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Kieronska-Rudek A, Kij A, Bar A, Kurpinska A, Mohaissen T, Grosicki M, Stojak M, Sternak M, Buczek E, Proniewski B, Kuś K, Suraj-Prazmowska J, Panek A, Pietrowska M, Zapotoczny S, Shanahan CM, Szabo C, Chlopicki S. Phylloquinone improves endothelial function, inhibits cellular senescence, and vascular inflammation. GeroScience 2024:10.1007/s11357-024-01225-w. [PMID: 38980631 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-024-01225-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Phylloquinon (PK) and menaquinones (MK) are both naturally occurring compounds belonging to vitamin K group. Present study aimed to comprehensively analyze the influence of PK in several models of vascular dysfunction to determine whether PK has vasoprotective properties, similar to those previously described for MK. Effects of PK and MK on endothelial dysfunction were studied in ApoE/LDLR-/- mice in vivo, in the isolated aorta incubated with TNF, and in vascular cells as regard inflammation and cell senescence (including replicative and stress-induced models of senescence). Moreover, the vascular conversion of exogenous vitamins to endogenous MK-4 was analyzed. PK, as well as MK, given for 8 weeks in diet (10 mg/kg) resulted in comparable improvement in endothelial function in the ApoE/LDLR-/- mice. Similarly, PK and MK prevented TNF-induced impairment of endothelium-dependent vasorelaxation in the isolated aorta. In in vitro studies in endothelial and vascular smooth muscle cells, we identified that both PK and MK displayed anti-senescence effects via decreasing DNA damage while in endothelial cells anti-inflammatory activity was ascribed to the modulation of NFκB activation. The activity of PK and MK was comparable in terms of their effect on senescence and inflammation. Presence of endogenous synthesis of MK-4 from PK in aorta and endothelial and smooth muscle cells suggests a possible involvement of MK in vascular effects of PK. In conclusion, PK and MK display comparable vasoprotective effects, which may be ascribed, at least in part, to the inhibition of cell senescence and inflammation. The vasoprotective effect of PK in the vessel wall can be related to the direct effects of PK, as well as to the action of MK formed from PK in the vascular wall.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Kieronska-Rudek
- Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics (JCET), Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
- Chair of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
- Chair of Pharmacology, Faculty of Science and Medicine, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Agnieszka Kij
- Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics (JCET), Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Anna Bar
- Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics (JCET), Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Anna Kurpinska
- Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics (JCET), Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Tasnim Mohaissen
- Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics (JCET), Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Marek Grosicki
- Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics (JCET), Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Marta Stojak
- Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics (JCET), Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Magdalena Sternak
- Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics (JCET), Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Elżbieta Buczek
- Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics (JCET), Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Bartosz Proniewski
- Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics (JCET), Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Kamil Kuś
- Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics (JCET), Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Joanna Suraj-Prazmowska
- Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics (JCET), Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Panek
- Institute of Nuclear Physics Polish Academy of Sciences, Krakow, Poland
| | - Monika Pietrowska
- Centre for Translational Research and Molecular Biology of Cancer, Maria Sklodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, Gliwice, Poland
| | - Szczepan Zapotoczny
- Department of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Catherine M Shanahan
- School of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine and Sciences, James Black Centre, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Csaba Szabo
- Chair of Pharmacology, Faculty of Science and Medicine, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Stefan Chlopicki
- Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics (JCET), Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland.
- Chair of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland.
