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Kim HS, Baek SH. Ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry assay for simultaneous determination of 22 marker compounds in traditional herbal medicine Ojeoksan. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2024; 246:116193. [PMID: 38729089 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2024.116193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2023] [Revised: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/28/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024]
Abstract
Traditional herbal medicines (THMs) have long been in use worldwide and are considered safe for use as tonics or complementary treatments for many diseases. Advanced quality control methods for THMs are required in the regulatory framework of modern medicines. In this study, an ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry assay was established for the simultaneous determination of 22 marker compounds in Ojeoksan (OJS), which is composed of 15 herbal substances. All marker compounds were analyzed within 20 min and successfully identified via scheduled multiple reaction monitoring. The method validation revealed excellent performance characteristics of the method such as specificity, linearity, sensitivity, precision, and accuracy, demonstrating its suitability for intended use. The developed method was applied to samples of commercial OJS tablet and soft-extract dosage forms. The 14 marker compounds corresponding to 12 component herbal substances were determined in the samples; ephedirine, albiflorin, paeoniflorin, ferulic acid, hesperidine, neohesperidin, cinnamic acid, platycodin D, 6-gingerol, atractylenolide III, glycyrrhizin, honokiol, decursin, and magnolol. A fast and easy assay method with sufficient discrimination power was established. As a novel assay, this method can contribute to the quality control of OJS products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hee-Seo Kim
- Department of Biohealth Regulatory Science and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology (RIPST), Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Republic of Korea.
| | - Seung-Hoon Baek
- Department of Biohealth Regulatory Science and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology (RIPST), Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Republic of Korea; Department of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology (RIPST), Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Republic of Korea.
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Patton EA, Cunningham P, Noneman M, Helms HP, Martinez-Muniz G, Sumal AS, Dhameja MK, Unger CA, Alahdami AK, Enos RT, Chatzistamou I, Velázquez KT. Acute Administration of Ojeok-san Ameliorates Pain-like Behaviors in Pre-Clinical Models of Inflammatory Bowel Diseases. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15071559. [PMID: 37049400 PMCID: PMC10096710 DOI: 10.3390/nu15071559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Revised: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: Gastrointestinal pain and fatigue are the most reported concerns of patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Commonly prescribed drugs focus on decreasing excessive inflammation. However, up to 20% of IBD patients in an "inactive" state experience abdominal pain. The medicinal herb Ojeok-san (OJS) has shown promise in the amelioration of visceral pain. However, no research on OJS has been conducted in preclinical models of IBD. The mechanism by which OJS promotes analgesia is still elusive, and it is unclear if OJS possesses addictive properties. (2) Aims: In this study, we examined the potential of OJS to promote analgesic effects and rewarding behavior. Additionally, we investigated if tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) from macrophages is a primary culprit of IBD-induced nociception. (3) Methods: Multiple animal models of IBD were used to determine if OJS can reduce visceral nociception. TNFα-macrophage deficient mice were used to investigate the mechanism of action by which OJS reduces nociceptive behavior. Mechanical sensitivity and operant conditioning tests were used to determine the analgesic and rewarding effects of OJS. Body weight, colon length/weight, blood in stool, colonic inflammation, and complete blood count were assessed to determine disease progression. (4) Results: OJS reduced the evoked mechanical nociception in the dextran sulphate sodium model of colitis and IL-10 knockout (KO) mice and delayed aversion to colorectal distension in C57BL/6 mice. No rewarding behavior was observed in OJS-treated IL-10 KO and mdr1a KO mice. The analgesic effects of OJS are independent of macrophage TNFα levels and IBD progression. (5) Conclusions: OJS ameliorated elicited mechanical and visceral nociception without producing rewarding effects. The analgesic effects of OJS are not mediated by macrophage TNFα.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma A Patton
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC 29209, USA
| | - Patrice Cunningham
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC 29209, USA
| | - Matthew Noneman
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC 29209, USA
| | - Henry P Helms
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC 29209, USA
| | - Gustavo Martinez-Muniz
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC 29209, USA
| | - Aman S Sumal
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC 29209, USA
| | - Milan K Dhameja
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC 29209, USA
| | - Christian A Unger
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC 29209, USA
| | - Ahmed K Alahdami
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC 29209, USA
| | - Reilly T Enos
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC 29209, USA
| | - Ioulia Chatzistamou
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC 29209, USA
| | - Kandy T Velázquez
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC 29209, USA
