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Tang X, Qian H, Lu S, Huang H, Wang J, Li F, Bian A, Ye X, Yang G, Ma K, Xing C, Xu Y, Zeng M, Wang N. Predictive nomogram model for severe coronary artery calcification in end-stage kidney disease patients. Ren Fail 2024; 46:2365393. [PMID: 38874139 PMCID: PMC11232636 DOI: 10.1080/0886022x.2024.2365393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The Agatston coronary artery calcification score (CACS) is an assessment index for coronary artery calcification (CAC). This study aims to explore the characteristics of CAC in end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) patients and establish a predictive model to assess the risk of severe CAC in patients. METHODS CACS of ESKD patients was assessed using an electrocardiogram-gated coronary computed tomography (CT) scan with the Agatston scoring method. A predictive nomogram model was established based on stepwise regression. An independent validation cohort comprised of patients with ESKD from multicentres. RESULTS 369 ESKD patients were enrolled in the training set, and 127 patients were included in the validation set. In the training set, the patients were divided into three subgroups: no calcification (CACS = 0, n = 98), mild calcification (0 < CACS ≤ 400, n = 141) and severe calcification (CACS > 400, n = 130). Among the four coronary branches, the left anterior descending branch (LAD) accounted for the highest proportion of calcification. Stepwise regression analysis showed that age, dialysis vintage, β-receptor blocker, calcium-phosphorus product (Ca × P), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) level were independent risk factors for severe CAC. A nomogram that predicts the risk of severe CAC in ESKD patients has been internally and externally validated, demonstrating high sensitivity and specificity. CONCLUSION CAC is both prevalent and severe in ESKD patients. In the four branches of the coronary arteries, LAD calcification is the most common. Our validated nomogram model, based on clinical risk factors, can help predict the risk of severe coronary calcification in ESKD patients who cannot undergo coronary CT analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinfang Tang
- Department of Nephrology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu Province Hospital, Nanjing, China
- Department of Nephrology, the Affiliated Lianyungang Oriental Hospital of Kangda College of Nanjing Medical University, Lianyungang, China
| | - Hanyang Qian
- Department of Nephrology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu Province Hospital, Nanjing, China
- Department of Nephrology, Nanjing Tongren Hospital, Nanjing, China
| | - Shijiu Lu
- Department of Nephrology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu Province Hospital, Nanjing, China
| | - Hui Huang
- Center for Medical Big Data, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Nephrology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu Province Hospital, Nanjing, China
| | - Fan Li
- Department of Nephrology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu Province Hospital, Nanjing, China
- Department of Nephrology, Nanjing BenQ Medical Center, Nanjing, China
| | - Anning Bian
- Department of Nephrology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu Province Hospital, Nanjing, China
- Department of Critical Medicine, Geriatric Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaoxue Ye
- Department of Nephrology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu Province Hospital, Nanjing, China
| | - Guang Yang
- Department of Nephrology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu Province Hospital, Nanjing, China
| | - Kefan Ma
- Department of Imaging, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu Province Hospital, Nanjing, China
| | - Changying Xing
- Department of Nephrology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu Province Hospital, Nanjing, China
| | - Yi Xu
- Department of Imaging, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu Province Hospital, Nanjing, China
| | - Ming Zeng
- Department of Nephrology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu Province Hospital, Nanjing, China
| | - Ningning Wang
- Department of Nephrology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu Province Hospital, Nanjing, China
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Kim T, Kim H. Pathophysiology and Therapeutic Management of Bone Loss in Patients with Critical Illness. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:1718. [PMID: 38139844 PMCID: PMC10747168 DOI: 10.3390/ph16121718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Revised: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Patients with critical illnesses are at higher risk of comorbidities, which can include bone mineral density loss, bone turnover marker increase, and fragility fractures. Patients admitted to intensive care units (ICUs) have a higher risk of bone fractures. Since hypermetabolism is a characteristic of ICU patients, such patients are often rapidly affected by systemic deterioration, which often results in systemic wasting disease. Major risk factors for ICU-related bone loss include physical restraint, inflammation, neuroendocrine stress, malnutrition, and medications. A medical history of critical illness should be acknowledged as a risk factor for impaired bone metabolism. Bone loss associated with ICU admission should be recognized as a key component of post-intensive care syndrome, and further research that focuses on treatment protocols and prevention strategies is required. Studies aimed at maintaining gut integrity have emphasized protein administration and nutrition, while research is ongoing to evaluate the therapeutic benefits of anti-resorptive agents and physical therapy. This review examines both current and innovative clinical strategies that are used for identifying risk factors of bone loss. It provides an overview of perioperative outcomes and discusses the emerging novel treatment modalities. Furthermore, the review presents future directions in the treatment of ICU-related bone loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taejin Kim
- Department of Urology, CHA University Ilsan Medical Center, CHA University School of Medicine, Goyang-si 10414, Republic of Korea;
| | - Hyojin Kim
- Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Chung-Ang University Gwangmyeong Hospital, Gwangmyeong-si 14353, Republic of Korea
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Fusaro M, Pereira L, Bover J. Current and Emerging Markers and Tools Used in the Diagnosis and Management of Chronic Kidney Disease-Mineral and Bone Disorder in Non-Dialysis Adult Patients. J Clin Med 2023; 12:6306. [PMID: 37834950 PMCID: PMC10573159 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12196306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Revised: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a significant public health concern associated with significant morbidity and has become one of the foremost global causes of death in recent years. A frequent comorbidity of CKD is secondary hyperparathyroidism (SHPT), exemplified by high serum parathyroid hormone (PTH) levels. The mineral metabolism disturbances resulting from CKD and progression to SHPT are currently considered part of the definition of chronic kidney disease-mineral and bone disorder (CKD-MBD). However, CKD-MBD does not only include abnormalities in laboratory-measured parameters; it is a complex condition characterized by dysregulation of bone turnover, mineralization, growth and strength, accompanied by vascular or another soft-tissue calcification. Together, this increases the risk of bone fractures, cardiovascular disease, and overall mortality in CKD-MBD patients. Monitoring serum markers is essential in diagnosing SHPT and CKD-MBD, and there are several recognized indicators for prognosis, optimal clinical management and treatment response in late-stage kidney disease patients receiving dialysis. However, far fewer markers have been established for patients with non-dialysis CKD. This review provides an overview of current and emerging markers and tools used in the diagnosis and management of CKD-MBD in non-dialysis adult patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Fusaro
- National Research Council (CNR)—Institute of Clinical Physiology (IFC), Via G. Moruzzi 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy
- Department of Medicine, University of Padova, Via Giustiniani, 2, 35128 Padova, Italy
| | - Luciano Pereira
- Institute of Investigation and Innovation in Health, University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
- INEB—National Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Porto, 4150-180 Porto, Portugal
- DaVita Kidney Care, 4200-448 Porto, Portugal
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, 4200-250 Porto, Portugal
| | - Jordi Bover
- Nephrology Department, University Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol (HGiTP), 08916 Barcelona, Spain
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Zheng XQ, Lin JL, Huang J, Wu T, Song CL. Targeting aging with the healthy skeletal system: The endocrine role of bone. Rev Endocr Metab Disord 2023; 24:695-711. [PMID: 37402956 DOI: 10.1007/s11154-023-09812-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/06/2023]
Abstract
Aging is an inevitable biological process, and longevity may be related to bone health. Maintaining strong bone health can extend one's lifespan, but the exact mechanism is unclear. Bone and extraosseous organs, including the heart and brain, have complex and precise communication mechanisms. In addition to its load bearing capacity, the skeletal system secretes cytokines, which play a role in bone regulation of extraosseous organs. FGF23, OCN, and LCN2 are three representative bone-derived cytokines involved in energy metabolism, endocrine homeostasis and systemic chronic inflammation levels. Today, advanced research methods provide new understandings of bone as a crucial endocrine organ. For example, gene editing technology enables bone-specific conditional gene knockout models, which allows the study of bone-derived cytokines to be more precise. We systematically evaluated the various effects of bone-derived cytokines on extraosseous organs and their possible antiaging mechanism. Targeting aging with the current knowledge of the healthy skeletal system is a potential therapeutic strategy. Therefore, we present a comprehensive review that summarizes the current knowledge and provides insights for futures studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan-Qi Zheng
- Department of Orthopaedics, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jia-Liang Lin
- Department of Orthopaedics, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jie Huang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Tong Wu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Chun-Li Song
- Department of Orthopaedics, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China.
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Spinal Disease Research, Beijing, China.
- Engineering Research Center of Bone and Joint Precision Medicine, Beijing, China.