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Soro SD, Lattard V, Kodjo A, Benoît E, Chatron N. Structural investigation of vitamin K epoxide reductase domain-containing protein in Leptospira species: a potential target for the development of new leptospirosis treatments as an alternative to antibiotics. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2024:1-13. [PMID: 38197604 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2024.2302925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2024]
Abstract
Leptospirosis is a worldwide zoonosis caused by the motile bacterium Leptospira. This disease can cause hemorrhagic symptoms, multi-visceral and renal failures, resulting in one million cases and approximately 60,000 deaths each year. The motility of Leptospira is highly involved in its virulence and is ensured by the presence of two flagella in the periplasm. Several proteins that require the formation of disulfide bridges are essential for flagellar function. In Leptospira, these redox reactions are catalysed by the vitamin K epoxide reductase domain-containing protein (VKORdcp). The aim of the present work was to study the conservation of VKORdcp among Leptospira species and its interactions with putative substrates and inhibitor. Our results evidenced the presence of ten amino acids specific to either pathogenic or saprophytic species. Furthermore, structural studies revealed a higher affinity of the enzyme for vitamin K1 quinone, compared to ubiquinone. Finally, characterisation of the binding of a potential inhibitor revealed the involvement of some VKORdcp amino acids that have not been present in the human enzyme, in particular the polar residue D114. Our study thus paves the way for the future development of Leptospira VKORdcp inhibitors, capable of blocking bacterial motility. Such molecules could therefore offer a promising therapeutic alternative to antibiotics, especially in the event of the emergence of antibiotic-resistant strains.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Virginie Lattard
- USC 1233-RS2GP, VetAgro Sup, INRAE, Université de Lyon, Marcy L'Etoile, France
| | - Angeli Kodjo
- USC 1233-RS2GP, VetAgro Sup, INRAE, Université de Lyon, Marcy L'Etoile, France
| | - Etienne Benoît
- USC 1233-RS2GP, VetAgro Sup, INRAE, Université de Lyon, Marcy L'Etoile, France
| | - Nolan Chatron
- USC 1233-RS2GP, VetAgro Sup, INRAE, Université de Lyon, Marcy L'Etoile, France
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3
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Zeng W, Yang J, He Y, Zhu Z. Bioactive compounds in cruciferous sprouts and microgreens and the effects of sulfur nutrition. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2023; 103:7323-7332. [PMID: 37254614 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.12755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Revised: 05/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Cruciferous sprouts and microgreens are a good source of bioactive compounds for human health as they are rich in glucosinolates, polyphenols, carotenoids, and vitamins. Glucosinolates - sulfur-containing bioactive phytochemicals - have anti-cancer effects. They mainly exist in cruciferous vegetables. Sulfur is one of the essential elements for plants and is an indispensable component of glucosinolates. This paper summarizes the nutritional value of cruciferous spouts and microgreens, along with the effects of sulfur nutrition on bioactive phytochemical compounds of cruciferous sprouts and microgreens, especially glucosinolates, with the aim of providing information about the dietary effects of cruciferous sprouts and microgreens. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjing Zeng
- College of Horticulture Science, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
- College of Environmental and Resource Science, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jing Yang
- College of Horticulture Science, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yong He
- College of Horticulture Science, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhujun Zhu
- College of Horticulture Science, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
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4
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Altawil Y, Youssef LA. Frequencies of VKORC1-1639G>A and rs397509427 in Patients on Warfarin and Healthy Syrian Subjects. Cardiovasc Ther 2023; 2023:8898922. [PMID: 38045109 PMCID: PMC10689069 DOI: 10.1155/2023/8898922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2023] [Revised: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Vitamin K epoxide reductase complex subunit 1 (VKORC1) gene encodes a key enzyme with multiple cellular activities, namely, the reduction of vitamin K to its active form. VKORC1-1639G>A (rs9923231) is a common single nucleotide polymorphism with a crucial impact on warfarin dosing and possibly other physiological functions. This study aimed at investigating the frequencies of VKORC1-1639G>A alleles and genotypes in Syrian healthy subjects and patients on warfarin for different indications. Methods A total of 138 individuals were enrolled in this cross-sectional study. Genomic DNA was extracted from both patients on warfarin and healthy subjects, and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) specific amplicons were genotyped via standard sequencing which also allowed the detection of rs397509427. Comparisons of -1639G>A frequency with other populations were drawn. Results Of 94 patients on warfarin, 53 (56.38%) were with idiopathic venous thromboembolism (VTE). Despite comparable frequencies of the -1639A allele (47% and 50%), the AA and GA genotypes were at disparate frequencies of 93.2% versus 79.8% in the healthy subjects (n = 44) versus patients on warfarin, respectively. Carriers of the GG genotype were at a four-fold increased risk of VTE in comparison with those of the AA and GA genotypes (odds ratio (OR) = 4, 95% CI = 1.105 - 13.6, P = 0.0469). All study subjects were wild-type for the rs397509427 variant. Conclusions Our results prove a high -1639A prevalence in Syrian healthy subjects and patients on warfarin at frequencies comparable to other Mediterranean and Middle Eastern populations. The A allele carriers are at a lower VTE risk, whereas a global prevalence gradient of the G allele is suggested to be associated with VTE risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yara Altawil
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Program of Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Damascus University, Damascus, Syria
| | - Lama A. Youssef
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Program of Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Damascus University, Damascus, Syria
- National Commission for Biotechnology, Damascus, Syria
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5
