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Association between Arachidonic Acid and the Risk of Schizophrenia: A Cross-National Study and Mendelian Randomization Analysis. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15051195. [PMID: 36904193 PMCID: PMC10005211 DOI: 10.3390/nu15051195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), especially long-chain PUFAs (LCPUFAs), are crucial for both the structural and functional integrity of cells. PUFAs have been reported to be insufficient in schizophrenia, and the resulting cell membrane impairments have been hypothesized as an etiological mechanism. However, the impact of PUFA deficiencies on the onset of schizophrenia remain uncertain. We investigated the associations between PUFAs consumption and schizophrenia incidence rates through correlational analyses and conducted Mendelian randomization analyses to reveal the causal effects. Using dietary PUFA consumption and national schizophrenia incidence rates in 24 countries, we found that incidence rates of schizophrenia were inversely correlated with arachidonic acid (AA) and ω-6 LCPUFA consumption (rAA = -0.577, p < 0.01; rω-6 LCPUFA = -0.626, p < 0.001). Moreover, Mendelian randomization analyses revealed that genetically predicted AA and gamma-linolenic acid (GLA) were protective factors against schizophrenia (ORAA = 0.986, ORGLA = 0.148). In addition, no significant relationships were observed between schizophrenia and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) or other ω-3 PUFAs. These findings show that the deficiencies of ω-6 LCPUFAs, especially AA, are associated with schizophrenia risk, which sheds novel insight into the etiology of schizophrenia and a promising diet supplementation for the prevention and treatment of schizophrenia.
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Antioxidant Activity of Crocodile Oil ( Crocodylus siamensis) on Cognitive Function in Rats. Foods 2023; 12:foods12040791. [PMID: 36832865 PMCID: PMC9956878 DOI: 10.3390/foods12040791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2023] [Revised: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Crocodile oil (CO) is rich in monounsaturated fatty acids and polyunsaturated fatty acids. The antioxidant activity and cognitive effect of monounsaturated fatty acids and polyunsaturated fatty acids have been largely reported. This work aimed to investigate the effect of CO on antioxidant activity and cognitive function in rats. Twenty-one rats were divided into three treatment groups: (1) sterile water (NS), (2) 1 mL/kg of CO (NC1), and (3) 3 mL/kg of CO (NC3). Rats underwent oral gavage once daily for 8 weeks. CO treatment decreased the triglycerides level significantly compared with that in the NS group. CO had a free radical scavenging ability greater than that of olive oil but had no effect on levels of antioxidant markers in the brain. Expression of unique proteins in the CO-treatment group were correlated with the detoxification of hydrogen peroxide. Rats in the NC1 group had better memory function than rats in the NC3 group. Expression of unique proteins in the NC1 group was correlated with memory function. However, CO did not cause a decline in cognitive function in rats. CO can be an alternative dietary oil because it has a hypolipidemia effect and antioxidant activity. In addition, CO did not cause a negative effect on cognitive function.
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Liu D, Zhou L, Yang M, McIntyre RS, Cao B. Oxidative Stress Mediates the Association Between Dietary Fat Intake and Cognition in US Older Adults. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 2022; 30:761-773. [PMID: 35151552 DOI: 10.1016/j.jagp.2022.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Revised: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Dietary fat intake was considered as a modifiable factor influencing cognitive performance. The objective was to 1) examine the associations between different types of dietary fat intakes and cognitive outcomes among elder adults (≥60 years old); 2) assess whether peripheral oxidative stress and antioxidant biomarkers are potential mediators of dietary fat intake and cognitive impairment relationship. METHODS Using data from National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2011-2014, total fat, saturated fatty acid (SFAT), monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA), polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA), cholesterol, ω-3 and ω-6 fatty acids were used to evaluate dietary fat intakes. Cognitive outcomes were assessed by word learning and recall modules from the consortium to establish a registry for Alzheimer's Disease (CERAD), animal fluency test, and digit symbol substitution test (DSST). Antioxidant biomarkers were assessed by gamma glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT), bilirubin, uric acid, and