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Movérare-Skrtic S, Voelkl J, Nilsson KH, Nethander M, Luong TTD, Alesutan I, Li L, Wu J, Horkeby K, Lagerquist MK, Koskela A, Tuukkanen J, Tobias JH, Lerner UH, Henning P, Ohlsson C. B4GALNT3 regulates glycosylation of sclerostin and bone mass. EBioMedicine 2023; 91:104546. [PMID: 37023531 PMCID: PMC10102813 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2023.104546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Global sclerostin inhibition reduces fracture risk efficiently but has been associated with cardiovascular side effects. The strongest genetic signal for circulating sclerostin is in the B4GALNT3 gene region, but the causal gene is unknown. B4GALNT3 expresses the enzyme beta-1,4-N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase 3 that transfers N-acetylgalactosamine onto N-acetylglucosaminebeta-benzyl on protein epitopes (LDN-glycosylation). METHODS To determine if B4GALNT3 is the causal gene, B4galnt3-/- mice were developed and serum levels of total sclerostin and LDN-glycosylated sclerostin were analysed and mechanistic studies were performed in osteoblast-like cells. Mendelian randomization was used to determine causal associations. FINDINGS B4galnt3-/- mice had higher circulating sclerostin levels, establishing B4GALNT3 as a causal gene for circulating sclerostin levels, and lower bone mass. However, serum levels of LDN-glycosylated sclerostin were lower in B4galnt3-/- mice. B4galnt3 and Sost were co-expressed in osteoblast-lineage cells. Overexpression of B4GALNT3 increased while silencing of B4GALNT3 decreased the levels of LDN-glycosylated sclerostin in osteoblast-like cells. Mendelian randomization demonstrated that higher circulating sclerostin levels, genetically predicted by variants in the B4GALNT3 gene, were causally associated with lower BMD and higher risk of fractures but not with higher risk of myocardial infarction or stroke. Glucocorticoid treatment reduced B4galnt3 expression in bone and increased circulating sclerostin levels and this may contribute to the observed glucocorticoid-induced bone loss. INTERPRETATION B4GALNT3 is a key factor for bone physiology via regulation of LDN-glycosylation of sclerostin. We propose that B4GALNT3-mediated LDN-glycosylation of sclerostin may be a bone-specific osteoporosis target, separating the anti-fracture effect of global sclerostin inhibition, from indicated cardiovascular side effects. FUNDING Found in acknowledgements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Movérare-Skrtic
- Sahlgrenska Osteoporosis Centre, Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Jakob Voelkl
- Institute for Physiology and Pathophysiology, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Linz, Austria; Department of Nephrology and Medical Intensive Care, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany; DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Karin H Nilsson
- Sahlgrenska Osteoporosis Centre, Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Maria Nethander
- Sahlgrenska Osteoporosis Centre, Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden; Bioinformatics Core Facility, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Trang Thi Doan Luong
- Institute for Physiology and Pathophysiology, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Linz, Austria
| | - Ioana Alesutan
- Institute for Physiology and Pathophysiology, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Linz, Austria
| | - Lei Li
- Sahlgrenska Osteoporosis Centre, Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Jianyao Wu
- Sahlgrenska Osteoporosis Centre, Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Karin Horkeby
- Sahlgrenska Osteoporosis Centre, Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Marie K Lagerquist
- Sahlgrenska Osteoporosis Centre, Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Antti Koskela
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Cancer Research and Translational Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Juha Tuukkanen
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Cancer Research and Translational Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Jon H Tobias
- Musculoskeletal Research Unit, Translational Health Sciences, and Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Ulf H Lerner
- Sahlgrenska Osteoporosis Centre, Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Petra Henning
- Sahlgrenska Osteoporosis Centre, Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Claes Ohlsson
- Sahlgrenska Osteoporosis Centre, Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden; Region Västra Götaland, Department of Drug Treatment, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
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6
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Matta RA, Farrage HM, Saedii AA, Abdelrahman MM. Male subclinical hypogonadism and late-onset hypergonadotrophic hypogonadism: mechanisms, endothelial function, and interplay between reproductive hormones, undercarboxylated osteocalcin, and endothelial dysfunction. Aging Male 2022; 25:72-87. [PMID: 35291927 DOI: 10.1080/13685538.2022.2049744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pathogenesis and endothelial function in subclinical hypogonadism (SCH) remain unclear. Undercarboxylated osteocalcin (ucOC) participates in atherosclerosis and reproduction. We explored the underlying mechanisms and interplay of endothelial dysfunction, unOC and reproductive hormones in SCH and primary late-onset hypogonadism (LOH). METHODS In the SCH, LOH, and healthy eugonadal male groups, we measured serum unOC, calculated luteinizing hormone/testosterone (LH/T), LH.T product, and estradiol/T (E/T) as indicators of impaired Leydig cells, androgen sensitivity index (ASI), and aromatase activity, respectively (LH set-point regulators), and assessed flow-mediated dilation of the brachial artery (FMD%), carotid-intima media thickness (CIMT), and aortic stiffness (AS). RESULTS ↑LH/T, ↑ASI, ↓aromatase activity, normal T, follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) levels, ↑unOC, and enhanced atherosclerotic markers (↓FMD%, ↑CIMT, ↑AS) are characteristics of SCH. Testosterone was positively correlated with FMD% in SCH. The independent predictors were: SHBG and LH for FMD% and CIMT, respectively, and LH/T, ucOC, FSH, estradiol, and E/T ratio for AS in the LOH group; and LH for FMD% & AS and LH and LH/T for CIMT in all study subjects. CONCLUSIONS SCH is a distinct clinical entity characterized by impaired androgen sensitivity and aromatase activity, compensatory elevated unOC, endothelial dysfunction, and anti-atherogenic role of testosterone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ragaa Abedelshaheed Matta
- Diabetes and Endocrinology Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Minia University, Minia, Egypt
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7
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Asadi M, Razi F, Fahimfar N, Shirani S, Behzad G, Salari P. The Association of Coronary Artery Calcium Score and Osteoporosis in Postmenopausal Women: A Cross-Sectional Study. J Bone Metab 2022; 29:245-254. [PMID: 36529867 PMCID: PMC9760776 DOI: 10.11005/jbm.2022.29.4.245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The association between osteoporosis, a common metabolic bone disorder, and atherosclerosis has been reported in different studies. In this study, we aimed to investigate the association between the coronary artery calcium score (CACS) and bone mineral density (BMD) at different sites and bone biomarkers in postmenopausal women. METHODS A total of 184 participants were enrolled in this study. The CACS and BMD at different sites, including the spinal, total hip, and femoral neck, were measured using computed tomography angiography and dual energy X-ray absorptiometry, respectively. Serum levels of osteocalcin, β-C-terminal telopeptide (β-CTX), parathyroid hormone, and 25-hydroxy-vitamin D were measured. RESULTS A negative association between CACS and bone biomarker levels (osteocalcin, P=0.021; β-CTX, P=0.013) was noted. The univariable model showed an association between CACS and osteoporosis of the femoral neck (P=0.03). It was found that with an increase of 10 U in CACS, the odds of osteoporosis at the femoral neck escalates by 2% (odds ratio=1.02, 95% confidence interval, 1.002-1.03) using the multivariate logistic regression model, while such an association with osteoporosis could not be found at the spinal site. The best cutoff point of the calcium score was estimated to be 127. CONCLUSIONS The results suggest that in postmenopausal women, coronary atherosclerosis is independently associated with osteoporosis of the femoral neck, but such an association could not be detected with spinal osteoporosis. The importance of screening for osteoporosis in patients with cardiovascular disease and the implications of preventive measures in the primary care setting were highlighted considering the common risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mojgan Asadi
- Diabetes Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran,
Iran
| | - Farideh Razi
- Diabetes Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran,
Iran
| | - Noushin Fahimfar
- Osteoporosis Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran,
Iran
| | - Shapour Shirani
- Head of Imaging Center, Tehran Heart Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran,
Iran
| | - Ghazal Behzad
- School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran,
Iran
| | - Pooneh Salari
- Medical Ethics and History of Medicine Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran,
Iran
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Guanxinping Tablets Inhibit ET-1-Induced Proliferation and Migration of MOVAS by Suppressing Activated PI3K/Akt/NF- κB Signaling Cascade. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2022; 2022:9485463. [PMID: 35685734 PMCID: PMC9173997 DOI: 10.1155/2022/9485463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Revised: 11/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Background/Aim Abnormal proliferation and migration of vascular smooth muscle cells is one of the main causes of atherosclerosis (AS). Therefore, the suppression of abnormal proliferation and migration of smooth muscle cells are the important means for the prevention and inhibition of AS. The clinical effects of Guanxinping (GXP) tablets and preliminary clinical research on the topic have proved that GXP can effectively treat coronary heart disease, but its underlying mechanism remains unclear. This study aimed to confirm the inhibitory effect of GXP on the abnormal proliferation of mouse aortic vascular smooth muscle (MOVAS) cells and to explore the underlying mechanism. Methods MOVAS cells were divided into two major groups: physiological and pathological groups. In the physiological group, MOVAS cells were directly stimulated with GXP, whereas in the pathological group, the cells were stimulated by endothelin-1 (ET-1) before intervention by GXP. At the same time, atorvastatin calcium, which effectively inhibits the abnormal proliferation of MOVAS cells, was used in the negative control group. CCK8 assay, scratch test, ELISA, Western blotting, and immunofluorescence staining were performed to observe the proliferation and migration of MOVAS cells and the expression levels of related factors after drug intervention in each group. Results In the physiological group, GXP had no significant effect on the proliferation and migration of MOVAS cells and the related factors. In the pathological group, a high dose of GXP reduced the abnormal proliferation and migration of MOVAS cells. Further, it reduced the expression levels of PI3K; inhibited the phosphorylation of Akt (protein kinase B); upregulated IκB-α levels; prevented nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) from entering the nucleus; downregulated the expression of interleukin 6 (IL6), IL-1β, and iNOS; and upregulated the ratio of apoptosis-related factor Bax/Bcl-2. There was no significant difference between the high-dose GXP group and the atorvastatin calcium group (negative control group). Conclusion Our findings revealed that GXP was able to inhibit the proliferation and migration of MOVAS cells by regulating the PI3K/Akt/NF-κB pathway.