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Yao J, Liang J, Li H. Screening for key genes in circadian regulation in advanced atherosclerosis: A bioinformatic analysis. Front Cardiovasc Med 2023; 9:990757. [PMID: 36712250 PMCID: PMC9878187 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.990757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Atherosclerosis (AS) is the most important cardiovascular disease threatening human health, leading to adverse events such as myocardial infarction and stroke. The research on the pathogenesis and causes of AS is being improved step by step, and many factors are associated with AS. However, the relationship between circadian regulation and the pathogenesis of AS is still unclear. Our study identified 2 key genes of circadian regulation in AS by bioinformatics analysis, which provides new perspectives to understand the relationship between circadian rhythm and AS. Methods We downloaded samples of early and advanced AS from public databases, screened key genes by weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) and Lasso, calculated the immune cell content of the samples using "CIBERSORT," and analyzed the relationship between key genes and immune cells. Results We obtained the most relevant core modules for advanced AS and analyzed the functions of these modules. Two circadian rhythm-related genes were obtained, which influence the immune infiltration of this late AS. ROC curves demonstrated the efficacy of key genes to differentiate between early and advanced AS. Conclusion We identified 2 genes most associated with circadian rhythms in advanced AS, whose association with AS has not been elucidated and may become the next therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiali Yao
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jingyan Liang
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Experimental & Translational Non-Coding RNA Research, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hongliang Li
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Experimental & Translational Non-Coding RNA Research, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China,*Correspondence: Hongliang Li,
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Kim DU, Kweon B, Oh JY, Seo CS, Kim DG, Kim HY, Lee HS, Park SJ, Bae GS. Ojeoksan Ameliorates Cisplatin-Induced Acute Kidney Injury in Mice by Downregulating MAPK and NF-κB Pathways. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232012254. [PMID: 36293111 PMCID: PMC9603434 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232012254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Revised: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a major side effect of cisplatin, a crucial anticancer agent. Therefore, it is necessary to develop drugs to protect against cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity. Ojeoksan (OJS), a traditional blended herbal prescription, is mostly used in Korea; however, there are no reports on the efficacy of OJS against cisplatin-induced AKI. To investigate the reno-protective effect of OJS on AKI, we orally administered 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg of OJS to mice 1 h before intraperitoneal injection with 20 mg/kg of cisplatin. OJS inhibited the increase of blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and serum creatinine (SCr) levels and reduced histological changes in the kidney, like loss of brush borders, renal tubular necrosis, and cast formation. Administration of OSJ reduced the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α. In addition, OJS inhibited the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) pathways in cisplatin-induced AKI. These results suggest that OJS attenuates cisplatin-induced AKI by downregulating the MAPK and NF-κB pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Uk Kim
- Hanbang Cardio-Renal Syndrome Research Center, School of Korean Medicine, Wonkwang University, Iksan 54538, Korea
| | - Bitna Kweon
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Korean Medicine, Wonkwang University, Iksan 54538, Korea
| | - Jin-Young Oh
- Hanbang Cardio-Renal Syndrome Research Center, School of Korean Medicine, Wonkwang University, Iksan 54538, Korea
| | - Chang-Seob Seo
- KM Science Research Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34054, Korea
| | - Dong-Gu Kim
- Department of Oriental Medicine Resources, Jeonbuk National University, 79 Gobong-ro, Iksan 54596, Korea
| | - Hye-Yoom Kim
- Hanbang Cardio-Renal Syndrome Research Center, School of Korean Medicine, Wonkwang University, Iksan 54538, Korea
| | - Ho-Sub Lee
- Hanbang Cardio-Renal Syndrome Research Center, School of Korean Medicine, Wonkwang University, Iksan 54538, Korea
| | - Sung-Joo Park
- Hanbang Cardio-Renal Syndrome Research Center, School of Korean Medicine, Wonkwang University, Iksan 54538, Korea
- Department of Herbology, School of Korean Medicine, Wonkwang University, Iksan 54538, Korea
| | - Gi-Sang Bae
- Hanbang Cardio-Renal Syndrome Research Center, School of Korean Medicine, Wonkwang University, Iksan 54538, Korea
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Korean Medicine, Wonkwang University, Iksan 54538, Korea
- Research Center of Traditional Korean Medicine, Wonkwang University, Iksan 54538, Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-63-850-6842
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Beneficial Effects of the Consumption of Hot-Water Extracts of Thinned Immature Mangos (Mangifera indica “Irwin”) on the Hypertriglyceridemia of Apolipoprotein E-Deficient Mice. Metabolites 2022; 12:metabo12020116. [PMID: 35208189 PMCID: PMC8876935 DOI: 10.3390/metabo12020116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2021] [Revised: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The thinned immature fruit of the mango tree (Mangifera indica “Irwin”) are regarded as waste products. In this study, we evaluated the effects of daily consumption of a hot-water extract of thinned immature mango fruits (TIMEx) on the dyslipidemia of apolipoprotein E-deficient (ApoE−/−) mice. ApoE−/− mice and wild-type BALB/c mice were fed a 20% fat diet containing 0%, 0.1%, or 1.0% TIMEx for 8 weeks. Their body mass, food intake, and water consumption were unaffected by the TIMEx. The 1.0% TIMEx supplementation significantly reduced serum triglyceride, but not total cholesterol concentration. This effect was significant in ApoE−/− mice, but less marked under normal conditions in wild-type mice. In addition, the circulating concentrations of three hormones that regulate metabolism, resistin, leptin, and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide, were reduced by TIMEx consumption, which may be involved in its effect to prevent hypertriglyceridemia. However, none of the concentrations of TIMEx reduced the size of atherosclerotic plaque lesions. In conclusion, daily consumption of TIMEx ameliorates hypertriglyceridemia but not hypercholesterolemia in genetically predisposed mice.