vitamin D levels. Linear regression models and causal mediation analysis were applied to quantify the associations. RESULTS A total of 2,253 elder adults were included in the data analyses. Dietary intake of PUFA and ω-6 fatty acid were positively associated with DSST [β (95% CI): 0.06 (0.01,0.10), t statistic = 2.39, df= 2238, p = 0.02; β (95% CI): 0.06 (0.01,0.11), t statistic = 2.54, df= 2238, p = 0.01, respectively]. GGT was negatively associated with DSST [β (95% CI): -0.04 (-0.07, -0.01), t statistic = -2.73, df= 2239, p = 0.01], whereas uric acid was positively associated with CERAD total score [β (95% CI): 0.04 (0.00,0.08), t statistic = 2.03, df= 2233, p = 0.04]. The association between dietary intake of PUFA/ω -3/ω -6 and DSST performance was partially mediated by GGT level. CONCLUSION Our findings support that PUFAs in dietary sources were associated with lower risks for cognitive impairment partially via lowering oxidative stress. Dietary PUFA supplementation may potentially reduce risk of cognitive impairment via antioxidative mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Liu
- Population Health Sciences (DL), German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Bonn, Germany
| | - Long Zhou
- Department of Cardiology (LZ), Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Ming Yang
- The Center of Gerontology and Geriatrics (MY), West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; Precision Medicine Research Center (MY), West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Roger S McIntyre
- Mood Disorders Psychopharmacology Unit (RSM), University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Bing Cao
- School of Psychology and Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality (Ministry of Education) (BC), Southwest University, Chongqing, P. R. China.
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Shen J, Li J, Hua Y, Ding B, Zhou C, Yu H, Xiao R, Ma W. Association between the Erythrocyte Membrane Fatty Acid Profile and Cognitive Function in the Overweight and Obese Population Aged from 45 to 75 Years Old. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14040914. [PMID: 35215564 PMCID: PMC8878599 DOI: 10.3390/nu14040914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Revised: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Dietary fatty acid intake is closely related to the cognitive function of the overweight and obese population. However, few studies have specified the correlation between exact fatty acids and cognitive functions in different body mass index (BMI) groups. We aimed to explain these relationships and reference guiding principles for the fatty acid intake of the overweight and obese population. Normal weight, overweight, and obese participants were recruited to receive a cognitive function assessment and dietary survey, dietary fatty acids intake was calculated, and the erythrocyte membrane fatty acid profile was tested by performing a gas chromatography analysis. The percentages of saturated fatty acids (SFAs) in the obese group were higher, while monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs) and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) were lower than in the normal weight and overweight groups. In the erythrocyte membrane, the increase of n-3 PUFAs was accompanied by cognitive decline in the overweight group, which could be a protective factor for cognitive function in the obese group. High n-6 PUFAs intake could exacerbate the cognitive decline in the obese population. Dietary fatty acid intake had different effects on the cognitive function of overweight and obese people, especially the protective effect of n-3 PUFAs; more precise dietary advice is needed to prevent cognitive impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyi Shen
- School of Public Health, Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China; (J.S.); (J.L.); (Y.H.); (C.Z.); (H.Y.); (R.X.)
| | - Jinchen Li
- School of Public Health, Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China; (J.S.); (J.L.); (Y.H.); (C.Z.); (H.Y.); (R.X.)
| | - Yinan Hua
- School of Public Health, Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China; (J.S.); (J.L.); (Y.H.); (C.Z.); (H.Y.); (R.X.)
| | - Bingjie Ding
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, China;
| | - Cui Zhou
- School of Public Health, Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China; (J.S.); (J.L.); (Y.H.); (C.Z.); (H.Y.); (R.X.)
| | - Huiyan Yu
- School of Public Health, Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China; (J.S.); (J.L.); (Y.H.); (C.Z.); (H.Y.); (R.X.)
| | - Rong Xiao
- School of Public Health, Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China; (J.S.); (J.L.); (Y.H.); (C.Z.); (H.Y.); (R.X.)
| | - Weiwei Ma
- School of Public Health, Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China; (J.S.); (J.L.); (Y.H.); (C.Z.); (H.Y.); (R.X.)