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Janaszak-Jasiecka A, Płoska A, Wierońska JM, Dobrucki LW, Kalinowski L. Endothelial dysfunction due to eNOS uncoupling: molecular mechanisms as potential therapeutic targets. Cell Mol Biol Lett 2023; 28:21. [PMID: 36890458 PMCID: PMC9996905 DOI: 10.1186/s11658-023-00423-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 03/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) is one of the most important molecules released by endothelial cells, and its antiatherogenic properties support cardiovascular homeostasis. Diminished NO bioavailability is a common hallmark of endothelial dysfunction underlying the pathogenesis of the cardiovascular disease. Vascular NO is synthesized by endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) from the substrate L-arginine (L-Arg), with tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4) as an essential cofactor. Cardiovascular risk factors such as diabetes, dyslipidemia, hypertension, aging, or smoking increase vascular oxidative stress that strongly affects eNOS activity and leads to eNOS uncoupling. Uncoupled eNOS produces superoxide anion (O2-) instead of NO, thus becoming a source of harmful free radicals exacerbating the oxidative stress further. eNOS uncoupling is thought to be one of the major underlying causes of endothelial dysfunction observed in the pathogenesis of vascular diseases. Here, we discuss the main mechanisms of eNOS uncoupling, including oxidative depletion of the critical eNOS cofactor BH4, deficiency of eNOS substrate L-Arg, or accumulation of its analog asymmetrical dimethylarginine (ADMA), and eNOS S-glutathionylation. Moreover, potential therapeutic approaches that prevent eNOS uncoupling by improving cofactor availability, restoration of L-Arg/ADMA ratio, or modulation of eNOS S-glutathionylation are briefly outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Janaszak-Jasiecka
- Department of Medical Laboratory Diagnostics - Fahrenheit Biobank BBMRI.Pl, Medical University of Gdansk, 7 Debinki Street, 80-211, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Agata Płoska
- Department of Medical Laboratory Diagnostics - Fahrenheit Biobank BBMRI.Pl, Medical University of Gdansk, 7 Debinki Street, 80-211, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Joanna M Wierońska
- Department of Neurobiology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, 12 Smętna Street, 31-343, Kraków, Poland
| | - Lawrence W Dobrucki
- Department of Medical Laboratory Diagnostics - Fahrenheit Biobank BBMRI.Pl, Medical University of Gdansk, 7 Debinki Street, 80-211, Gdansk, Poland.,Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA.,Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, 405 N Mathews Ave, MC-251, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA.,Department of Biomedical and Translational Sciences, Carle-Illinois College of Medicine, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Leszek Kalinowski
- Department of Medical Laboratory Diagnostics - Fahrenheit Biobank BBMRI.Pl, Medical University of Gdansk, 7 Debinki Street, 80-211, Gdansk, Poland. .,BioTechMed Centre, Department of Mechanics of Materials and Structures, Gdansk University of Technology, 11/12 Gabriela Narutowicza Street, 80-233, Gdansk, Poland.
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6
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Welsh J, Bak MJ, Narvaez CJ. New insights into vitamin K biology with relevance to cancer. Trends Mol Med 2022; 28:864-881. [PMID: 36028390 PMCID: PMC9509427 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2022.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Revised: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Phylloquinone (vitamin K1) and menaquinones (vitamin K2 family) are essential for post-translational γ-carboxylation of a small number of proteins, including clotting factors. These modified proteins have now been implicated in diverse physiological and pathological processes including cancer. Vitamin K intake has been inversely associated with cancer incidence and mortality in observational studies. Newly discovered functions of vitamin K in cancer cells include activation of the steroid and xenobiotic receptor (SXR) and regulation of oxidative stress, apoptosis, and autophagy. We provide an update of vitamin K biology, non-canonical mechanisms of vitamin K actions, the potential functions of vitamin K-dependent proteins in cancer, and observational trials on vitamin K intake and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- JoEllen Welsh
- Cancer Research Center and Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University at Albany, Rensselaer, NY 12144, USA.
| | - Min Ji Bak
- Cancer Research Center and Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University at Albany, Rensselaer, NY 12144, USA
| | - Carmen J Narvaez
- Cancer Research Center and Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University at Albany, Rensselaer, NY 12144, USA
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7
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Impact of Phytochemicals on Viability and Cereulide Toxin Synthesis in Bacillus cereus Revealed by a Novel High-Throughput Method, Coupling an AlamarBlue-Based Assay with UPLC-MS/MS. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13090672. [PMID: 34564676 PMCID: PMC8470179 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13090672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to its food-poisoning potential, Bacillus cereus has attracted the attention of the food industry. The cereulide-toxin-producing subgroup is of particular concern, as cereulide toxin is implicated in broadscale food-borne outbreaks and occasionally causes fatalities. The health risks associated with long-term cereulide exposure at low doses remain largely unexplored. Natural substances, such as plant-based secondary metabolites, are widely known for their effective antibacterial potential, which makes them promising as ingredients in food and also as a surrogate for antibiotics. In this work, we tested a range of structurally related phytochemicals, including benzene derivatives, monoterpenes, hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives and vitamins, for their inhibitory effects on the growth of B. cereus and the production of cereulide toxin. For this purpose, we developed a high-throughput, small-scale method which allowed us to analyze B. cereus survival and cereulide production simultaneously in one workflow by coupling an AlamarBlue-based viability assay with ultraperformance liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS). This combinatory method allowed us to identify not only phytochemicals with high antibacterial potential, but also ones specifically eradicating cereulide biosynthesis already at very low concentrations, such as gingerol and curcumin.