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Lv B, Deng L, Xie T, Wei X, Liu X, Tan W, Wang X, Gao X. Evaluation of the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant pharmcodynamic compoents of naoxintong capsules as a basis of broad spectrum effects. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2021; 59:242-251. [PMID: 33874833 PMCID: PMC8079059 DOI: 10.1080/13880209.2020.1870506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2020] [Revised: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Naoxintong capsule (NXT) is one of the most prevalent Traditional Chinese Medicine formulations in the treatment of coronary heart disease (CHD), yet the action of pharmacodynamic components remains unclear. OBJECTIVE To determine the basis by which pharmacodynamic components of NXT may be effective in the treatment of CHD. MATERIALS AND METHODS The protective effect of NXT (0.01-100 μg/mL) on 293 T and hy926 cells was determined by MTT assay for 24 h. Afterwards, to investigate the pharmacodynamic material basis of NXT in anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects, based on previous UPLC/Q-TOF analysis, 293 T and hy926 cells were divided into control (treated with solvent), model (incubated with TNF-α, LPS or H2O2), intervention (treated with UPLC components) and positive groups. After 24 h of treatment, all cells were tested to verify the screening results. MOE software was applied to dock bioactive compounds with phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K), then the protein expression and phosphate levels were determined by western blotting. RESULTS NXT could significantly inhibit the expression of NF-κB, MMP-9 and NO in cells with IC50 values of 0.1178, 0.1182 and 0.1094 μg/mL. Based on the screening results, six components of NXT were identified (calycosin, ferulic acid, salvianolic acid B, ononin, salvianolic acid E, and salvianolic acid F) which can inhibit NF-κB, MMP-9, and NO simultaneously, while exerting cytoprotective effects by inhibiting the activation of the PI3K/AKT pathway under different conditions by virtue of their advantageous interaction with PI3K. CONCLUSIONS These ingredients have outstanding therapeutic potential and may provide a scientific basis for the future application and research of NXT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Lina Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Tian Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Xing Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Wangxiao Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiaoying Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiumei Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
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Zhang Y, Lin F, Yan Z, Chen Z, Chen Y, Zhao Y, Zhao G. Salidroside downregulates microRNA‑133a and inhibits endothelial cell apoptosis induced by oxidized low‑density lipoprotein. Int J Mol Med 2020; 46:1433-1442. [PMID: 32945356 PMCID: PMC7447316 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2020.4691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular endothelial cell apoptosis is regulated by microRNA-133a (miR-133a), which participates in the formation of atherosclerotic (AS) plaques, leading to the development of several cardiovascular diseases. Salidroside (SAL), the main component of Rhodiola, is considered to exert anti-AS effect; however, its mode of action remains unclear. Thus, the present study aimed to determine whether SAL inhibits endothelial cell apoptosis through the miR-133a pathway. Cultured human coronary artery endothelial cells (HCAECs) were exposed to oxidized low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDL). Cell viability and cytotoxicity were monitored by MTT assay. In parallel, the mRNA expression levels of miR-133a and Bcl-xL, and the protein levels of anti-apoptotic Bcl-xL and activated caspase-3 were measured. The apoptotic levels were examined by flow cytometry. Furthermore, the effects of silencing and overexpressing miR-133a on the parameters mentioned above were evaluated. Exposure to ox-LDL induced an increase in the expression of miR-133a, with a concomitant decrease in the level of Bcl-xL in the HCAECs; these effects were reversed by treatment with SAL. Importantly, the effects of SAL were impaired upon the silencing of miR-133a, whereas the overexpression of miR-133a partly restored the effects of SAL. On the whole, the findings of the present study demonstrate that SAL inhibits the ox-LDL-induced upregulation of miR-133a expression, while promoting the expression of Bcl-xL, thereby preventing endothelial cell apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongjie Zhang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Henan Engineering Research Center for Mitochondrion Biomedical of Heart, Heart Center, Xinxiang, Henan 453100, P.R. China
| | - Fei Lin
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Henan Engineering Research Center for Mitochondrion Biomedical of Heart, Heart Center, Xinxiang, Henan 453100, P.R. China