- Correspondence:
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Shen J, Yu H, Li K, Ding B, Xiao R, Ma W. The Association Between Plasma Fatty Acid and Cognitive Function Mediated by Inflammation in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes 2022; 15:1423-1436. [PMID: 35573864 PMCID: PMC9091472 DOI: 10.2147/dmso.s353449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To verify the mediating role of inflammatory factors in plasma fatty acid-induced changes in cognitive function in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). PATIENTS AND METHODS In this study, we evaluated the cognitive function of 372 Chinese patients (the average age was 58.00 (52.50, 63.00) years) with T2DM by using the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) and the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA), with plasma fatty acids measured by gas chromatography analysis and inflammatory cytokines determined by immune turbidimetric analysis and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to investigate whether there was a correlation between the plasma fatty acids, inflammatory cytokine levels and cognitive test scores in Chinese patients with T2DM. RESULTS We found that the increase of waist circumference and hip circumference might lead to cognitive impairment and induce the inflammatory response. Higher saturated fatty acids (SFAs) levels in plasma were linked to cognitive decline, while higher monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs) intake might be a protective factor for cognitive function. In addition, higher levels of plasma n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-6 PUFAs) stood out as having association with lower cognitive function scores, while higher level of plasma C22:6 n-3 could be a predictor of better cognitive function. In our study, higher SFAs led to higher proinflammatory factor levels. Apart from that, MUFAs and stearoyl-CoA desaturase-18 (SCD-18) were positively related to hypersensitive C-reactive protein (hs-CRP). Meanwhile, higher level of plasma C20:0 could lead to better MMSE delayed recall by reduce the expression of hs-CRP. CONCLUSION Levels of plasma SFAs, C18:3 n-6, and C20:3 n-6 could be a predictor for worse cognitive function, while MUFAs and C22:6 n-3 could be a predictor for better cognitive function. The level of hs-CRP could be a mediator of C20:0 induced the change of cognitive function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyi Shen
- School of Public Health, Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, People’s Republic of China
| | - Huiyan Yu
- School of Public Health, Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, People’s Republic of China
| | - Kaifeng Li
- Nutrition and Metabolism Research Division, Innovation Center, Heilongjiang Feihe Dairy Co., Ltd., Beijing, 100015, People’s Republic of China
| | - Bingjie Ding
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100050, People’s Republic of China
| | - Rong Xiao
- School of Public Health, Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, People’s Republic of China
| | - Weiwei Ma
- School of Public Health, Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, People’s Republic of China
- Correspondence: Weiwei Ma, School of Public Health, Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, People’s Republic of China, Tel/Fax +86-10-83911651, Email
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Lipids in Pathophysiology and Development of the Membrane Lipid Therapy: New Bioactive Lipids. MEMBRANES 2021; 11:membranes11120919. [PMID: 34940418 PMCID: PMC8708953 DOI: 10.3390/membranes11120919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2021] [Revised: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Membranes are mainly composed of a lipid bilayer and proteins, constituting a checkpoint for the entry and passage of signals and other molecules. Their composition can be modulated by diet, pathophysiological processes, and nutritional/pharmaceutical interventions. In addition to their use as an energy source, lipids have important structural and functional roles, e.g., fatty acyl moieties in phospholipids have distinct impacts on human health depending on their saturation, carbon length, and isometry. These and other membrane lipids have quite specific effects on the lipid bilayer structure, which regulates the interaction with signaling proteins. Alterations to lipids have been associated with important diseases, and, consequently, normalization of these alterations or regulatory interventions that control membrane lipid composition have therapeutic potential. This approach, termed membrane lipid therapy or membrane lipid replacement, has emerged as a novel technology platform for nutraceutical interventions and drug discovery. Several clinical trials and therapeutic products have validated this technology based on the understanding of membrane structure and function. The present review analyzes the molecular basis of this innovative approach, describing how membrane lipid composition and structure affects protein-lipid interactions, cell signaling, disease, and therapy (e.g., fatigue and cardiovascular, neurodegenerative, tumor, infectious diseases).