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8
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Mladěnka P, Macáková K, Kujovská Krčmová L, Javorská L, Mrštná K, Carazo A, Protti M, Remião F, Nováková L. Vitamin K - sources, physiological role, kinetics, deficiency, detection, therapeutic use, and toxicity. Nutr Rev 2021; 80:677-698. [PMID: 34472618 PMCID: PMC8907489 DOI: 10.1093/nutrit/nuab061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Vitamin K is traditionally connected with blood coagulation, since it is needed for the posttranslational modification of 7 proteins involved in this cascade. However, it is also involved in the maturation of another 11 or 12 proteins that play different roles, encompassing in particular the modulation of the calcification of connective tissues. Since this process is physiologically needed in bones, but is pathological in arteries, a great deal of research has been devoted to finding a possible link between vitamin K and the prevention of osteoporosis and cardiovascular diseases. Unfortunately, the current knowledge does not allow us to make a decisive conclusion about such a link. One possible explanation for this is the diversity of the biological activity of vitamin K, which is not a single compound but a general term covering natural plant and animal forms of vitamin K (K1 and K2) as well as their synthetic congeners (K3 and K4). Vitamin K1 (phylloquinone) is found in several vegetables. Menaquinones (MK4–MK13, a series of compounds known as vitamin K2) are mostly of a bacterial origin and are introduced into the human diet mainly through fermented cheeses. Current knowledge about the kinetics of different forms of vitamin K, their detection, and their toxicity are discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Přemysl Mladěnka
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic. K. Macáková is with the Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Hradec Králové, Czech Republicv
| | - Kateřina Macáková
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Kujovská Krčmová
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic.,Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Diagnostics, University Hospital Hradec Králové, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Javorská
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Diagnostics, University Hospital Hradec Králové, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Kristýna Mrštná
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic.,Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Diagnostics, University Hospital Hradec Králové, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Alejandro Carazo
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic. K. Macáková is with the Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Hradec Králové, Czech Republicv
| | - Michele Protti
- M. Protti is with the Research Group of Pharmaco-Toxicological Analysis (PTA Lab), Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology (FaBiT), Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Fernando Remião
- F. Remião is with the UCIBIO-REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Toxicology, The Biological Sciences Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, Porto, Portugal
| | - Lucie Nováková
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
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Abi Khalil R, Barbier B, Fafournoux A, Mahamat AB, Marquez A, Poissenot K, Keller M, Desvars-Larrive A, Fernandez-De-Simon J, Coeurdassier M, Benoit E, Lefebvre S, Pinot A, Lattard V. Seasonal diet-based resistance to anticoagulant rodenticides in the fossorial water vole (Arvicola amphibius). ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2021; 200:111422. [PMID: 34062198 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.111422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 05/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Anticoagulant rodenticides (AR) resistance has been defined as "a major loss of efficacy due to the presence of a strain of rodent with a heritable and commensurately reduced sensitivity to the anticoagulant". The mechanism that supports this resistance has been identified as based on mutations in the Vkorc1 gene leading to severe resistance in rats and mice. This study evaluates the validity of this definition in the fossorial water vole and explores the possibility of a non-genetic diet-based resistance in a strict herbivorous rodent species. Genetic support was explored by sequencing the Vkorc1 gene and the diet-based