to replicate these findings and to provide insight into the underlying genetic mechanisms by which these genomic regions influence sodium and potassium intake.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Jennifer A Smith
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA,Survey Research Center, Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Niek Verweij
- Department of Cardiology, Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Lulu Shang
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Kathleen A Ryan
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Maryland Baltimore, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Wei Zhao
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Erin B Ware
- Survey Research Center, Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Ron T Gansevoort
- Department of Nephrology, Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Marguerite R Irvin
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Jung Eun Lee
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Stephen T Turner
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Joohon Sung
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea,Institute of Environment and Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Pim van der Harst
- Department of Cardiology, Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Donna K Arnett
- College of Public Health, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Ana Baylin
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA,Department of Nutritional Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Sung Kyun Park
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA,Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Young Ah Seo
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Kristen M Kelly
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Yen Pei C Chang
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Maryland Baltimore, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Xiang Zhou
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - John C Lieske
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Sharon L R Kardia
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| |
Collapse
|