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Guo X, Li Y, Zhou Y, Zhang C, Liang S, Zheng Y, Chen X, Cai G. Osteocalcin association with vascular function in chronic kidney disease. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich) 2022; 24:928-936. [PMID: 35687487 PMCID: PMC9278578 DOI: 10.1111/jch.14523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Osteocalcin (OCN) is a bone‐derived and vitamin K dependent hormone that affects energy metabolism and vascular calcification. The relationship between serum OCN and vascular function in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) is uncertain. This study investigated the association between serum OCN and vascular function as expressed with reactive hyperemia index (RHI) and augmentation index (AIx) measured by Endo‐PAT 2000 device. This cross‐sectional analysis was based on 256 pre‐dialysis CKD patients who had completed the Endo‐PAT 2000 test and serum OCN at the First Center of Chinese PLA Hospital from November 2017 to December 2019. Based on whether the RHI was less than 1.67, the patients were divided into endothelial dysfunction and normal endothelial function groups. Multiple logistic and linear regression were used to analyze the association between OCN and vascular function. Subgroup analyses were performed to examine the effects of OCN on vascular function in different CKD populations. After multivariate adjustment, CKD with low OCN were more likely to have endothelial dysfunction (OR: 0.794; 95%CI: 0.674‐0.934; P = .006); on the contrary, patients with high OCN had a higher degree of arterial stiffness (standardized β: 0.174; P = .003). Subgroup analyses showed that higher OCN was associated with severe arterial stiffness but a better endothelial function in young (age < 65 years, PRHI/PAIx@75 = .027/.011), male (PRHI/PAIx@75 = .040/.016), patients with a history of hypertension (PRHI/PAIx@75 = .004/.009) or diabetes (PRHI/PAIx@75 = .005/.005), and in early CKD (PRHI/PAIx@75 = .014/.015). In conclusion, serum OCN correlates with vascular function in CKD patients: beneficial for endothelial function but detrimental to arterial stiffness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinru Guo
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, China.,Department of Nephrology, The First Medical Centre, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Chinese PLA Institute of Nephrology, State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Yisha Li
- Department of Nephrology, The First Medical Centre, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Chinese PLA Institute of Nephrology, State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Yena Zhou
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, China.,Department of Nephrology, The First Medical Centre, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Chinese PLA Institute of Nephrology, State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Chun Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, The First Medical Centre, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Chinese PLA Institute of Nephrology, State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Shuang Liang
- Department of Nephrology, The First Medical Centre, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Chinese PLA Institute of Nephrology, State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Zheng
- Department of Nephrology, The First Medical Centre, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Chinese PLA Institute of Nephrology, State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Xiangmei Chen
- Department of Nephrology, The First Medical Centre, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Chinese PLA Institute of Nephrology, State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Guangyan Cai
- Department of Nephrology, The First Medical Centre, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Chinese PLA Institute of Nephrology, State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Diseases, Beijing, China
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10
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Cox ER, Brown WJ, Gajanand T, Bailey TG, Gomersall SR, Chachay VS, Burton NW, Fassett RG, Cox SV, Coombes JS, Keating SE. Effects of fitness and fatness on age-related arterial stiffening in people with type 2 diabetes. Clin Obes 2022; 12:e12519. [PMID: 35293141 PMCID: PMC9285462 DOI: 10.1111/cob.12519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Revised: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
People with type 2 diabetes (T2D) are at a greater risk of cardiovascular disease than the general population. Both non-modifiable (age) and modifiable (low aerobic fitness, high body fatness) factors are separately predictive of cardiovascular risk, although they often occur concomitantly. This study aimed to examine the (1) association between age and arterial stiffness, a subclinical marker of cardiovascular risk; and (2) effects of body fatness and aerobic fitness on age-related increases in arterial stiffness in people with T2D. Data from 64 individuals with T2D (age 59.8 ± 8.7 years, 40% female, HbA1c 8.4 ± 1.6%) were included in this cross-sectional analysis. Carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity (cfPWV) was used to quantify arterial stiffness. Aerobic fitness (relative V̇O2peak ) was determined via indirect calorimetry during maximal exercise testing. Central body fatness was determined using waist circumference. Data were analysed using hierarchical multiple regressions. After adjustment for sex and duration of T2D, each one standard deviation (SD) increase in age (8.68 years) was associated with a 0.63 m·s-1 increase in cfPWV (β = 0.416, p = 0.001). Following adjustment for aerobic fitness and body fatness, the standardized β was unchanged (0.417). A one SD increase in waist circumference (13.9 cm) and relative V̇O2peak (5.3 ml·kg-1 ·min-1 ) were associated with a similar magnitude of difference in cfPWV (0.47 m·s-1 and -0.44 m·s-1 , respectively). Therefore, age is a significant correlate of increased arterial stiffness in T2D, with higher aerobic fitness attenuating, and higher body fatness exacerbating, this increase. Interventions aimed at improving cardiovascular outcomes in people with T2D should target both increased aerobic fitness and reduced body fatness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily R. Cox
- Centre for Research on Exercise, Physical Activity and Health, School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, The University of QueenslandBrisbaneQueenslandAustralia
- Physiology and Ultrasound Laboratory in Science and ExerciseSchool of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, The University of QueenslandBrisbaneQueenslandAustralia
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of NewcastleOurimbahNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Wendy J. Brown
- Centre for Research on Exercise, Physical Activity and Health, School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, The University of QueenslandBrisbaneQueenslandAustralia
| | - Trishan Gajanand
- Centre for Research on Exercise, Physical Activity and Health, School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, The University of QueenslandBrisbaneQueenslandAustralia
- Physiology and Ultrasound Laboratory in Science and ExerciseSchool of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, The University of QueenslandBrisbaneQueenslandAustralia
| | - Tom G. Bailey
- Centre for Research on Exercise, Physical Activity and Health, School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, The University of QueenslandBrisbaneQueenslandAustralia
- Physiology and Ultrasound Laboratory in Science and ExerciseSchool of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, The University of QueenslandBrisbaneQueenslandAustralia
- School of Nursing, Midwifery and Social Work, The University of QueenslandBrisbaneQueenslandAustralia
| | - Sjaan R. Gomersall
- School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, The University of QueenslandBrisbaneQueenslandAustralia
- School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, The University of QueenslandBrisbaneQueenslandAustralia
| | - Veronique S. Chachay
- School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, The University of QueenslandBrisbaneQueenslandAustralia
| | - Nicola W. Burton
- School of Applied Psychology, Griffith UniversityBrisbaneQueenslandAustralia
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith UniversityGold CoastQueenslandAustralia
| | - Robert G. Fassett
- Centre for Research on Exercise, Physical Activity and Health, School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, The University of QueenslandBrisbaneQueenslandAustralia
| | - Stephen V. Cox
- GenesisCareThe Wesley HospitalBrisbaneQueenslandAustralia
| | - Jeff S. Coombes
- Centre for Research on Exercise, Physical Activity and Health, School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, The University of QueenslandBrisbaneQueenslandAustralia
- Physiology and Ultrasound Laboratory in Science and ExerciseSchool of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, The University of QueenslandBrisbaneQueenslandAustralia
| | - Shelley E. Keating
- Centre for Research on Exercise, Physical Activity and Health, School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, The University of QueenslandBrisbaneQueenslandAustralia
- Physiology and Ultrasound Laboratory in Science and ExerciseSchool of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, The University of QueenslandBrisbaneQueenslandAustralia
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11
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Bakhshian Nik A, Ng HH, Garcia Russo M, Iacoviello F, Shearing PR, Bertazzo S, Hutcheson JD. The Time-Dependent Role of Bisphosphonates on Atherosclerotic Plaque Calcification. J Cardiovasc Dev Dis 2022; 9:jcdd9060168. [PMID: 35735797 PMCID: PMC9225625 DOI: 10.3390/jcdd9060168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Revised: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerotic plaque calcification directly contributes to the leading cause of morbidity and mortality by affecting plaque vulnerability and rupture risk. Small microcalcifications can increase plaque stress and promote rupture, whereas large calcifications can stabilize plaques. Drugs that target bone mineralization may lead to unintended consequences on ectopic plaque calcification and cardiovascular outcomes. Bisphosphonates, common anti-osteoporotic agents, have elicited unexpected cardiovascular events in clinical trials. Here, we investigated the role of bisphosphonate treatment and timing on the disruption or promotion of vascular calcification and bone minerals in a mouse model of atherosclerosis. We started the bisphosphonate treatment either before plaque formation, at early plaque formation times associated with the onset of calcification, or at late stages of plaque development. Our data indicated that long-term bisphosphonate treatment (beginning prior to plaque development) leads to higher levels of plaque calcification, with a narrower mineral size distribution. When given later in plaque development, we measured a wider distribution of mineral size. These morphological alterations might be associated with a higher risk of plaque rupture by creating stress foci. Yet, bone mineral density positively correlated with the duration of the bisphosphonate treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amirala Bakhshian Nik
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33174, USA; (A.B.N.); (H.H.N.); (M.G.R.)
| | - Hooi Hooi Ng
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33174, USA; (A.B.N.); (H.H.N.); (M.G.R.)
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA
| | - Manuel Garcia Russo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33174, USA; (A.B.N.); (H.H.N.); (M.G.R.)
| | - Francesco Iacoviello
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University College London, London WC1E 7JE, UK; (F.I.); (P.R.S.)
| | - Paul R. Shearing
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University College London, London WC1E 7JE, UK; (F.I.); (P.R.S.)
| | - Sergio Bertazzo
- Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK;
| | - Joshua D. Hutcheson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33174, USA; (A.B.N.); (H.H.N.); (M.G.R.)
- Biomolecular Sciences Institute, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-305-348-0157
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12
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Naguib M, Ali N, ElSaraf N, Rashed L, Azzam H. Does Serum Osteocalcin Level Affect Carotid Atherosclerosis in Post-Menopausal Diabetic Females? A Case-Control Study. Int J Gen Med 2022; 15:4513-4523. [PMID: 35509602 PMCID: PMC9059994 DOI: 10.2147/ijgm.s353492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To determine the association between serum osteocalcin and carotid intima media thickness (CIMT) in a group of post-menopausal females with type 2 diabetes (T2DM). Patients and Methods This cross-sectional study enrolled 75 postmenopausal women with T2DM and 40 age matched postmenopausal healthy females. Age, body mass index, blood pressure were recorded for all subjects. Laboratory tests including fasting blood glucose (FBG), glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) and lipid profile were measured. Serum osteocalcin was measured using ELISA. Bone mineral density (BMD) was measured by DEXA scan. CIMT was assessed with B-mode ultrasonography. Results Patients with T2DM had significantly lower serum osteocalcin compared to control (63.73±27.20 vs 136.16±21.96 pg/mL, P<0.001). Patients with osteoporosis had significantly lower osteocalcin level compared to those with normal BMD. Patients with T2DM had a significant negative correlation between serum osteocalcin and CIMT (r= -0.332; P=0.003), FBG (r= -0.732; P< 0.001), HbA1c (r=-0.672; P< 0.001), and HOMA-IR (r= -0.672; P< 0.001). However, multiple linear regression analysis revealed that CIMT in patients with diabetes was only significantly associated with age (P= 0.001), duration of diabetes (P< 0.001), SBP (P< 0.001), HOMA-IR (P=0.033), LDL (P=0.005), and HDL (P< 0.001). Furthermore, serum insulin (β= -0.183, P=0.033), FBG (β= -0.604, P< 0.001) and LDL (β= -0.195, P= 0.02) were independently negatively correlated with serum osteocalcin. Conclusion In this study, Postmenopausal women with diabetes had significantly lower osteocalcin compared to non-diabetic women. Although serum osteocalcin was negatively correlated with CIMT, multivariate regression analysis revealed that osteocalcin level was only independently related to worse glycemic parameters in postmenopausal women with T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mervat Naguib
- Diabetes and Endocrinology Unite, Internal Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine Kasr Al-Ainy Hospital Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Nadia Ali
- Internal Medicine Department, Ahmed Maher Hospital, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Nashwa ElSaraf
- Internal Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine Kasr Al-Ainy Hospital Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Lila Rashed
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Hebatoallah Azzam
- Radiology Department, Faculty of Medicine Kasr Al-Ainy Hospital Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
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13
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Osteocalcin Alleviates Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Acute Inflammation via Activation of GPR37 in Macrophages. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10051006. [PMID: 35625743 PMCID: PMC9138386 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10051006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Revised: 04/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The G protein-coupled receptor 37 (GPR37) has been reported to be expressed in macrophages and the activation of GPR37 by its ligand/agonist, and it can regulate macrophage-associated functions and inflammatory responses. Since our previous work identified that osteocalcin (OCN) acts as an endogenous ligand for GPR37 and can elicit various intracellular signals by interacting with GPR37, we thus hypothesized that OCN may also play a functional role in macrophage through the activation of GPR37. To verify the hypothesis, we conducted a series of in vivo and in vitro studies in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-challenged mice and primary cultured macrophages. Our results reveal that the OCN gene deletion (OCN−/−) and wild type (WT) mice showed comparable death rates and inflammatory cytokines productions in response to a lethal dose of LPS exposure. However, the detrimental effects caused by LPS were significantly ameliorated by exogenous OCN treatments in both WT and OCN−/− mice. Notably, the protective effects of OCN were absent in GPR37−/− mice. In coordination with the in vivo results, our in vitro studies further illustrated that OCN triggered intracellular responses via GPR37 in peritoneal macrophages by regulating the release of inflammatory factors and macrophage phagocytic function. Finally, we exhibited that the adoptive transfer of OCN-treated macrophages from WT mice significantly inhibits the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines in GPR37−/− mice exposed to LPS. Taken together, these findings suggest a protective role of OCN against LPS-caused acute inflammation, by the activation of GPR37 in macrophages, and provide a potential application of the activation of the OCN/GPR37 regulatory axis as a therapeutic strategy for inflammatory diseases.