| | - Zhigang Yan
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Henan Engineering Research Center for Mitochondrion Biomedical of Heart, Heart Center, Xinxiang, Henan 453100, P.R. China
| | - Zhigang Chen
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Henan Engineering Research Center for Mitochondrion Biomedical of Heart, Heart Center, Xinxiang, Henan 453100, P.R. China
| | - Yingen Chen
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Henan Engineering Research Center for Mitochondrion Biomedical of Heart, Heart Center, Xinxiang, Henan 453100, P.R. China
| | - Yilin Zhao
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Henan Engineering Research Center for Mitochondrion Biomedical of Heart, Heart Center, Xinxiang, Henan 453100, P.R. China
| | - Guoan Zhao
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Henan Engineering Research Center for Mitochondrion Biomedical of Heart, Heart Center, Xinxiang, Henan 453100, P.R. China
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The Importance of Nutrition in Hypertension. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11102542. [PMID: 31640287 PMCID: PMC6835472 DOI: 10.3390/nu11102542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Revised: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Arterial hypertension (AH) is considered to be one of the most relevant cardiovascular risk factors, and its wide prevalence in all age ranges makes it necessary to analyse all the possible causes and treatments. In this special issue, nutritional interventions are examined either as causes or as treatments of AH. [...].
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Park SI, Park JY, Lee JH, Park MS, Lee KT, Yim SV, Yoon YR, Kim BH. Pharmacokinetic Analysis and Biomarker-Assisted Safety Assessment of Acetaminophen in Combination With Ojeok-san Compared With Acetaminophen Alone. J Clin Pharmacol 2019; 59:1485-1494. [PMID: 31090078 DOI: 10.1002/jcph.1439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Acetaminophen and Ojeok-san are both frequently used analgesics. In this study, we evaluated acetaminophen pharmacokinetics (PK) and changes in microRNA-122 (miR-122) levels after multiple dosing of acetaminophen with or without Ojeok-san. An open-label, 1-sequence, 2-period, 2-treatment crossover study was conducted in 18 subjects. In period 1, 500 mg of acetaminophen was administered 3 times on day 1 and once on day 2. In period 2, after the administration of 14.47 g of Ojeok-san twice on day 2 and 3 times daily on days 3 to 7, Ojeok-san and acetaminophen were coadministered 3 times each on day 8 and once each on day 9. The geometric mean ratios (90% confidence intervals) of acetaminophen with Ojeok-san to acetaminophen alone were 0.98 (0.87 to 1.10) and 1.02 (0.98 to 1.05) for the maximum plasma concentration (Cmax ) and the area under the plasma concentration-time curve during the dosing interval (AUC0-τ ), respectively, of acetaminophen at steady state. The alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels were within the reference range in all the participants throughout the study period, although the mean fold changes in both serum miR-122 and ALT levels from baseline tended to increase on days 2 to 5. In conclusion, the PK properties of acetaminophen were not significantly affected by Ojeok-san coadministration. For osteoarthritis patients taking acetaminophen with or without Ojeok-san, monitoring potential liver toxicity using miR-122 as a biomarker may be useful.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-In Park
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Kyung Hee University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,East-West Medical Research Institute, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Young Park
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Anam Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Hyun Lee
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Kyung Hee Medical Science Research Institute, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Department of Biomedical Science and Technology, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Mun Su Park
- Department of Biomedical Science and Technology, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Tae Lee
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Science, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Vin Yim
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Kyung Hee University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Ran Yoon
- School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University and Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Bo-Hyung Kim
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Kyung Hee University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,East-West Medical Research Institute, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Department of Biomedical Science and Technology, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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