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Kleinloog JPD, Tischmann L, Mensink RP, Adam TC, Joris PJ. Longer-term soy nut consumption improves cerebral blood flow and psychomotor speed: results of a randomized, controlled crossover trial in older men and women. Am J Clin Nutr 2021; 114:2097-2106. [PMID: 34510189 PMCID: PMC8634607 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/nqab289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Effects of soy foods on cerebral blood flow (CBF)-a marker of cerebrovascular function-may contribute to the beneficial effects of plant-based diets on cognitive performance. OBJECTIVES We aimed to investigate longer-term effects of soy nut consumption on CBF in older adults. Changes in 3 different domains of cognitive performance were also studied. METHODS Twenty-three healthy participants (age: 60-70 y; BMI: 20-30 kg/m2) participated in a randomized, controlled, single-blinded crossover trial with an intervention (67 g/d of soy nuts providing ∼25.5 g protein and 174 mg isoflavones) and control period (no nuts) of 16 wk, separated by an 8-wk washout period. Adults followed the Dutch food-based dietary guidelines. At the end of each period, CBF was assessed with arterial spin labeling MRI. Psychomotor speed, executive function, and memory were assessed using the Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery (CANTAB). RESULTS No serious adverse events were reported, and soy nut intake was well tolerated. Body weights remained stable during the study. Serum isoflavone concentrations increased (daidzein mean difference ± SD: 128 ± 113 ng/mL, P < 0.001; genistein: 454 ± 256 ng/mL, P < 0.001), indicating excellent compliance. Regional CBF increased in 4 brain clusters located in the left occipital and temporal lobes (mean ± SD increase: 11.1 ± 12.4 mL · 100 g-1 · min-1, volume: 11,296 mm3, P < 0.001), bilateral occipital lobe (12.1 ± 15.0 mL · 100 g-1 · min-1, volume: 2632 mm3, P = 0.002), right occipital and parietal lobes (12.7 ± 14.3 mL · 100 g-1 · min-1, volume: 2280 mm3, P = 0.005), and left frontal lobe (12.4 ± 14.5 mL · 100 g-1 · min-1, volume: 2120 mm3, P = 0.009) which is part of the ventral network. These 4 regions are involved in psychomotor speed performance, which improved as the movement time reduced by (mean ± SD) 20 ± 37 ms (P = 0.005). Executive function and memory did not change. CONCLUSIONS Longer-term soy nut consumption may improve cerebrovascular function of older adults, because regional CBF increased. Effects may underlie observed improvements in psychomotor speed.This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT03627637.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordi P D Kleinloog
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Lea Tischmann
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Ronald P Mensink
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Tanja C Adam
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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Karazurna NA, Porter CM, Aytur S, Scott T, Mattei J, Noel SE, Gonzalez HM, Mossavar-Rahmani Y, Sotres-Alvarez D, Gallo LC, Daviglus ML, Van Horn L, Elfassy T, Gellman MD, Moncrieft AE, Tucker KL, Kaplan RC, Bigornia SJ. Associations between dietary fatty acid patterns and cognitive function in the Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos. Br J Nutr 2021; 129:1-35. [PMID: 34433507 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114521003275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Our objective was to quantify the cross-sectional associations between dietary fatty acid (DFA) patterns and cognitive function among Hispanic/Latino adults. This study included data from 8,942 participants of the Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos, a population-based cohort study (weighted age 56.2 y and proportion female 55.2%). The NCI (National Cancer Institute) method was used to estimate dietary intake from two 24-hr recalls. We derived DFA patterns using principal components analysis with 26 fatty acid and total plant and animal monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) input variables. Global cognitive function was calculated as the average z-score of 4 neurocognitive tests. Survey linear regression models included multiple potential confounders such as age, sex, education, depressive symptoms, physical activity, energy intake, and cardiovascular disease. DFA patterns were characterized by consumption of long-chain saturated fatty acids (SFA), animal-based MUFA, and trans fatty acids (Factor 1); short to medium-chain SFA (Factor 2); very-long-chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) (Factor 3); very-long-chain SFA and plant-based MUFA and PUFA (Factor 4). Factor 2 was associated with greater scores for global cognitive function (β=0.037 ± 0.012) and the Digit Symbol Substitution (DSS) (β=0.56±0.17), Brief Spanish English Verbal Learning-Sum (B-SEVLT) (β=0.23 ± 0.11), and B-SEVLT-Recall (β=0.11 ± 0.05) tests (P<0.05 for all). Factors 1 (β=0.04 ± 0.01) and 4 (β=0.70 ± 0.18) were associated with the DSS test (P<0.05 for all). Consumption of short to medium-chain SFA may be associated with higher cognitive function among U.S.-residing Hispanic/Latino adults. Prospective studies are necessary to confirm these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole A Karazurna