resistance was explored by the dosing of vitamins K in liver of voles according to seasons. From a sample of 300 voles, only 2 coding mutations, G71R and S149I, were detected in the Vkorc1 gene in the heterozygous state with low allele frequencies (0.5-1%). These mutations did not modify the sensitivity to AR, suggesting an absence of genetic Vkorc1-based resistance in the water vole. On the contrary, vitamin K1 was shown to be 5 times more abundant in the liver of the water vole compared to rats. This liver concentration was shown to seasonally vary, with a trough in late winter and a peak in late spring/early summer related to the growth profile of grass. This increase in concentration might be responsible for the increased resistance of water voles to AR. This study highlights a non-genetic, diet-related resistance mechanism in rodents to AR. This diet-based resistance might explain the different evolution of the Vkorc1 gene in the fossorial water vole compared to rats and mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rami Abi Khalil
- USC 1233 RS2GP, INRAe, VetAgro Sup, University of Lyon, F-69280, Marcy l'Etoile, France
| | - Brigitte Barbier
- USC 1233 RS2GP, INRAe, VetAgro Sup, University of Lyon, F-69280, Marcy l'Etoile, France
| | - Ambre Fafournoux
- USC 1233 RS2GP, INRAe, VetAgro Sup, University of Lyon, F-69280, Marcy l'Etoile, France
| | - Ali Barka Mahamat
- USC 1233 RS2GP, INRAe, VetAgro Sup, University of Lyon, F-69280, Marcy l'Etoile, France
| | - Aurélie Marquez
- USC 1233 RS2GP, INRAe, VetAgro Sup, University of Lyon, F-69280, Marcy l'Etoile, France
| | - Kevin Poissenot
- INRAe, CNRS, IFCE, Univ. Tours, Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements, F-37380, Nouzilly, France
| | - Matthieu Keller
- INRAe, CNRS, IFCE, Univ. Tours, Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements, F-37380, Nouzilly, France
| | - Amélie Desvars-Larrive
- Unit of Veterinary Public Health and Epidemiology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria; Complexity Science Hub Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Michael Coeurdassier
- Chrono-Environnement Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté/CNRS usc INRAe Besançon Cedex, France
| | - Etienne Benoit
- USC 1233 RS2GP, INRAe, VetAgro Sup, University of Lyon, F-69280, Marcy l'Etoile, France
| | - Sébastien Lefebvre
- USC 1233 RS2GP, INRAe, VetAgro Sup, University of Lyon, F-69280, Marcy l'Etoile, France
| | - Adrien Pinot
- USC 1233 RS2GP, INRAe, VetAgro Sup, University of Lyon, F-69280, Marcy l'Etoile, France
| | - Virginie Lattard
- USC 1233 RS2GP, INRAe, VetAgro Sup, University of Lyon, F-69280, Marcy l'Etoile, France.
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10
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Kieronska-Rudek A, Kij A, Kaczara P, Tworzydlo A, Napiorkowski M, Sidoryk K, Chlopicki S. Exogenous Vitamins K Exert Anti-Inflammatory Effects Dissociated from Their Role as Substrates for Synthesis of Endogenous MK-4 in Murine Macrophages Cell Line. Cells 2021; 10:1571. [PMID: 34206530 PMCID: PMC8303864 DOI: 10.3390/cells10071571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Vitamins K exert a range of activities that extend far beyond coagulation and include anti-inflammatory effects, but the mechanisms involved in anti-inflammatory action remain unclear. In the present study, we showed that various forms of exogenous vitamins-K1, K3, K2 (MK-4, MK-5, MK-6 and MK-7)-regulated a wide scope of inflammatory pathways in murine macrophages in vitro, including NOS-2, COX-2, cytokines and MMPs. Moreover, we demonstrated for the first time that macrophages are able to synthesise endogenous MK-4 on their own. Vitamins with shorter isoprenoid chains-K1, K3 and MK-5-exhibited stronger anti-inflammatory potential than vitamins with longer isoprenoid chains (MK-6 and MK-7) and simultaneously were preferably used as a substrate for MK-4 endogenous production. Most interesting, atorvastatin pretreatment inhibited endogenous MK-4 production but had no impact on the anti-inflammatory activity of vitamins K. In summary, our results demonstrate that macrophages are able to synthesise endogenous MK-4 using exogenous vitamins K, and statin inhibits this process. However, the anti-inflammatory effect of exogenous vitamins K was independent of endogenous MK-4 synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Kieronska-Rudek
- Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics (JCET), Jagiellonian University, Bobrzynskiego 14, 30-348 Krakow, Poland; (A.K.-R.); (A.K.); (P.K.); (A.T.)
