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Ni D, Lei C, Liu M, Peng J, Yi G, Mo Z. Cell death in atherosclerosis. Cell Cycle 2024; 23:495-518. [PMID: 38678316 PMCID: PMC11135874 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2024.2344943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024] Open
Abstract
A complex and evolutionary process that involves the buildup of lipids in the arterial wall and the invasion of inflammatory cells results in atherosclerosis. Cell death is a fundamental biological process that is essential to the growth and dynamic equilibrium of all living things. Serious cell damage can cause a number of metabolic processes to stop, cell structure to be destroyed, or other irreversible changes that result in cell death. It is important to note that studies have shown that the two types of programmed cell death, apoptosis and autophagy, influence the onset and progression of atherosclerosis by controlling these cells. This could serve as a foundation for the creation of fresh atherosclerosis prevention and treatment strategies. Therefore, in this review, we summarized the molecular mechanisms of cell death, including apoptosis, pyroptosis, autophagy, necroptosis, ferroptosis and necrosis, and discussed their effects on endothelial cells, vascular smooth muscle cells and macrophages in the process of atherosclerosis, so as to provide reference for the next step to reveal the mechanism of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Ni
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Key Lab for Arteriosclerology of Hunan Province, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Diabetic Systems Medicine, Department of Histology and Embryology, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi, China
| | - Cai Lei
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Key Lab for Arteriosclerology of Hunan Province, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Minqi Liu
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Diabetic Systems Medicine, Department of Histology and Embryology, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi, China
- Guangxi Province Postgraduate Co-training Base for Cooperative Innovation in Basic Medicine (Guilin Medical University and Yueyang Women & Children’s Medical Center), Yueyang, China
| | - Jinfu Peng
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Key Lab for Arteriosclerology of Hunan Province, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Guanghui Yi
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Key Lab for Arteriosclerology of Hunan Province, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Zhongcheng Mo
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Diabetic Systems Medicine, Department of Histology and Embryology, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi, China
- Guangxi Province Postgraduate Co-training Base for Cooperative Innovation in Basic Medicine (Guilin Medical University and Yueyang Women & Children’s Medical Center), Yueyang, China
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2
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Chen Y, Chen J, Zou Z, Xu L, Li J. Crosstalk between autophagy and metabolism: implications for cell survival in acute myeloid leukemia. Cell Death Discov 2024; 10:46. [PMID: 38267416 PMCID: PMC10808206 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-024-01823-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 01/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML), a prevalent form of leukemia in adults, is often characterized by low response rates to chemotherapy, high recurrence rates, and unfavorable prognosis. A critical barrier in managing refractory or recurrent AML is the resistance to chemotherapy. Increasing evidence indicates that tumor cell metabolism plays a crucial role in AML progression, survival, metastasis, and treatment resistance. Autophagy, an essential regulator of cellular energy metabolism, is increasingly recognized for its role in the metabolic reprogramming of AML. Autophagy sustains leukemia cells during chemotherapy by not only providing energy but also facilitating rapid proliferation through the supply of essential components such as amino acids and nucleotides. Conversely, the metabolic state of AML cells can influence the activity of autophagy. Their mutual coordination helps maintain intrinsic cellular homeostasis, which is a significant contributor to chemotherapy resistance in leukemia cells. This review explores the recent advancements in understanding the interaction between autophagy and metabolism in AML cells, emphasizing their roles in cell survival and drug resistance. A comprehensive understanding of the interplay between autophagy and leukemia cell metabolism can shed light on leukemia cell survival strategies, particularly under adverse conditions such as chemotherapy. This insight may also pave the way for innovative targeted treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongfeng Chen
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Medical College of Taizhou University, 318000, Taizhou, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Jia Chen
- School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 310058, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhenyou Zou
- Brain Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, 542005, Liuzhou, Guangxi, China.