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14
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Yi G, Zhang S, Ma Y, Yang X, Huo F, Chen Y, Yang B, Tian W. Matrix vesicles from dental follicle cells improve alveolar bone regeneration via activation of the PLC/PKC/MAPK pathway. Stem Cell Res Ther 2022; 13:41. [PMID: 35093186 PMCID: PMC8800263 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-022-02721-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The regeneration of bone loss that occurs after periodontal diseases is a significant challenge in clinical dentistry. Extracellular vesicles (EVs)-based cell-free regenerative therapies represent a promising alternative for traditional treatments. Developmental biology suggests matrix vesicles (MVs), a subtype of EVs, contain mineralizing-related biomolecules and play an important role in osteogenesis. Thus, we explore the therapeutic benefits and expect to find an optimized strategy for MV application. Methods Healthy human dental follicle cells (DFCs) were cultured with the osteogenic medium to generate MVs. Media MVs (MMVs) were isolated from culture supernatant, and collagenase-released MVs (CRMVs) were acquired from collagenase-digested cell suspension. We compared the biological features of the two MVs and investigated their induction of cell proliferation, migration, mineralization, and the modulation of osteogenic genes expression. Furthermore, we investigated the long-term regenerative capacity of MMVs and CRMVs in an alveolar bone defect rat model. Results We found that both DFC-derived MMVs and CRMVs effectively improved the proliferation, migration, and osteogenic differentiation of DFCs. Notably, CRMVs showed better bone regeneration capabilities. Compared to MMVs, CRMVs-induced DFCs exhibited increased synthesis of osteogenic marker proteins including ALP, OCN, OPN, and MMP-2. In the treatment of murine alveolar bone defects, CRMV-loaded collagen scaffold brought more significant therapeutic outcomes with less unhealing areas and more mature bone tissues in comparison with MMVs and acquired the effects resembling DFCs-based treatment. Furthermore, the western blotting results demonstrated the activation of the PLC/PKC/MAPK pathway in CRMVs-induced DFCs, while this cascade was inhibited by MMVs. Conclusions In summary, our findings revealed a novel cell-free regenerative therapy for repairing alveolar bone defects by specific MV subtypes and suggest that PLC/PKC/MAPK pathways contribute to MVs-mediated alveolar bone regeneration. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13287-022-02721-6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genzheng Yi
- Engineering Research Center of Oral Translational Medicine, Ministry of Education, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, People's Republic of China.,National Engineering Laboratory for Oral Regenerative Medicine, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, People's Republic of China.,State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, People's Republic of China.,National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, People's Republic of China.,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, No. 14, 3rd Section, Renmin South Road, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Siyuan Zhang
- Engineering Research Center of Oral Translational Medicine, Ministry of Education, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, People's Republic of China.,National Engineering Laboratory for Oral Regenerative Medicine, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, People's Republic of China.,State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, People's Republic of China.,National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yue Ma
- Engineering Research Center of Oral Translational Medicine, Ministry of Education, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, People's Republic of China.,National Engineering Laboratory for Oral Regenerative Medicine, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, People's Republic of China.,State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, People's Republic of China.,National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, People's Republic of China.,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, No. 14, 3rd Section, Renmin South Road, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Xueting Yang
- Engineering Research Center of Oral Translational Medicine, Ministry of Education, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, People's Republic of China.,National Engineering Laboratory for Oral Regenerative Medicine, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, People's Republic of China.,State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, People's Republic of China.,National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, People's Republic of China.,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, No. 14, 3rd Section, Renmin South Road, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Fangjun Huo
- Engineering Research Center of Oral Translational Medicine, Ministry of Education, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, People's Republic of China.,National Engineering Laboratory for Oral Regenerative Medicine, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, People's Republic of China.,State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, People's Republic of China.,National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Chen
- Engineering Research Center of Oral Translational Medicine, Ministry of Education, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, People's Republic of China.,National Engineering Laboratory for Oral Regenerative Medicine, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, People's Republic of China.,State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, People's Republic of China.,National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, People's Republic of China.,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, No. 14, 3rd Section, Renmin South Road, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Bo Yang
- Engineering Research Center of Oral Translational Medicine, Ministry of Education, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, People's Republic of China. .,National Engineering Laboratory for Oral Regenerative Medicine, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, People's Republic of China. .,State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, People's Republic of China. .,National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, People's Republic of China. .,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, No. 14, 3rd Section, Renmin South Road, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, People's Republic of China.
| | - Weidong Tian
- Engineering Research Center of Oral Translational Medicine, Ministry of Education, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, People's Republic of China. .,National Engineering Laboratory for Oral Regenerative Medicine, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, People's Republic of China. .,State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, People's Republic of China. .,National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, People's Republic of China. .,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, No. 14, 3rd Section, Renmin South Road, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, People's Republic of China.
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15
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Mao H, Li L, Fan Q, Angelini A, Saha PK, Coarfa C, Rajapakshe K, Perera D, Cheng J, Wu H, Ballantyne CM, Sun Z, Xie L, Pi X. Endothelium-specific depletion of LRP1 improves glucose homeostasis through inducing osteocalcin. Nat Commun 2021; 12:5296. [PMID: 34489478 PMCID: PMC8421392 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-25673-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The vascular endothelium is present within metabolic organs and actively regulates energy metabolism. Here we show osteocalcin, recognized as a bone-secreted metabolic hormone, is expressed in mouse primary endothelial cells isolated from heart, lung and liver. In human osteocalcin promoter-driven green fluorescent protein transgenic mice, green fluorescent protein signals are enriched in endothelial cells lining aorta, small vessels and capillaries and abundant in aorta, skeletal muscle and eye of adult mice. The depletion of lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1 induces osteocalcin through a Forkhead box O -dependent pathway in endothelial cells. Whereas depletion of osteocalcin abolishes the glucose-lowering effect of low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1 depletion, osteocalcin treatment normalizes hyperglycemia in multiple mouse models. Mechanistically, osteocalcin receptor-G protein-coupled receptor family C group 6 member A and insulin-like-growth-factor-1 receptor are in the same complex with osteocalcin and required for osteocalcin-promoted insulin signaling pathway. Therefore, our results reveal an endocrine/paracrine role of endothelial cells in regulating insulin sensitivity, which may have therapeutic implications in treating diabetes and insulin resistance through manipulating vascular endothelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Mao
- Department of Medicine, Section of Athero & Lipo, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.,Cardiovascular Research Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Luge Li
- Department of Medicine, Section of Athero & Lipo, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.,Cardiovascular Research Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Qiying Fan
- Department of Medicine, Section of Athero & Lipo, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.,Cardiovascular Research Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Aude Angelini
- Department of Medicine, Section of Athero & Lipo, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.,Cardiovascular Research Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Pradip K Saha
- Department of Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology & Metabolism, Diabetes Research Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Cristian Coarfa
- Departments of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.,Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Kimal Rajapakshe
- Departments of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.,Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Dimuthu Perera
- Departments of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.,Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jizhong Cheng
- Department of Medicine, Section of Nephrology, Selzman Institute for Kidney Health, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Huaizhu Wu
- Department of Medicine, Section of Athero & Lipo, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.,Cardiovascular Research Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Christie M Ballantyne
- Department of Medicine, Section of Athero & Lipo, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.,Cardiovascular Research Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Zheng Sun
- Department of Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology & Metabolism, Diabetes Research Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.,Departments of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Liang Xie
- Department of Medicine, Section of Athero & Lipo, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.,Cardiovascular Research Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Xinchun Pi
- Department of Medicine, Section of Athero & Lipo, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA. .,Cardiovascular Research Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.