- Department of Agriculture Nutrition and Food Systems, University of New Hampshire
| | - Caitlin M Porter
- Department of Agriculture Nutrition and Food Systems, University of New Hampshire
| | - Semra Aytur
- Department of Health Management and Policy, University of New Hampshire
| | | | - Josiemer Mattei
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health
| | - Sabrina E Noel
- Department of Biomedical and Nutritional Sciences, University of Massachusetts Lowell
| | | | | | - Daniela Sotres-Alvarez
- Department of Biostatistics, University of North Carolina, Gillings School of Public Health
| | - Linda C Gallo
- Department of Psychology, San Diego State University
| | | | - Linda Van Horn
- Department of Preventative Medicine, Northwestern University
| | | | | | - Ashley E Moncrieft
- Department of Center for Applied Research Care, University of South Carolina
| | - Katherine L Tucker
- Department of Biomedical and Nutritional Sciences, University of Massachusetts Lowell
| | - Robert C Kaplan
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine
- Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109
| | - Sherman J Bigornia
- Department of Agriculture Nutrition and Food Systems, University of New Hampshire
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Kotlęga D, Peda B, Palma J, Zembroń-Łacny A, Gołąb-Janowska M, Masztalewicz M, Nowacki P, Szczuko M. Free Fatty Acids Are Associated with the Cognitive Functions in Stroke Survivors. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18126500. [PMID: 34208689 PMCID: PMC8296333 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18126500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Revised: 06/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is a leading cause of motor impairment and psychosocial disability. Although free fatty acids (FFA) have been proven to affect the risk of stroke and potentially dementia, the evidence of their impact on cognitive functions in stroke patients is lacking. We aimed to establish such potential relationships. Seventy-two ischemic stroke patients were prospectively analysed. Their cognitive functions were assessed seven days post-stroke and six months later as follow-up (n = 41). Seven days post-stroke analysis of serum FFAs levels showed direct correlations between Cognitive Verbal Learning Test (CVLT) and the following FFAs: C20:4n6 arachidonic acid and C20:5n3 eicosapentaenoic acid, while negative correlations were observed for C18:3n3 linolenic acid (ALA), C18:4 n3 stearidonic acid and C23:0 tricosanoic acid. Follow-up examination with CVLT revealed positive correlations with C15:0 pentadecanoid acid, C18:3n6 gamma linoleic acid, SDA, C23:0 tricosanoic acid and negative correlations with C14:0 myristic acid and C14:1 myristolenic acids. Several tests (Trail Making Test, Stroop Dots Trail, Digit Span Test and Verbal Fluency Test) were directly correlated mainly with C14:0 myristic acid and C14:1 myristolenic acid, while corresponding negatively with C18:1 vaccinic acid, C20:3n3 cis-11-eicosatrienoic acid, C22:1/C20:1 cis11- eicosanic acid and C20:2 cis-11-eicodienoic acid. No correlations between Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MOCA) test performed on seventh day, and FFAs levels were found. Saturated fatty acids play a negative role in long-term cognitive outcomes in stroke patients. The metabolic cascade of polyunsaturated fatty acids (n3 PUFA) and the synthesis of (AA) can be involved in pathogenesis of stroke-related cognitive impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dariusz Kotlęga
- Department of Neurology, District Hospital, 67-200 Glogow, Poland;
- Correspondence:
| | - Barbara Peda
- Department of Neurology, District Hospital, 67-200 Glogow, Poland;
| | - Joanna Palma
- Department of Human Nutrition and Metabolomics, Pomeranian Medical University, 71-460 Szczecin, Poland; (J.P.); (M.S.)
| | - Agnieszka Zembroń-Łacny
- Department of Applied and Clinical Physiology, Collegium Medicum, University of Zielona Gora, 65-001 Zielona Góra, Poland;
| | - Monika Gołąb-Janowska
- Department of Neurology, Pomeranian Medical University, 71-252 Szczecin, Poland; (M.G.-J.); (M.M.); (P.N.)
| | - Marta Masztalewicz
- Department of Neurology, Pomeranian Medical University, 71-252 Szczecin, Poland; (M.G.-J.); (M.M.); (P.N.)
| | - Przemysław Nowacki
- Department of Neurology, Pomeranian Medical University, 71-252 Szczecin, Poland; (M.G.-J.); (M.M.); (P.N.)
| | - Małgorzata Szczuko
- Department of Human Nutrition and Metabolomics, Pomeranian Medical University, 71-460 Szczecin, Poland; (J.P.); (M.S.)