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical College, Jagiellonian University, Grzegorzecka 16, 31-531 Krakow, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Kij
- Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics (JCET), Jagiellonian University, Bobrzynskiego 14, 30-348 Krakow, Poland; (A.K.-R.); (A.K.); (P.K.); (A.T.)
| | - Patrycja Kaczara
- Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics (JCET), Jagiellonian University, Bobrzynskiego 14, 30-348 Krakow, Poland; (A.K.-R.); (A.K.); (P.K.); (A.T.)
| | - Anna Tworzydlo
- Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics (JCET), Jagiellonian University, Bobrzynskiego 14, 30-348 Krakow, Poland; (A.K.-R.); (A.K.); (P.K.); (A.T.)
| | - Marek Napiorkowski
- Chemistry Department, Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Rydygiera 8, 01-793 Warszawa, Poland; (M.N.); (K.S.)
| | - Katarzyna Sidoryk
- Chemistry Department, Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Rydygiera 8, 01-793 Warszawa, Poland; (M.N.); (K.S.)
| | - Stefan Chlopicki
- Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics (JCET), Jagiellonian University, Bobrzynskiego 14, 30-348 Krakow, Poland; (A.K.-R.); (A.K.); (P.K.); (A.T.)
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical College, Jagiellonian University, Grzegorzecka 16, 31-531 Krakow, Poland
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11
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Zhang Z, Liu L, Liu C, Sun Y, Zhang D. New aspects of microbial vitamin K2 production by expanding the product spectrum. Microb Cell Fact 2021; 20:84. [PMID: 33849534 PMCID: PMC8042841 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-021-01574-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Vitamin K2 (menaquinone, MK) is an essential lipid-soluble vitamin with critical roles in blood coagulation and bone metabolism. Chemically, the term vitamin K2 encompasses a group of small molecules that contain a common naphthoquinone head group and a polyisoprenyl side chain of variable length. Among them, menaquinone-7 (MK-7) is the most potent form. Here, the biosynthetic pathways of vitamin K2 and different types of MK produced by microorganisms are briefly introduced. Further, we provide a new aspect of MK-7 production, which shares a common naphthoquinone ring and polyisoprene biosynthesis pathway, by analyzing strategies for expanding the product spectrum. We review the findings of metabolic engineering strategies targeting the shikimate pathway, polyisoprene pathway, and menaquinone pathway, as well as membrane engineering, which provide comprehensive insights for enhancing the yield of MK-7. Finally, the current limitations and perspectives of microbial menaquinone production are also discussed. This article provides in-depth information on metabolic engineering strategies for vitamin K2 production by expanding the product spectrum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zimeng Zhang
- School of Biological Engineering, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, 116034, China.,Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308, China.,Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308, China
| | - Linxia Liu
- Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308, China.,Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308, China.,National Technology Innovation Center of Synthetic Biology, Tianjin, 300308, China
| | - Chuan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308, China.,Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yumei Sun
- School of Biological Engineering, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, 116034, China.
| | - Dawei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308, China. .,Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308, China. .,National Technology Innovation Center of Synthetic Biology, Tianjin, 300308, China. .,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
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12
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Combinatorial engineering for improved menaquinone-4 biosynthesis in Bacillus subtilis. Enzyme Microb Technol 2020; 141:109652. [DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2020.109652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Revised: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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13
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Van Cleave C, Murakami HA, Samart N, Koehn JT, Maldonado P, Kreckel HD, Cope EJ, Basile A, Crick DC, Crans DC. Location of menaquinone and menaquinol headgroups in model membranes. CAN J CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1139/cjc-2020-0024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Menaquinones are lipoquinones that consist of a headgroup (naphthoquinone, menadione) and an isoprenyl sidechain. They function as electron transporters in prokaryotes such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis. For these studies, we used Langmuir monolayers and microemulsions to investigate how the menaquinone headgroup (menadione) and the menahydroquinone headgroup (menadiol) interact with model membrane interfaces to determine if differences are observed in the location of these headgroups in a membrane. It has been suggested that the differences in the locations are mainly caused by the isoprenyl sidechain rather than the headgroup quinone-to-quinol reduction during electron transport. This study presents evidence that suggests the influence of the headgroup drives the movement of the oxidized quinone and the reduced hydroquinone to different locations within the interface. Utilizing the model membranes of microemulsions and Langmuir monolayers, it is determined whether or not there is a difference in the location of menadione and menadiol within the interface. Based on our findings, we conclude that the menadione and menadiol may reside in different locations within model membranes. It follows that if menaquinone moves within the cell membrane upon menaquinol formation, it is due at least in part, to the differences in the properties of headgroup interactions with the membrane in addition to the isoprenyl sidechain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cameron Van Cleave