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16
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Zhelyazkova-Savova MD, Yotov YT, Nikolova MN, Nazifova-Tasinova NF, Vankova DG, Atanasov AA, Galunska BT. Statins, vascular calcification, and vitamin K-dependent proteins: Is there a relation? Kaohsiung J Med Sci 2021; 37:624-631. [PMID: 33634559 DOI: 10.1002/kjm2.12373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Revised: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The present cross-sectional clinical study aimed to examine the connection between statin exposure, coronary artery calcification (CAC), and vitamin K-dependent proteins (VKDPs) in patients with cardiovascular (CV) conditions. Two groups of patients were studied: patients with established CV disease (CVD) and healthy patients at moderate risk for CVD (a control group). The groups were also split into statin users and non-users. The following VKDPs were measured in plasma: uncarboxylated Matrix Gla-protein (ucMGP), undercarboxylated (ucOC), and carboxylated osteocalcin (cOC), Gla-rich protein (GRP). CAC score (CACS) was determined by multislice computed tomography. Among all the participants in the study, CACS was more pronounced in statin users compared to non-users; the same was found also among the CVD patients and among the controls. While the levels of ucMGP and GRP did not differ between statin users and non-users, ucOC and ucOC/cOC were significantly elevated in statin users, indicating vitamin K deficiency. There was a positive correlation between the levels of ucOC and CACS in the entire population and in the group of statin users, but not in statin non-users. No association was found between ucMGP or GRP and CACS. Statins had also an impact on the international normalized ratio and interacted with vitamin K antagonists (VKAs). Our results are in agreement with the existing evidence about positive association between statins and vascular calcification. They enlighten to a certain extent the possible mechanisms through which statins may enhance calcium accumulation in arterial wall, namely, by inhibition of vitamin K dependent proteins and functions involved in vascular protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria D Zhelyazkova-Savova
- Department of Pharmacology, Clinical Pharmacology and Therapy, Varna Medical University, Varna, Bulgaria
| | - Yoto T Yotov
- First Department of Internal Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Varna, Varna, Bulgaria
| | - Miglena N Nikolova
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular medicine and Nutrigenomics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Varna, Varna, Bulgaria
| | - Neshe F Nazifova-Tasinova
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular medicine and Nutrigenomics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Varna, Varna, Bulgaria
| | - Deyana G Vankova
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular medicine and Nutrigenomics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Varna, Varna, Bulgaria
| | - Atanas A Atanasov
- First Department of Internal Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Varna, Varna, Bulgaria
| | - Bistra Tz Galunska
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular medicine and Nutrigenomics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Varna, Varna, Bulgaria
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Niu J, Wu C, Zhang M, Yang Z, Liu Z, Fu F, Li J, Feng N, Gu X, Zhang S, Liu Y, Fan R, Li J, Pei J. κ-opioid receptor stimulation alleviates rat vascular smooth muscle cell calcification via PFKFB3-lactate signaling. Aging (Albany NY) 2021; 13:14355-14371. [PMID: 34016793 PMCID: PMC8202865 DOI: 10.18632/aging.203050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, the effects and mechanism of action of U50,488H (a selective κ-opioid receptor agonist) on calcification of rat vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) induced by β-glycerophosphate (β-GP) were investigated. VSMCs were isolated and cultured in traditional FBS-based media. A calcification model was established in VSMCs under hyperphosphatemia and intracellular calcium contents. Alkaline phosphatase (ALP), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and lactate were detected in cell culture supernatants before and after treatment. Alizarin red staining was used to detect the degree of calcification of VSMCs. Expression levels of key molecules of osteogenic markers, fructose-2,6-biphosphatase 3 (PFKFB3), and proline hydroxylase 2 (PHD2), were determined using western blotting. Further, vascular calcification was induced by vitamin D3 plus nicotine in rats and isolated thoracic aortas, calcium concentration was assessed in rat aortic rings in vitro. We demonstrated that U50,488H inhibited VSMC calcification in a concentration-dependent manner. Moreover, U50,488H significantly inhibited osteogenic differentiation and ALP activity in VSMCs pretreated with β-GP. Further studies confirmed that PFKFB3 expression, LDH level, and lactate content significantly increased during calcification of VSMCs; U50,488H reversed these changes. PHD2 expression showed the opposite trend compared to PFKFB3 expression. nor-BNI or 3-PO abolished U50,488H protective effects. Besides, U50,488H inhibited VSMC calcification in rat aortic rings ex vivo. Collectively, our experiments show that κ-opioid receptor activation inhibits VSMC calcification by reducing PFKFB3 expression and lactate content, providing a potential drug target and strategy for the clinical treatment of vascular calcification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Niu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, National Key Discipline of Cell Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, Shaanxi Province, China
- Department of Healthcare of 940 Hospital, Joint Logistics Support Force of PLA, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu Province, China
| | - Chen Wu
- Department of Neurology, Xinjiang Military General Hospital, Urumqi 830000, Xinjiang Province, China
| | - Min Zhang
- Department of College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an 710032, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Zhen Yang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, National Key Discipline of Cell Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Zhenhua Liu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, National Key Discipline of Cell Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Feng Fu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, National Key Discipline of Cell Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Jun Li
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, National Key Discipline of Cell Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Na Feng
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, National Key Discipline of Cell Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Xiaoming Gu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, National Key Discipline of Cell Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Shumiao Zhang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, National Key Discipline of Cell Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Yali Liu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, National Key Discipline of Cell Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Rong Fan
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, National Key Discipline of Cell Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Juan Li
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, National Key Discipline of Cell Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Jianming Pei
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, National Key Discipline of Cell Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, Shaanxi Province, China
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Chen M, Li Y, Huang X, Gu Y, Li S, Yin P, Zhang L, Tang P. Skeleton-vasculature chain reaction: a novel insight into the mystery of homeostasis. Bone Res 2021; 9:21. [PMID: 33753717 PMCID: PMC7985324 DOI: 10.1038/s41413-021-00138-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Revised: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Angiogenesis and osteogenesis are coupled. However, the cellular and molecular regulation of these processes remains to be further investigated. Both tissues have recently been recognized as endocrine organs, which has stimulated research interest in the screening and functional identification of novel paracrine factors from both tissues. This review aims to elaborate on the novelty and significance of endocrine regulatory loops between bone and the vasculature. In addition, research progress related to the bone vasculature, vessel-related skeletal diseases, pathological conditions, and angiogenesis-targeted therapeutic strategies are also summarized. With respect to future perspectives, new techniques such as single-cell sequencing, which can be used to show the cellular diversity and plasticity of both tissues, are facilitating progress in this field. Moreover, extracellular vesicle-mediated nuclear acid communication deserves further investigation. In conclusion, a deeper understanding of the cellular and molecular regulation of angiogenesis and osteogenesis coupling may offer an opportunity to identify new therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Chen
- Department of Orthopedics, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Orthopedics, Sports Medicine & Rehabilitation, Beijing, China
| | - Yi Li
- Department of Orthopedics, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Orthopedics, Sports Medicine & Rehabilitation, Beijing, China
| | - Xiang Huang
- Department of Orthopedics, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Orthopedics, Sports Medicine & Rehabilitation, Beijing, China
| | - Ya Gu
- Department of Orthopedics, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Orthopedics, Sports Medicine & Rehabilitation, Beijing, China
| | - Shang Li
- Department of Orthopedics, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Orthopedics, Sports Medicine & Rehabilitation, Beijing, China
| | - Pengbin Yin
- Department of Orthopedics, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China.
- National Clinical Research Center for Orthopedics, Sports Medicine & Rehabilitation, Beijing, China.
| | - Licheng Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China.
- National Clinical Research Center for Orthopedics, Sports Medicine & Rehabilitation, Beijing, China.
| | - Peifu Tang
- Department of Orthopedics, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China.
- National Clinical Research Center for Orthopedics, Sports Medicine & Rehabilitation, Beijing, China.
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Tacey A, Hayes A, Zulli A, Levinger I. Osteocalcin and vascular function: is there a cross-talk? Mol Metab 2021; 49:101205. [PMID: 33684607 PMCID: PMC8027272 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2021.101205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Revised: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The bone-derived protein osteocalcin (OC), in its undercarboxylated (ucOC) form, has a beneficial effect on energy metabolism and may be a future therapeutic target for metabolic diseases. Increasing evidence suggests a link between ucOC and cardiovascular disease (CVD) development; however, the exact relationship is conflicting and unclear. Scope of review The aim of this review was to summarise the current research examining the interaction between OC and vascular dysfunction, the initiating stage in the development of atherosclerosis and CVD. Major conclusions In humans, the association between OC and vascular function is inconsistent. Several studies report that total OC (tOC) is associated with adverse function or beneficial function, whereas others report that tOC and ucOC has no effect on vascular function. The conflicting data are likely due to several methodological inconsistencies, in particular the lack of studies reporting circulating ucOC levels. In animal models, the direct administration of ucOC to isolated blood vessels ex vivo produced minimal changes in endothelial function, but importantly, no adverse responses. Finally, in human endothelial and vascular smooth muscle cells, ucOC treatment did not influence classical markers of cellular function, including endothelin-1, vascular adhesion molecule-1 and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 after exposure to high glucose and inflammatory conditions. The lack of adverse effects in ex vivo and in vitro studies suggests that ucOC may be targeted as a future therapeutic for metabolic diseases, without the risk of detrimental effects in the vasculature. However, further studies are needed to confirm these findings and to investigate whether there is a direct beneficial influence of ucOC. ucOC is implicated in the regulation of glucose homeostasis; but its role in the vasculature has been minimally reported. Studies which examine the association between ucOC and vascular function in humans often report inconsistent outcomes. In addition, ex vivo and in vitro studies have reported that ucOC likely does not directly regulate endothelial function. ucOC may be targeted as a therapeutic treatment for metabolic diseases without a risk of adverse effects in the vasculature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Tacey
- Institute for Health and Sport (IHES), Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science (AIMSS), The University of Melbourne and Western Health, St Albans, VIC, Australia
| | - Alan Hayes
- Institute for Health and Sport (IHES), Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science (AIMSS), The University of Melbourne and Western Health, St Albans, VIC, Australia
| | - Anthony Zulli
- Institute for Health and Sport (IHES), Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Itamar Levinger
- Institute for Health and Sport (IHES), Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science (AIMSS), The University of Melbourne and Western Health, St Albans, VIC, Australia.
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The Influence of Calcification Factors and Endothelial-Dysfunction Factors on the Development of Unstable Atherosclerotic Plaques. Diagnostics (Basel) 2020; 10:diagnostics10121074. [PMID: 33322310 PMCID: PMC7764445 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics10121074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: This study aimed to evaluate changes in markers of calcification and of endothelial dysfunction during the development of calcification and instability of atherosclerotic plaques and to identify associations of calcification factors with the formation of unstable plaques. Methods: We analyzed 44 male patients with coronary atherosclerosis who underwent endarterectomy in coronary arteries during coronary bypass surgery. The endarterectomy material (intima/media) was examined using histological and biochemical methods, and the stability and calcification degree of atherosclerotic plaques were assessed. In homogenates of the tissue samples and in blood, concentrations of osteoprotegerin, osteocalcin, osteopontin, osteonectin, monocyte-chemoattractant protein type 1 (MCP-1), soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (sVCAM-1), and E-selectin were determined by enzyme immunoassays. Results: Unstable atherosclerotic plaques proved to be calcified more frequently (80.4% of plaques) than stable ones (45.0%). Osteonectin, E-selectin, and sVCAM-1 levels were lower in unstable plaques and plaques with large calcification deposits. Osteocalcin content increased with the increasing size of the calcification deposits in plaque. Blood osteocalcin concentration directly correlated with osteocalcin concentration in atherosclerotic plaques and was higher in the blood of patients with calcified plaques in coronary arteries. Conclusions: The results provide the basis for further research on the suitability of osteocalcin as a potential biomarker of an unstable calcified atherosclerotic plaque in a coronary artery.