| | - Linglong Xu
- Department of Hematology, Taizhou Central Hospital (Taizhou University Hospital), 318000, Taizhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jing Li
- Department of Histology and Embryology, North Sichuan Medical College, 637000, Nanchong, Sichuan, China
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3
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Petrungaro S, de Franchis V, Filippini A, Facchiano A, Gaudio E, Giampietri C. Autophagy impairment in human bile duct carcinoma cells. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1249264. [PMID: 37841311 PMCID: PMC10570450 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1249264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Bile duct epithelial cells, named cholangiocytes, may undergo a neoplastic transformation leading to cholangiocarcinoma. The role autophagy plays in cancer is still debated and few information are available in cholangiocarcinoma. We report in vitro data, at least in part validated in vivo,i ndicating that autophagy is impaired in intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma cells, as compared to healthy cholangiocytes, evaluated through LC3II and p62 Western blot analyses. Autophagy impairment was found to be associated with low expression of TFEB protein and high expression of three proteins i.e., c-FLIP, caspase-10 and cleaved BCLAF-1, as compared to healthy cholangiocytes. We highlight biological effects of autophagy impairment in cholangiocarcinoma showing that autophagy induction, via rapamycin, as well as caspase inhibition, via Q-VD-OPh, are able to reduce proliferation marker PCNA level, colony size and protein content of cultured cholangiocarcinoma cells. The increased protein expression of p62, c-FLIP, caspase-10 observed in vitro in cholangiocarcinoma cells was paralleled by significant increase at gene expression levels in vivo; in fact, significant increase of transcript levels of p62, c-FLIP and caspase-10 was observed in 34 biopsies from human cholangiocarcinoma patients compared to 9 biopsies from 9 healthy controls, as reported in the GEPIA2 public database. The significant increase of p62 level in cholangiocarcinoma was found as a relatively uncommon finding in solid cancers, since it was also found in only 7 cancer types out of 31 cancer types investigated, including melanoma and hepatocarcinoma. In conclusion, we present data suggesting a molecular machinery controlling autophagy in cholangiocytes and autophagy impairment in cholangiocarcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simonetta Petrungaro
- Department of Anatomy, Histology, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedics, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Valerio de Franchis
- Department of Anatomy, Histology, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedics, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio Filippini
- Department of Anatomy, Histology, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedics, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio Facchiano
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Istituto Dermopatico dell'Immacolata (IDI-IRCCS), Rome, Italy
| | - Eugenio Gaudio
- Department of Anatomy, Histology, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedics, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Claudia Giampietri
- Department of Anatomy, Histology, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedics, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
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4
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Danciu AM, Ghitea TC, Bungau AF, Vesa CM. The Crucial Role of Diet Therapy and Selenium on the Evolution of Clinical and Paraclinical Parameters in Patients with Metabolic Syndrome. J Nutr Metab 2023; 2023:6632197. [PMID: 37790730 PMCID: PMC10545462 DOI: 10.1155/2023/6632197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Revised: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 09/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress (OS) is associated with metabolic syndrome (MS) and represents a complex disease association that has become a major challenge in the field of public health. The aim of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of introducing selenium in the management of OS, while considering a balanced diet based on a healthy lifestyle and dietary therapy. A total of 206 individuals participated voluntarily in the study, divided into three groups: the control group with 35 individuals (17.0%) designated as control lot (LC), the group undergoing diet therapy with 119 individuals (57.8%) designated as diet therapy lot (LD), and the group undergoing diet therapy supplemented with selenium consisting of 52 individuals (25.2%) designated as diet therapy with selenium lot (LD + Se). The study assessed various clinical parameters (such as body mass index (BMI), body weight status, fat mass, visceral fat, and sarcopenic index), paraclinical parameters (including HOMA index, cholesterol, triglycerides, C-reactive protein, and glycosylated haemoglobin (HGS)), as well as OS parameters (measured using the FORD test, FORT test, and MIXED test). The LD + Se group demonstrated the most favourable results in terms of BMI reduction, decreased fat and visceral mass, reduced levels of C-reactive protein, and improved glycosylated haemoglobin levels. By implementing a balanced diet therapy and supplementing the diet with selenium, it was possible to achieve a reduction in adipose tissue and glycosylated haemoglobin levels, ultimately contributing to the reduction of OS in the body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Marius Danciu
- Doctoral School of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, University of Oradea, 410087 Oradea, Romania
| | - Timea Claudia Ghitea
- Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Pharmacy Department, University of Oradea, 410068 Oradea, Romania
| | - Alexa Florina Bungau
- Doctoral School of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, University of Oradea, 410087 Oradea, Romania
| | - Cosmin Mihai Vesa
- Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Medicine Department, University of Oradea, 410068 Oradea, Romania
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5
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Tikhonova I, Dyukina A, Shaykhutdinova E, Safronova V. Modified Signaling of Membrane Formyl Peptide Receptors in NADPH-Oxidase Regulation in Obesity-Resistant Mice. MEMBRANES 2023; 13:306. [PMID: 36984693 PMCID: PMC10058262 DOI: 10.3390/membranes13030306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The signaling of membrane receptors is modified in obesity characterized by low-grade inflammation. The obesity-resistant state of organisms is poorly understood. We analyzed the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) initiated though membrane formyl peptide receptors (Fpr1, Fpr2) in bone-marrow granulocytes of obesity-resistant mice (ORM). A chemiluminescence assay was used to assess NADPH-oxidase-related intensity of ROS generation. ORM were chosen from animals that received high-fat diets and had metric body parameters as controls (standard diet). High spontaneous ROS production was observed in ORM cells. The EC50 for responses to bacterial or mitochondrial peptide N-formyl-MLF was higher in ORM with and without inflammation vs. the same control groups, indicating an insignificant role of high-affinity Fpr1. Increased responses to synthetic peptide WKYMVM (Fpr2 agonist) were observed in controls with acute inflammation, but they were similar in other groups. Fpr2 was possibly partially inactivated in ORM owing to the inflammatory state. Weakened Fpr1 and Fpr2 signaling via MAPKs was revealed in ORM using specific inhibitors for p38, ERK1/2, and JNK. P38 signaling via Fpr2 was lower in ORM with inflammation. Thus, a high-fat diet modified FPRs' role and suppressed MAPK signaling in NADPH-oxidase regulation in ORM. This result can be useful to understand the immunological features of obesity resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Tikhonova
- Institute of Cell Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Institutskaya St., 3, 142290 Pushchino, Russia
| | - Alsu Dyukina
- Institute of Cell Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Institutskaya St., 3, 142290 Pushchino, Russia
| | - Elvira Shaykhutdinova
- Branch of Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Prospect Nauki, 6, 142290 Pushchino, Russia
| | - Valentina Safronova
- Institute of Cell Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Institutskaya St., 3, 142290 Pushchino, Russia
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6
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AlKhathami AAM, Saad HA, Fareed FA, El-Shafey ES, Elsherbiny ES, El Nahas MR, Aly MRE. Improvement of Metabolic and Histological Changes of Adiposity in Rats by Synthetic Oleoyl Chalcones. Chem Biodivers 2023; 20:e202200670. [PMID: 36637106 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.202200670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2022] [Revised: 01/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
We previously reported that synthetic oleoyl chalcones had a favorable effect to alleviate metabolic consequences of obesity in male SD rats. In this work, we prepared and characterized by spectroscopic tools, a set of six oleoyl chalcones (5a-c, 10 and 11a,b). The comparative effects of the previously prepared oleoyl chalcones and their new synthetic analogs on metabolic and histological changes in obese male SD rats were studied. It was found that the oleoyl chalcones IIIa and IV were the best in improving many metabolic parameters, e. g., FBG, FI, ISI, TG, and total cholesterol. They cured systemic inflammation, through inhibition of the TNF-α and induction of adiponectin production. Moreover, chalcones IIIa and IV alleviated the oxidative stress accompanying obesity through the induction of the antioxidant enzymes GPX, SOD and CAT besides, GSH. Interestingly, chalcones IIIa and IV exerted hepatoprotective potency and ameliorated the manifestations of NAFLD via inhibition of apoptosis and induction of autophagy of hepatic cells. In conclusion, the oleoyl chalcones IIIa and IV were the most effective candidates among the series of synthetic chalcones in correcting body weight and the consequent metabolic and histological changes in adiposity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azza A M AlKhathami
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Taif University, P. O. Box 11099, Taif, 21944, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hosam A Saad
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Taif University, P. O. Box 11099, Taif, 21944, Saudi Arabia.,Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Zagazig University, 44511, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Fareed A Fareed
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Port Said University, 42522, Port Said, Egypt, on leave from Taif University to Port Said University
| | - Eman S El-Shafey
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Damietta University, 34517 Damietta, Egypt
| | - Eslam S Elsherbiny
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Damietta University, 34517 Damietta, Egypt
| | - Mamdouh R El Nahas
- Internal Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Port Said University, 42522, Port Said, Egypt
| | - Mohamed R E Aly
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Taif University, P. O. Box 11099, Taif, 21944, Saudi Arabia.,Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Port Said University, 42522, Port Said, Egypt, on leave from Taif University to Port Said University