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Heide A. Murakami
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Nuttaporn Samart
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Rajabhat Rajanagarindra University, Chachoengsao, Thailand
| | - Jordan T. Koehn
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Pablo Maldonado
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Heidi D. Kreckel
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Elana J. Cope
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Andrea Basile
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Dean C. Crick
- Cell and Molecular Biology Program, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Debbie C. Crans
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
- Cell and Molecular Biology Program, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
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14
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Beato S, Marques C, Laizé V, Gavaia PJ, Fernández I. New Insights on Vitamin K Metabolism in Senegalese sole ( Solea senegalensis) Based on Ontogenetic and Tissue-Specific Vitamin K Epoxide Reductase Molecular Data. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E3489. [PMID: 32429051 PMCID: PMC7278968 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21103489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Revised: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Vitamin K (VK) is a key nutrient for several biological processes (e.g., blood clotting and bone metabolism). To fulfill VK nutritional requirements, VK action as an activator of pregnane X receptor (Pxr) signaling pathway, and as a co-factor of γ-glutamyl carboxylase enzyme, should be considered. In this regard, VK recycling through vitamin K epoxide reductases (Vkors) is essential and should be better understood. Here, the expression patterns of vitamin K epoxide reductase complex subunit 1 (vkorc1) and vkorc1 like 1 (vkorc1l1) were determined during the larval ontogeny of Senegalese sole (Solea senegalensis), and in early juveniles cultured under different physiological conditions. Full-length transcripts for ssvkorc1 and ssvkorc1l1 were determined and peptide sequences were found to be evolutionarily conserved. During larval development, expression of ssvkorc1 showed a slight increase during absence or low feed intake. Expression of ssvkorc1l1 continuously decreased until 24 h post-fertilization, and remained constant afterwards. Both ssvkors were ubiquitously expressed in adult tissues, and highest expression was found in liver for ssvkorc1, and ovary and brain for ssvkorc1l1. Expression of ssvkorc1 and ssvkorc1l1 was differentially regulated under physiological conditions related to fasting and re-feeding, but also under VK dietary supplementation and induced deficiency. The present work provides new and basic molecular clues evidencing how VK metabolism in marine fish is sensitive to nutritional and environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Beato
- Campus de Vegazana, Universidad de León (ULE), s/n, 24071 León, Spain;
| | - Carlos Marques
- Centro de Ciências do Mar (CCMAR), Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal; (C.M.); (V.L.); (P.J.G.)
| | - Vincent Laizé
- Centro de Ciências do Mar (CCMAR), Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal; (C.M.); (V.L.); (P.J.G.)
| | - Paulo J. Gavaia
- Centro de Ciências do Mar (CCMAR), Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal; (C.M.); (V.L.); (P.J.G.)
- Departamento de Ciências Biomédicas e Medicina (DCBM), Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
| | - Ignacio Fernández
- Center for Aquaculture Research, Agrarian Technological Institute of Castile and Leon, Ctra. Arévalo, S/n. Zamarramala, 40196 Segovia, Spain
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15
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Dharmaraj K, Román Silva JI, Kahlert H, Lendeckel U, Scholz F. The acid-base and redox properties of menaquinone MK-4, MK-7, and MK-9 (vitamin K 2) in DMPC monolayers on mercury. EUROPEAN BIOPHYSICS JOURNAL: EBJ 2020; 49:279-288. [PMID: 32372117 PMCID: PMC7244470 DOI: 10.1007/s00249-020-01433-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Revised: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Abstract The acid–base and redox properties of the menaquinones MK-4, MK-7, and MK-9 (vitamin K2) have been studied in DMPC monolayers on mercury electrodes. The monolayers were prepared by adhesion-spreading of menaquinone-spiked DMPC liposomes on a stationary mercury drop electrode. All three menaquinones possess \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$${\text{p}}K_{{\text{a}}}$$\end{document}pKa constants outside the experimentally accessible range, i.e., they are higher than about 12. The standard potentials of MK-4, MK-7, and MK-9 in the DMPC monolayers are very similar, i.e., 0.351, 0.326, and 0.330 V (corresponding to the biochemical standard potentials − 0.063, − 0.088, and − 0.085 V). Graphic abstract ![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Karuppasamy Dharmaraj
- Institute of Biochemistry, University of Greifswald, Felix-Hausdorff-Str. 4, 17487, Greifswald, Germany
| | | | - Heike Kahlert
- Institute of Biochemistry, University of Greifswald, Felix-Hausdorff-Str. 4, 17487, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Uwe Lendeckel
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University Medicine Greifswald, University of Greifswald, Ferdinand-Sauerbruch-Str., 17475, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Fritz Scholz
- Institute of Biochemistry, University of Greifswald, Felix-Hausdorff-Str. 4, 17487, Greifswald, Germany.