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Tacey A, Smith C, Woessner MN, Chubb P, Neil C, Duque G, Hayes A, Zulli A, Levinger I. Undercarboxylated osteocalcin is associated with vascular function in female older adults but does not influence vascular function in male rabbit carotid artery ex vivo. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0242774. [PMID: 33237935 PMCID: PMC7688178 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0242774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background There are conflicting reports on the association of undercarboxylated osteocalcin (ucOC) in cardiovascular disease development, including endothelial function and hypertension. We tested whether ucOC is related to blood pressure and endothelial function in older adults, and if ucOC directly affects endothelial-mediated vasodilation in the carotid artery of rabbits. Methods In older adults, ucOC, blood pressure, pulse wave velocity (PWV) and brachial artery flow-mediated dilation (BAFMD) were measured (n = 38, 26 post-menopausal women and 12 men, mean age 73 ± 0.96). The vasoactivity of the carotid artery was assessed in male New Zealand White rabbits following a four-week normal or atherogenic diet using perfusion myography. An ucOC dose response curve (0.3–45 ng/ml) was generated following incubation of the arteries for 2-hours in either normal or high glucose conditions. Results ucOC levels were higher in normotensive older adults compared to those with stage 2 hypertension (p < 0.05), particularly in women (p < 0.01). In all participants, higher ucOC was associated with lower PWV (p < 0.05), but not BAFMD (p > 0.05). In rabbits, ucOC at any dose did not alter vasoactivity of the carotid artery, either following a normal or an atherogenic diet (p > 0.05). Conclusion Increased ucOC is associated with lower blood pressure and increased arterial stiffness, particularly in post-menopausal women. However, ucOC administration has no direct short-term effect on endothelial function in rabbit arteries. Future studies should explore whether treatment with ucOC, in vivo, has direct or indirect effects on blood vessel function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Tacey
- Institute for Health and Sport (IHES), Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science (AIMSS), The University of Melbourne and Western Health, St Albans, VIC, Australia
| | - Cassandra Smith
- Institute for Health and Sport (IHES), Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science (AIMSS), The University of Melbourne and Western Health, St Albans, VIC, Australia
| | - Mary N. Woessner
- Institute for Health and Sport (IHES), Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Paul Chubb
- PathWest Laboratory Medicine WA, Fiona Stanley Hospital, Murdoch, WA, Australia
- Medical School, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Christopher Neil
- Department of Medicine-Western Health, Melbourne Medical School, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Cardiology, Western Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Gustavo Duque
- Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science (AIMSS), The University of Melbourne and Western Health, St Albans, VIC, Australia
- Department of Medicine-Western Health, Melbourne Medical School, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Alan Hayes
- Institute for Health and Sport (IHES), Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science (AIMSS), The University of Melbourne and Western Health, St Albans, VIC, Australia
| | - Anthony Zulli
- Institute for Health and Sport (IHES), Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Itamar Levinger
- Institute for Health and Sport (IHES), Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science (AIMSS), The University of Melbourne and Western Health, St Albans, VIC, Australia
- * E-mail:
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Tacey A, Sim M, Smith C, Woessner MN, Byrnes E, Lewis JR, Brennan-Speranza T, Hodgson JM, Blekkenhorst LC, Levinger I. Association between Circulating Osteocalcin and Cardiometabolic Risk Factors following a 4-Week Leafy Green Vitamin K-Rich Diet. ANNALS OF NUTRITION AND METABOLISM 2020; 76:361-367. [DOI: 10.1159/000511660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
<b><i>Background:</i></b> Evidence suggests that lower serum undercarboxylated osteocalcin (ucOC) may be negatively associated with cardiometabolic health. We investigated whether individuals with a suppression of ucOC following an increase in dietary vitamin K1 exhibit a relative worsening of cardiometabolic risk factors. <b><i>Materials and Methods:</i></b> Men (<i>n</i> = 20) and women (<i>n</i> = 10) aged 62 ± 10 years participated in a randomized, controlled, crossover study. The primary analysis involved using data obtained from participants following a high vitamin K1 diet (HK; 4-week intervention of increased leafy green vegetable intake). High and low responders were defined based on the median percent reduction (30%) in ucOC following the HK diet. Blood pressure (resting and 24 h), arterial stiffness, plasma glucose, lipid concentrations, and serum OC forms were assessed. <b><i>Results:</i></b> Following the HK diet, ucOC and ucOC/tOC were suppressed more (<i>p</i> < 0.01) in high responders (41 and 29%) versus low responders (12 and 10%). The reduction in ucOC and ucOC/tOC was not associated with changes in blood pressure, arterial stiffness, plasma glucose, or lipid concentrations in the high responders (<i>p</i> > 0.05). <b><i>Discussion/Conclusion:</i></b> Suppression of ucOC via consumption of leafy green vegetables has no negative effects on cardiometabolic health, perhaps, in part, because of cross-talk mechanisms.
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Tacey A, Millar S, Qaradakhi T, Smith C, Hayes A, Anderson S, Zulli A, O'Sullivan S, Levinger I. Undercarboxylated osteocalcin has no adverse effect on endothelial function in rabbit aorta or human vascular cells. J Cell Physiol 2020; 236:2840-2849. [PMID: 32936958 PMCID: PMC7891339 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.30048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Undercarboxylated osteocalcin (ucOC) improves glucose metabolism; however, its effects on endothelial cell function are unclear. We examined the biological effect of ucOC on endothelial function in animal models ex vivo and human cells in vitro. Isometric tension and immunohistochemistry techniques were used on the aorta of male New Zealand white rabbits and cell culture techniques were used on human aortic endothelial cells (HAECs) to assess the effect of ucOC in normal and high-glucose environments. Overall, ucOC, both 10 and 30 ng/ml, did not significantly alter acetylcholine-induced blood vessel relaxation in rabbits (p > .05). UcOC treatment did not cause any significant changes in the immunoreactivity of cellular signalling markers (p > .05). In HAEC, ucOC did not change any of the assessed outcomes (p > .05). UcOC has no negative effects on endothelial function which is important to reduce the risks of off target adverse effects if it will be used as a therapeutic option for metabolic disease in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Tacey
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science (AIMSS), The University of Melbourne and Western Health, St Albans, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Tawar Qaradakhi
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Cassandra Smith
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science (AIMSS), The University of Melbourne and Western Health, St Albans, Victoria, Australia
| | - Alan Hayes
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science (AIMSS), The University of Melbourne and Western Health, St Albans, Victoria, Australia
| | - Susan Anderson
- Division of Medical Sciences and Graduate Entry Medicine, School of Medicine, Royal Derby Hospital, University of Nottingham, Derby, UK
| | - Anthony Zulli
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Saoirse O'Sullivan
- Division of Medical Sciences and Graduate Entry Medicine, School of Medicine, Royal Derby Hospital, University of Nottingham, Derby, UK
| | - Itamar Levinger
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science (AIMSS), The University of Melbourne and Western Health, St Albans, Victoria, Australia
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Lin L, Chiu LT, Lee MC, Hsu BG. Serum Osteocalcin Level is Negatively Associated with Vascular Reactivity Index by Digital Thermal Monitoring in Kidney Transplant Recipients. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 56:medicina56080400. [PMID: 32784817 PMCID: PMC7466333 DOI: 10.3390/medicina56080400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2020] [Revised: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Osteocalcin is the most abundant noncollagenous protein in bone matrix, which is considered a marker of bone formation. Previous studies indicate that circulating osteocalcin can be expressed by osteoblasts and even by osteoblast-like cells in vessel walls, and it is often associated with arterial stiffness. Our study aims to examine the potential association between osteocalcin levels and endothelial function among kidney transplant (KT) recipients. MATERIALS AND METHODS Fasting blood samples were obtained from 68 KT recipients. To measure the endothelial function and vascular reactivity index (VRI), a digital thermal monitoring test (VENDYS) was used. A commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kit was also utilized to measure serum total osteocalcin levels. In this study, a VRI of less than 1.0 indicated poor vascular reactivity; a VRI of 1.0-2.0 indicated intermediate vascular reactivity; and a VRI of 2.0 or higher indicated good vascular reactivity. RESULTS Our findings show that 8 KT recipients (11.8%) had poor vascular reactivity (VRI < 1.0), 26 (38.2%) had intermediate vascular reactivity (1.0 ≤ VRI < 2.0), and 34 (50%) had good vascular reactivity. Increased serum osteocalcin levels (p < 0.001) were found to be associated with poor vascular reactivity. Advanced age (r = -0.361, p = 0.002), serum alkaline phosphate level (r = -0.254, p = 0.037), and log-transformed osteocalcin levels (r = - 0.432, p < 0.001) were identified to be negatively correlated with VRI in KT recipients. Multivariable forward stepwise linear regression analysis revealed that the serum level of osteocalcin (β = -0.391, adjusted R2 change = 0.174; p < 0.001) and advanced age (β = -0.308, adjusted R2 change = 0.084; p = 0.005) were significantly and independently associated with VRI in KT recipients. CONCLUSIONS Higher serum osteocalcin level was associated with lower VRI and poorer endothelial dysfunction among KT recipients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Lin
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Hualien 97004, Taiwan;
| | - Liang-Te Chiu
- Division of Nephrology, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Hualien 97004, Taiwan;
| | - Ming-Che Lee
- Department of Surgery, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Hualien 97004, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien 97004, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (M.-C.L.); (B.-G.H.)
| | - Bang-Gee Hsu
- Division of Nephrology, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Hualien 97004, Taiwan;
- School of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien 97004, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (M.-C.L.); (B.-G.H.)
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The interrelationship of bone and cardiovascular remodeling biomarkers and clinical peculiarities of coronary artery disease in postmenopausal women. Reumatologia 2020; 58:142-149. [PMID: 32684646 PMCID: PMC7362271 DOI: 10.5114/reum.2020.96687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives To investigate the interrelationship between bone and cardiovascular remodeling biomarkers and some clinical, laboratory and instrumental parameters of coronary artery disease in postmenopausal women. Material and methods The double open cross-sectional monocentric clinical study in parallel groups involved 115 women in the postmenopausal period with coronary artery disease (CAD): stable exertional angina of functional class (FC) II–III (mean age 67.07 ±0.92 years). Depending on the bone mineral density (BMD) state, all patients were divided into 3 groups: group 1 (n = 24) – patients with normal BMD (T-criterion more than 1 SD); group 2 (n = 34) – patients with osteopenia (T-criterion from –1 SD to –2.5 SD); group 3 (n = 44) – patients with osteoporosis (T-criterion less than –2.5 SD). The selected control group consisted of 12 relatively healthy women of the corresponding age. All patients underwent cardiovascular and bone remodeling biomarkers’ assessment, lipid profile tests, daily monitoring of ECG by Holter, two-dimensional echocardiography and pulsed-wave Doppler. Intima-media complex (IMC) measurement, ultrasound densitometry, and the FRAX algorithm were performed. Results In women with coronary artery disease and postmenopausal osteoporosis (PMO), there was a significant increase in the level of bone osteoprotegerin (OPG), osteocalcin and vascular remodeling biomarkers (VEGF-A, homocysteine) in parallel with the progression of BMD disorders. The existence of a correlative dependence between osteoprotegerin level and the 10-year risk of fracture of the radial bone (r = 0.46; p < 0.05) was discovered. A probable interrelationship between the OPG, osteocalcin, VEGF-A and homocysteine level and decrease of the T-criterion was observed. An interrelationship between the bone and cardiovascular remodeling biomarkers and atherogenic dyslipidemia, diastolic dysfunction of the left ventricle, dilatation of the left atrium, thickening of the intima-media complex, arrhythmic complications and vegetative imbalance development was proved (p < 0.05), which confirms their clinical and pathogenic role in patients with CAD and PMO. Conclusions The results obtained prove the existing interrelationship of bone and cardiovascular remodeling biomarkers with the state of bone mineral density and clinical peculiarities of coronary artery disease in postmenopausal women.