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Diet Quality and Cognitive Performance in Australian Adults Aged 55-85 Years: A Cross-Sectional Analysis of the Hunter Community Study Cohort. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13030909. [PMID: 33799630 PMCID: PMC8000829 DOI: 10.3390/nu13030909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2020] [Revised: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a lack of evidence to determine if diet quality is associated with cognitive performance in older adults. Therefore, the aim of this study was to examine whether diet quality is associated with cognitive performance among older adults. A cross-sectional, secondary analysis of baseline data from the Hunter Community Study (HCS), comparing diet quality, measured using the Australian Recommended Food Score (ARFS), along with validated cognitive performance instruments the Audio Recorded Cognitive Screen (ARCS) and the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) were undertaken in adults aged 55–85 years, living in Newcastle, NSW, Australia. Adjusted linear regression analyses showed that, compared with the lowest ARFS quintile, those in the highest quintile had an ARCS score 5.883 units greater (p < 0.001; R2 = 0.0098). Furthermore, when quintiles of ARFS score were tested against each ARCS sub-scale score, statistically significant associations were observed with the greatest effect for the Memory (β = 4.055; p = 0.001; R2 = 0.0065) and Attention (β = 4.136; p = 0.002; R2 = 0.0047) domains. No statistically significant associations were observed between quintiles of ARFS and MMSE score in the adjusted linear regression analyses. In conclusion, a positive association was observed between diet quality and cognitive performance within this sample of older Australian adults. Further investigation of the above association over time, when follow-up data becomes available, in longitudinal analysis is recommended.
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D'Amico D, Parrott MD, Greenwood CE, Ferland G, Gaudreau P, Belleville S, Laurin D, Anderson ND, Kergoat MJ, Morais JA, Presse N, Fiocco AJ. Sex differences in the relationship between dietary pattern adherence and cognitive function among older adults: findings from the NuAge study. Nutr J 2020; 19:58. [PMID: 32563260 PMCID: PMC7306140 DOI: 10.1186/s12937-020-00575-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Consumption of a prudent dietary pattern rich in healthy nutrients is associated with enhanced cognitive performance in older adulthood, while a Western dietary pattern low in healthy nutrients is associated with poor age-related cognitive function. Sex differences exist in dietary intake among older adults; however, there is a paucity of research examining the relationship between sex-specific dietary patterns and cognitive function in later life. METHODS The current study aimed to investigate sex differences in the relationship between sex-specific dietary pattern adherence and global cognitive function at baseline and over a 3-year follow-up in 1268 community-dwelling older adults (Mage = 74 years, n = 664 women, n = 612 men) from the Quebec Longitudinal Study on Nutrition and Successful Aging (NuAge). A 78-item Food Frequency Questionnaire was used to estimate dietary intake over the previous year. Sex-specific dietary pattern scores were derived using principal component analysis. Global cognition was assessed using the Modified Mini-Mental State Examination (3MS). RESULTS Adjusted linear mixed effects models indicated that a healthy, prudent dietary pattern was not associated with baseline cognitive performance in men or women. No relationship was found between Western dietary pattern adherence and baseline cognitive function in women. Among men, adherence to an unhealthy, Western dietary pattern was associated with poorer baseline cognitive function (β = - 0.652, p = 0.02, 95% CI [- 1.22, - 0.65]). No association was found between prudent or Western dietary patterns and cognitive change over time in men or women. CONCLUSIONS These findings highlight the importance of conducting sex-based analyses in aging research and suggest that the relationship between dietary pattern adherence and cognitive function in late life may be sex-dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle D'Amico
- Department of Psychology, Ryerson University, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | | | - Carol E Greenwood
- Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest Health Sciences, North York, ON, Canada.,Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Guylaine Ferland
- Department of Nutrition, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Pierrette Gaudreau
- Department of Medicine and Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CHUM), Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Sylvie Belleville
- Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Gériatrie de Montréal (CRIUGM), Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Danielle Laurin
- Centre d'excellence sur le vieillissement de Québec, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Nicole D Anderson
- Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest Health Sciences, North York, ON, Canada.,Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Marie-Jeanne Kergoat
- Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Gériatrie de Montréal (CRIUGM), Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Jose A Morais
- Division of Geriatric Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Nancy Presse
- Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Gériatrie de Montréal (CRIUGM), Montréal, QC, Canada.,Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada.,Research Center on Aging, CIUSSS-de-l'Estrie-CHUS, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
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Chew H, Solomon VA, Fonteh AN. Involvement of Lipids in Alzheimer's Disease Pathology and Potential Therapies. Front Physiol 2020; 11:598. [PMID: 32581851 PMCID: PMC7296164 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipids constitute the bulk of the dry mass of the brain and have been associated with healthy function as well as the most common pathological conditions of the brain. Demographic factors, genetics, and lifestyles are the major factors that influence lipid metabolism and are also the key components of lipid disruption in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Additionally, the most common genetic risk factor of AD, APOE ϵ4 genotype, is involved in lipid transport and metabolism. We propose that lipids are at the center of Alzheimer's disease pathology based on their involvement in the blood-brain barrier function, amyloid precursor protein (APP) processing, myelination, membrane remodeling, receptor signaling, inflammation, oxidation, and energy balance. Under healthy conditions, lipid homeostasis bestows a balanced cellular environment that enables the proper functioning of brain cells. However, under pathological conditions, dyshomeostasis of brain lipid composition can result in disturbed BBB, abnormal processing of APP, dysfunction in endocytosis/exocytosis/autophagocytosis, altered myelination, disturbed signaling, unbalanced energy metabolism, and enhanced inflammation. These lipid disturbances may contribute to abnormalities in brain function that are the hallmark of AD. The wide variance of lipid disturbances associated with brain function suggest that AD pathology may present as a complex interaction between several metabolic pathways that are augmented by risk factors such as age, genetics, and lifestyles. Herewith, we examine factors that influence brain lipid composition, review the association of lipids with all known facets of AD pathology, and offer pointers for potential therapies that target lipid pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Chew
- Huntington Medical Research Institutes, Pasadena, CA, United States
- University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | | | - Alfred N. Fonteh
- Huntington Medical Research Institutes, Pasadena, CA, United States
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Wade AT, Tregoweth E, Greaves D, Olds TS, Buckley JD, Keage HAD, Coates AM, Smith AE. Long-Chain Omega-3 Fatty Acid Intake Is Associated with Age but not Cognitive Performance in an Older Australian Sample. J Nutr Health Aging 2020; 24:857-864. [PMID: 33009536 DOI: 10.1007/s12603-020-1405-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Long-chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCn-3 PUFA) are essential nutrients and may be capable of delaying age-related cognitive decline. However, previous studies indicate that Australians are not meeting recommendations for LCn-3 PUFA intake. The current study therefore examined LCn-3 PUFA intake in an older Australia sample, as well as associations between LCn-3 PUFA intake and cognitive function. METHODS Cross-sectional data were collected from 90 adults aged 50 to 80 years. LCn-3 PUFA intake was assessed using a food frequency questionnaire and red blood cell fatty acid profiles were used to calculate the Omega-3 Index (RBC n-3 index). Cognitive function was measured using Addenbrooke's Cognitive Examination-III. RESULTS Positive associations were observed between age and RBC n-3 index (b=0.06, 95% CI: 0.01 - 0.10, P=0.01), and age and LCn-3 PUFA intake from fish oil capsules (b=17.5, 95% CI: 2.4 - 32.5 mg/day, P=0.02). When adjusting for LCn-3 PUFA from fish oil capsules, the association between age and RBC n-3 index was no longer significant. No associations were observed between LCn-3 PUFA intake and cognitive function. CONCLUSION LCn-3 PUFA and fish oil consumption increased with age in this sample of older Australians, particularly due to supplement intake. However, LCn-3 PUFA intake was not associated with cognitive function.
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Affiliation(s)
- A T Wade
- Ashleigh E. Smith, Alliance for Research in Exercise Nutrition and Activity, Allied Health and Human Performance, University of South Australia, GPO Box 2471, Adelaide, South Australia 5001. Tel: +618 8302 1735.
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