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16
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Ni ZH, Wu L, Cao KX, Zhang XQ, Wang DY, Zeng YW, Liang LL, Qiu XD, Guo RS, Cheng HB, Chen ZP. Investigation of the pharmacodynamic substances in dahuang zhechong pill that inhibit energy metabolism. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2020; 251:112332. [PMID: 31669443 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2019.112332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2019] [Revised: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Dahuang Zhechong pill (DHZCP) is a commonly used traditional Chinese medicine for the treatment of hepatocarcinoma. AIM OF THE STUDY Previous studies have found that DHZCP can exert anti-hepatocarcinoma effects and reverse drug resistance by inhibiting energy metabolism. The goal of this study was to further explore the pharmacodynamic substances that inhibit energy metabolism. METHODS The components of DHZCP absorbed into plasma were identified by UHPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS. The Swiss and STITCH databases were used for target collection. The DAVID database was used for pathway enrichment analysis. Cytoscape software was used for network construction. The CCK-8 method detected cell viability. Chemiluminescence was used to detect ATP levels. RESULTS A total of 89 components absorbed into plasma were identified by UHPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS. Based on this, 24 potential pharmacodynamic substances were selected by network pharmacology. Among them, 11 components such as rhein can significantly inhibit ATP levels. CONCLUSIONS Rhein, emodin, chrysophanol, hypoxanthine, baicalein, baicalin, wogonoside, acteoside, formononetin, isoliquiritigenin, and glycyrrhizic acid were the pharmacodynamic substances responsible for inhibition of energy metabolism of DHZCP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi Hui Ni
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Li Wu
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Ke Xin Cao
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Xi Qiong Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Dan Yu Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Yu Wei Zeng
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Lin Lin Liang
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Xian Dan Qiu
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Run Sheng Guo
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Hai Bo Cheng
- The First Clinical Medical College, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, China; Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine Prevention and Treatment of Tumor, Nanjing, China.
| | - Zhi Peng Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China; Engineering Center of State Ministry of Education for Standardization of Chinese Medicine Processing, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.
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17
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Chatron N, Abi Khalil R, Benoit E, Lattard V. Structural Investigation of the Vitamin K Epoxide Reductase (VKORC1) Binding Site with Vitamin K. Biochemistry 2020; 59:1351-1360. [PMID: 32182040 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.9b01084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The vitamin K epoxide reductase (VKORC1) enzyme is of primary importance in many physiological processes, i.e., blood coagulation, energy metabolism, and arterial calcification prevention, due to its role in the vitamin K cycle. Indeed, VKORC1 catalyzes reduction of vitamin K epoxide to quinone and then to hydroquinone. However, the three-dimensional VKORC1 structure remains experimentally undetermined, because of the endoplasmic reticulum membrane location of this enzyme. Here we present a molecular modeling investigation of the VKORC1 enzymatic site structure and function, supported by in vitro enzymatic assays. Four VKORC1 mutants were designed in silico (F55G, F55Y, N80G, and F83G) based on a previous study that identified residues F55, N80, and F83 as being crucial for vitamin K epoxide binding. F55G, N80G, and F83G nonconservative mutants were all predicted to be inactive by molecular modeling analyses. However, the F55Y conservative mutant was expected to be active compared to wild-type VKORC1. In vitro enzymatic assays performed on recombinant proteins assessed our molecular modeling hypotheses and led us to describe the role of accurate VKORC1 active site residues with respect to VKORC1. Residues F55, N80, and F83 appeared to act in a concerted manner to keep vitamin K epoxide close to the C135 catalytic residue. Residues F55 and N80 prevent naphthoquinone head rotation away from the active site, assisted by residue F83 that prevents vitamin K from sliding outside the enzymatic pocket, through hydrophobic tail stabilization. Our results thus highlighted the specific functions of VKORC1 catalytic pocket residues and evidenced the ability of our structural model to predict biological effects of VKORC1 mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nolan Chatron
- USC 1233 RS2GP, INRA, VetAgro Sup, Univ Lyon, F-69280 Marcy l'Etoile, France
| | - Rami Abi Khalil
- USC 1233 RS2GP, INRA, VetAgro Sup, Univ Lyon, F-69280 Marcy l'Etoile, France
| | - Etienne Benoit
- USC 1233 RS2GP, INRA, VetAgro Sup, Univ Lyon, F-69280 Marcy l'Etoile, France
| | - Virginie Lattard
- USC 1233 RS2GP, INRA, VetAgro Sup, Univ Lyon, F-69280 Marcy l'Etoile, France
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