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Sim M, Lewis JR, Prince RL, Levinger I, Brennan-Speranza TC, Palmer C, Bondonno CP, Bondonno NP, Devine A, Ward NC, Byrnes E, Schultz CJ, Woodman R, Croft K, Hodgson JM, Blekkenhorst LC. The effects of vitamin K-rich green leafy vegetables on bone metabolism: A 4-week randomised controlled trial in middle-aged and older individuals. Bone Rep 2020; 12:100274. [PMID: 32455149 PMCID: PMC7235933 DOI: 10.1016/j.bonr.2020.100274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Background High vegetable intake is associated with beneficial effects on bone. However, the mechanisms remain uncertain. Green leafy vegetables are a rich source of vitamin K1, which is known to have large effects on osteoblasts and osteocalcin (OC) metabolism. Objective To examine the effects of consumption of two to three extra serves of green leafy vegetables daily on bone metabolism. Methods Thirty individuals (mean age 61.8 ± 9.9 years, 67% male) completed three experimental phases in a randomised controlled crossover design, each lasting four weeks, with a washout period of four weeks between phases (clinical trial registration: ACTRN12615000194561). The three experimental phases were: (i) increased dietary vitamin K1 by consuming green leafy vegetables (H-K; ~200 g/d containing 164.3 [99.5-384.7] μg/d of vitamin K1); (ii) low vitamin K1 by consuming vitamin K1-poor vegetables (L-K; ~200 g/d containing 9.4 [7.7-11.6] μg/d of vitamin K1); and (iii) control (CON) where participants consumed an energy-matched non-vegetable control. OC forms, total OC (tOC), carboxylated OC (cOC) and undercarboxylated OC (ucOC), were measured in serum pre- and post-intervention for each experimental phase using a sandwich-electrochemiluminescence immunoassay. Results Pre-intervention tOC, ucOC and ucOC:tOC levels were similar between phases (P > .05). Following H-K, but not L-K, tOC, ucOC and ucOC:tOC levels were significantly lower compared to pre-intervention levels (P ≤ .001) and compared to CON (~14%, 31% and 19%, respectively, all P < .05), while cOC remained unchanged. Conclusions In middle-aged healthy men and women, an easily achieved increase in dietary intake of vitamin K1-rich green leafy vegetables substantially reduces serum tOC and ucOC suggesting increased entry of OC into bone matrix, where it may improve the material property of bone. In conjunction with previous epidemiological and randomised controlled trial data, these findings suggest that interventions to increase vegetable intake over extended periods should include bone end points including fracture risk.
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Key Words
- Ageing
- BMD, bone mineral density
- Bone
- CON, control
- CTX, collagen type I C-terminal cross-linked telopeptide
- FFQ, food frequency questionnaire
- GCMS, gas-chromatography mass spectrometry
- H-K, experimental phase with high vitamin K1 intake
- L-K, experimental phase with low vitamin K1 intake
- METs, metabolic equivalents
- MK, menaquinones
- Nutrition
- OC, osteocalcin
- Osteocalcin
- P1NP, N-terminal propeptide of type I collagen
- PK, phylloquinone
- RCT, randomised controlled trial
- USDA, United States Department of Agriculture
- VIABP, Vegetable intake and blood pressure study
- VKDP, vitamin K dependant proteins
- Vitamin K
- cOC, carboxylated osteocalcin
- tOC, total osteocalcin
- ucOC, undercarboxylated osteocalcin
- ucOC:tOC, fraction of undercarboxylated osteocalcin
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Sim
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia.,Medical School, Royal Perth Hospital Unit, The University Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Joshua R Lewis
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia.,Medical School, Royal Perth Hospital Unit, The University Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia.,Centre for Kidney Research, Children's Hospital at Westmead, School of Public Health, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Richard L Prince
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Nedlands, WA, Australia.,Medical School, Sir Charles Gardner Unit, The University Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Itamar Levinger
- Institute for Health and Sport (iHeS), Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science (AIMSS), University of Melbourne and Western Health, St Albans, VIC, Australia
| | - Tara C Brennan-Speranza
- Department of Physiology, Bosch Institute for Medical Research, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Claire Palmer
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia.,School of Biomedical Science, Royal Perth Hospital Unit, The University Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Catherine P Bondonno
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia.,Medical School, Royal Perth Hospital Unit, The University Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Nicola P Bondonno
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia.,Medical School, Royal Perth Hospital Unit, The University Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Amanda Devine
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia
| | - Natalie C Ward
- Medical School, Royal Perth Hospital Unit, The University Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia.,School of Public Health & Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Elizabeth Byrnes
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, PathWest Laboratory Medicine, Queen Elizabeth II Medical Centre, Perth, Australia
| | - Carl J Schultz
- Medical School, Royal Perth Hospital Unit, The University Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia.,Department of Cardiology, Royal Perth Hospital, WA, Australia
| | - Richard Woodman
- Flinders Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Kevin Croft
- School of Biomedical Science, Royal Perth Hospital Unit, The University Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Jonathan M Hodgson
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia.,Medical School, Royal Perth Hospital Unit, The University Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Lauren C Blekkenhorst
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia.,Medical School, Royal Perth Hospital Unit, The University Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
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27
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Pathophysiological and Genetic Aspects of Vascular Calcification. Cardiol Res Pract 2020; 2020:5169069. [PMID: 32411445 PMCID: PMC7201852 DOI: 10.1155/2020/5169069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Revised: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent evidence suggests that vascular calcification is an independent cardiovascular risk factor (CRF) of morbidity and mortality. New studies point out the existence of a complex physiopathological mechanism that involves inflammation, oxidation, the release of chemical mediators, and genetic factors that promote the osteochondrogenic differentiation of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC). This review will evaluate the main mechanisms involved in the pathophysiology and genetics modulation of the process of vascular calcification. Objective. A systematic review of the pathophysiology factors involved in vascular calcification and its genetic influence was performed. Methods. A systematic review was conducted in the Medline and PubMed databases and were searched for studies concerning vascular calcification using the keywords and studies published until 2020/01 in English. Inclusion Criteria. Studies in vitro, animal models, and humans. These include cohort (both retrospective and prospective cohort studies), case-control, cross-sectional, and systematic reviews. Exclusion Criteria. Studies before 2003 of the existing literature.
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28
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D'Onofrio L, Maddaloni E, Buzzetti R. Osteocalcin and sclerostin: Background characters or main actors in cardiovascular disease? Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2020; 36:e3217. [PMID: 31600861 DOI: 10.1002/dmrr.3217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Revised: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Luca D'Onofrio
- Department of Experimental Medicine, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Ernesto Maddaloni
- Department of Experimental Medicine, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Raffaella Buzzetti
- Department of Experimental Medicine, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Rome, Italy
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29
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Qaradakhi T, Gadanec LK, Tacey AB, Hare DL, Buxton BF, Apostolopoulos V, Levinger I, Zulli A. The Effect of Recombinant Undercarboxylated Osteocalcin on Endothelial Dysfunction. Calcif Tissue Int 2019; 105:546-556. [PMID: 31485687 DOI: 10.1007/s00223-019-00600-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Low circulating levels of undercarboxylated osteocalcin (ucOC) is associated with a higher risk of cardiovascular disease, yet whether ucOC has a direct effect on endothelium-dependent vasorelaxation, or in proximity to its postulated receptor, the class CG protein-coupled receptor (GPCR6A), in blood vessels remains unclear. Immunohistochemistry and proximity ligation assays were used to localize the presence of ucOC and GPRC6A and to determine the physical proximity (< 40 nm) in radial artery segments collected from patients undergoing coronary artery bypass surgery (n = 6) which exhibited calcification (determined by Von Kossa) and aorta from New Zealand white rabbits exhibiting atherosclerotic plaques. Endothelium-dependent vasorelaxation was assessed using cumulative doses of acetylcholine in vitro on abdominal aorta of rabbits fed a normal chow diet (n = 10) and a 4-week atherogenic diet (n = 9) pre-incubated with ucOC (10 ng/mL) or vehicle. Both ucOC and GPRC6A were localized in human and rabbit diseased-blood vessels. Proximity ligation assay staining demonstrated physical proximity of ucOC with GPRC6A only within plaques in rabbit arteries and the endothelium layer of rabbit arterioles. Endothelium-dependent vasorelaxation was impaired in atherogenic abdominal aorta compared to healthy aorta and ucOC attenuated this impairment. ucOC attenuated impaired endothelium-dependent vasorelaxation in rabbit abdominal aorta following an atherogenic diet, however, this effect may be independent of GPRC6A. It is important that future studies determine the underlying cellular mechanisms by which ucOC effects blood vessels as well as whether it can be used as a therapeutic agent against the progression of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tawar Qaradakhi
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, 8001, Australia.
| | - Laura K Gadanec
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, 8001, Australia
| | - Alexander B Tacey
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, 8001, Australia
- Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science (AIMSS), University of Melbourne and Western Health, St Albans, VIC, 3021, Australia
| | - David L Hare
- Department of Cardiology, Austin Health, University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, VIC, 3084, Australia
| | - Brian F Buxton
- University of Melbourne, Consultant in Cardiac Surgery, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Vasso Apostolopoulos
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, 8001, Australia
| | - Itamar Levinger
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, 8001, Australia
- Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science (AIMSS), University of Melbourne and Western Health, St Albans, VIC, 3021, Australia
| | - Anthony Zulli
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, 8001, Australia
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30
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Increased Serum Parathyroid Hormone, Osteocalcin and Alkaline Phosphatase Are Associated with a Long-Term Adverse Cardiovascular Outcome after Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Surgery. Diagnostics (Basel) 2019; 9:diagnostics9040143. [PMID: 31597282 PMCID: PMC6963598 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics9040143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Revised: 10/03/2019] [Accepted: 10/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the fact that an association of osteopoenia/osteoporosis with elevated risk of coronary artery calcification (CAC) and coronary atherosclerosis (CA) is well-established, it remains unclear whether bone turnover markers can be employed in long-term prognostication of such patients. Here we measured serum calcium, phosphate, calcitonin, parathyroid hormone (PTH), osteoprotegerin, osteocalcin, osteopontin, alkaline phosphatase and its bone isoenzyme, subsequently correlating them with an adverse cardiovascular outcome after 3 years of follow-up. The extent of brachiocephalic artery stenosis, CA, or CAC, as well as prevalence of osteopoenia/osteoporosis before the coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery, did not differ between outcome groups, suggesting that subtle molecular mechanisms might be involved in determining the outcome rather than clinical or subclinical disease. After stepwise logistic regression, serum osteocalcin > 26.8 ng/mL and PTH > 49.1 pg/mL were independent predictors of an adverse outcome. Serum ionised calcium correlated with multivessel coronary artery disease; moreover, patients with severe CA (SYNTAX score > 21) had higher serum ionised calcium than those with mild CA. Likewise, serum alkaline phosphatase was associated with severe CA and CAC (Agatston score > 400). In conclusion, serum PTH, osteocalcin, and alkaline phosphatase are associated with an adverse cardiovascular outcome 3 years after CABG surgery regardless of osteopoenia/osteoporosis, coronary/peripheral atherosclerosis, and CAC.
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31
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Millar SA, Zala I, Anderson SI, O'Sullivan SE. Osteocalcin does not influence acute or chronic inflammation in human vascular cells. J Cell Physiol 2019; 235:3414-3424. [PMID: 31549398 PMCID: PMC6972510 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.29231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Some human observational studies have suggested an anti‐inflammatory role of osteocalcin (OCN). An inflammatory protocol using interferon‐γ and tumor necrosis factor‐α (10 ng/ml) was employed to examine the acute (24 hr) and chronic (144 hr) effects of uncarboxylated OCN (ucOCN) in commercial, primary, subcultured human aortic endothelial cells (HAEC), and human smooth muscle cells (HASMCs). The inflammatory protocol increased phosphorylation of intracellular signaling proteins (CREB, JNK, p38, ERK, AKT, STAT3, STAT5) and increased secretion of adhesion markers (vascular cell adhesion molecule‐1, intracellular adhesion molecule‐1, monocyte chemoattractant protein‐1) and proinflammatory cytokines (interleukin‐6 [IL‐6], IL‐8). After acute inflammation, there were no additive or reductive effects of ucOCN in either cell type. Following chronic inflammation, ucOCN did not affect cell responses, nor did it appear to have any pro‐ or anti‐inflammatory effects when administered acutely or chronically on its own in either cell type. Additionally, ucOCN did not affect lipopolysaccharide (LPS)‐induced acute inflammation in HAECs or HASMCs. The findings of this study do not support a causal role for OCN within the models of vascular inflammation chosen. Further confirmatory studies are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie A Millar
- Division of Graduate Entry Medicine and Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Royal Derby Hospital, University of Nottingham, Derby, UK
| | - Ieva Zala
- Division of Graduate Entry Medicine and Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Royal Derby Hospital, University of Nottingham, Derby, UK
| | - Susan I Anderson
- Division of Graduate Entry Medicine and Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Royal Derby Hospital, University of Nottingham, Derby, UK
| | - Saoirse E O'Sullivan
- Division of Graduate Entry Medicine and Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Royal Derby Hospital, University of Nottingham, Derby, UK
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32
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Yi M, Wu Y, Long J, Liu F, Liu Z, Zhang YH, Sun XP, Fan ZX, Gao J, Si J, Zuo XB, Zhang LM, Shi N, Miao ZP, Bai ZR, Liu BY, Liu HR, Li J. Exosomes secreted from osteocalcin-overexpressing endothelial progenitor cells promote endothelial cell angiogenesis. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2019; 317:C932-C941. [PMID: 31411920 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00534.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Exosome secretion is an important paracrine way of endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) to modulate resident endothelial cells. The osteocalcin (OCN)-expressing EPCs have been found to be increased in cardiovascular disease patients and are considered to be involved in the process of coronary atherosclerosis. Since OCN has been proven to prevent endothelial dysfunction, this study aimed to evaluate the effect of exosomes derived from OCN-overexpressed EPCs on endothelial cells. Exosomes derived from EPCs (Exos) and OCN-overexpressed EPCs (OCN-Exos) were isolated and incubated with rat aorta endothelial cells (RAOECs) with or without the inhibition of OCN receptor G protein-coupled receptor family C group 6 member A (GPRC6A). The effects of exosomes on the proliferation activity of endothelial cells were evaluated by CCK-8 assay, and the migration of endothelial cells was detected by wound healing assay. A tube formation assay was used to test the influence of exosomes on the angiogenesis performance of endothelial cells. Here, we presented that OCN was packed into Exos and was able to be transferred to the RAOECs via exosome incorporation, which was increased in OCN-Exos groups. Compared with Exos, OCN-Exos had better efficiency in promoting RAOEC proliferation and migration and tube formation. The promoting effects were impeded after the inhibition of GPRC6A expression in RAOECs. These data suggest that exosomes from OCN-overexpressed EPCs have a beneficial regulating effect on endothelial cells, which involved enhanced OCN-GPRC6A signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Yi
- Division of Cardiology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Metabolic Disorder Related Cardiovascular Disease, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Ye Wu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Metabolic Disorder Related Cardiovascular Disease, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Long
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Fei Liu
- Division of Cardiology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhi Liu
- Division of Cardiology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying-Hua Zhang
- Division of Cardiology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xi-Peng Sun
- Division of Cardiology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhen-Xing Fan
- Division of Cardiology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Gao
- Division of Cardiology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jin Si
- Division of Cardiology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xue-Bing Zuo
- Division of Cardiology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei-Min Zhang
- Division of Cardiology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Ning Shi
- Division of Cardiology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Zu-Pei Miao
- Division of Cardiology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhao-Run Bai
- Division of Cardiology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Bin-Yu Liu
- Division of Cardiology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui-Rong Liu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Metabolic Disorder Related Cardiovascular Disease, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Li
- Division of Cardiology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Metabolic Disorder Related Cardiovascular Disease, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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33
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Millar SA, Anderson SI, O'Sullivan SE. Osteokines and the vasculature: a review of the in vitro effects of osteocalcin, fibroblast growth factor-23 and lipocalin-2. PeerJ 2019; 7:e7139. [PMID: 31372314 PMCID: PMC6660824 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.7139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone-derived factors that demonstrate extra-skeletal functions, also termed osteokines, are fast becoming a highly interesting and focused area of cross-disciplinary endocrine research. Osteocalcin (OCN), fibroblast growth factor-23 (FGF23) and lipocalin-2 (LCN-2), produced in bone, comprise an important endocrine system that is finely tuned with other organs to ensure homeostatic balance and health. This review aims to evaluate in vitro evidence of the direct involvement of these proteins in vascular cells and whether any causal roles in cardiovascular disease or inflammation can be supported. PubMed, Medline, Embase and Google Scholar were searched for relevant research articles investigating the exogenous addition of OCN, FGF23 or LCN-2 to vascular smooth muscle or endothelial cells. Overall, these osteokines are directly vasoactive across a range of human and animal vascular cells. Both OCN and FGF23 have anti-apoptotic properties and increase eNOS phosphorylation and nitric oxide production through Akt signalling in human endothelial cells. OCN improves intracellular insulin signalling and demonstrates protective effects against endoplasmic reticulum stress in murine and human endothelial cells. OCN may be involved in calcification but further research is warranted, while there is no evidence for a pro-calcific effect of FGF23 in vitro. FGF23 and LCN-2 increase proliferation in some cell types and increase and decrease reactive oxygen species generation, respectively. LCN-2 also has anti-apoptotic effects but may increase endoplasmic reticulum stress as well as have pro-inflammatory and pro-angiogenic properties in human vascular endothelial and smooth muscle cells. There is no strong evidence to support a pathological role of OCN or FGF23 in the vasculature based on these findings. In contrast, they may in fact support normal endothelial functioning, vascular homeostasis and vasodilation. No studies examined whether OCN or FGF23 may have a role in vascular inflammation. Limited studies with LCN-2 indicate a pro-inflammatory and possible pathological role in the vasculature but further mechanistic data is required. Overall, these osteokines pose intriguing functions which should be investigated comprehensively to assess their relevance to cardiovascular disease and health in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie A Millar
- Division of Graduate Entry Medicine and Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Royal Derby Hospital, University of Nottingham, Derby, United Kingdom
| | - Susan I Anderson
- Division of Graduate Entry Medicine and Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Royal Derby Hospital, University of Nottingham, Derby, United Kingdom
| | - Saoirse E O'Sullivan
- Division of Graduate Entry Medicine and Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Royal Derby Hospital, University of Nottingham, Derby, United Kingdom
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34
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Millar SA, Anderson SI, O'sullivan SE. Human vascular cell responses to the circulating bone hormone osteocalcin. J Cell Physiol 2019; 234:21039-21048. [PMID: 31026070 PMCID: PMC6767466 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.28707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Revised: 04/03/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to characterize the direct effects of uncarboxylated osteocalcin (ucOCN) on vascular cell biology in vitro, to assess its potential function in pathophysiological conditions such as atherosclerosis. Human aortic endothelial cells (HAECs) and smooth muscle cells (HASMCs) were treated with ucOCN (0.1-50 ng/ml) and changes in phosphorylation of intracellular signaling proteins, angiogenesis, proliferation, migration, monolayer permeability, and protein secretion were measured. In HAECs, phosphorylated JNK and CREB were decreased with ucOCN (p < 0.05). In HASMCs, phosphorylated p70S6K and NF-ΚB were increased by ucOCN (p < 0.05). Cell proliferation increased in both cell types dose dependently which was blocked by AKT and ERK pathway inhibitors. ucOCN did not affect cell permeability, angiogenesis, or migration. The direct activity of ucOCN on vascular cells is recognized, particularly its proliferative effects. However, at least in physiological settings, it does not appear that osteocalcin may directly promote atherogenesis based on the outcomes measured.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie A Millar
- Division of Medical Sciences and Graduate Entry Medicine, School of Medicine, Royal Derby Hospital, University of Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Susan I Anderson
- Division of Medical Sciences and Graduate Entry Medicine, School of Medicine, Royal Derby Hospital, University of Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Saoirse E O'sullivan
- Division of Medical Sciences and Graduate Entry Medicine, School of Medicine, Royal Derby Hospital, University of Nottingham, United Kingdom
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35
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Roles for osteocalcin in brain signalling: implications in cognition- and motor-related disorders. Mol Brain 2019; 12:23. [PMID: 30909971 PMCID: PMC6434857 DOI: 10.1186/s13041-019-0444-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
It is now generally accepted that the extra-skeleton functionalities of bone are multifaceted. Its endocrine functions came first to light when it was realized that osteoblasts, the bone forming cells, maintain energy homeostasis by improving glucose metabolism, insulin sensitivity and energy expenditure through osteocalcin, a multipurpose osteokine secreted by osteoblasts. Recently, the emerging knowledge on the functional aspects of this osteokine expanded to properties including adult and maternal regulation of cognitive functions. Therapeutic potential of this osteokine has also been recently reported in experimental Parkinson’s disease models. This review highlights such findings on the functions of osteocalcin in the brain and emphasizes on exploring and analyzing much more in-depth basic and clinical studies.
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