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7
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Rzeszotek S, Kolasa A, Pilutin A, Misiakiewicz-Has K, Sielatycka K, Wiszniewska B. The Interplay between Finasteride-Induced Androgen Imbalance, Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress, Oxidative Stress, and Liver Disorders in Paternal and Filial Generation. Biomedicines 2022; 10:2725. [PMID: 36359245 PMCID: PMC9687381 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10112725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Revised: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 10/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Finasteride (Fin) causes androgen imbalance by inhibiting the conversion of testosterone (T) to its more active metabolite, dihydrotestosterone (DHT). Androgen receptors (AR) are present (e.g., in hepatocytes), which have well-developed endoplasmic reticulum (ERet). Cellular protein quality control is carried out by ERet in two paths: (i) unfolded protein response (UPR) and/or (ii) endoplasmic reticulum associated degradation (ERAD). ERet under continuous stress can generate changes in the UPR and can direct the cell on the pathway of life or death. It has been demonstrated that genes involved in ERet stress are among the genes controlled by androgens in some tissues. Oxidative stress is also one of the factors affecting the functions of ERet and androgens are one of the regulators of antioxidant enzyme activity. In this paper, we discuss/analyze a possible relationship between androgen imbalance in paternal generation with ERet stress and liver disorders in both paternal and filial generation. In our rat model, hyperglycemia and subsequent higher accumulation of hepatic glycogen were observed in all filial generation obtained from females fertilized by Fin-treated males (F1:Fin). Importantly, genes encoding enzymes involved in glucose and glycogen metabolism have been previously recognized among UPR targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylwia Rzeszotek
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Kolasa
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Anna Pilutin
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Kamila Misiakiewicz-Has
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Sielatycka
- Institute of Biology, Faculty of Exact and Natural Sciences, University of Szczecin, 71-415 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Barbara Wiszniewska
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland
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8
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Hou LS, Zhang YW, Li H, Wang W, Huan ML, Zhou SY, Zhang BL. The regulatory role and mechanism of autophagy in energy metabolism-related hepatic fibrosis. Pharmacol Ther 2022; 234:108117. [PMID: 35077761 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2022.108117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Hepatic fibrosis is a key pathological process of chronic liver diseases, caused by alcohol, toxic and aberrant energy metabolism. It progresses to cirrhosis or even hepatic carcinoma without effective treatment. Studies have shown that autophagy has important regulatory effects on hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) energy metabolism, and then affect the activation state of HSCs. Autophagy maintains hepatic energy homeostasis, and the dysregulation of autophagy can lead to the activation of HSCs and the occurrence and development of hepatic fibrosis. It is necessary to explore the mechanism of autophagy in energy metabolism-related hepatic fibrosis. Herein, the current study summarizes the regulating mechanisms of autophagy through different targets and signal pathways in energy metabolism-related hepatic fibrosis, and discusses the regulatory effect of autophagy by natural plant-derived, endogenous and synthetic compounds for the treatment of hepatic fibrosis. A better comprehension of autophagy in hepatic stellate cells energy metabolism-related hepatic fibrosis may provide effective intervention of hepatic fibrosis, explore the potential clinical strategies and promote the drug treatment of hepatic fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Shuang Hou
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Yao-Wen Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Hua Li
- Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of the State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China; Department of Natural Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Meng-Lei Huan
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China; Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of the State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Si-Yuan Zhou
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China; Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of the State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Bang-Le Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China; Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of the State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China.
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9
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Sekiguchi K, Miyahara H, Inoue M, Kiyota K, Sakai K, Hanada T, Ihara K. Metabolome Characteristics of Liver Autophagy Deficiency under Starvation Conditions in Infancy. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13093026. [PMID: 34578904 PMCID: PMC8470362 DOI: 10.3390/nu13093026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Revised: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The liver function is essential for metabolism, detoxification, and bile synthesis, even in the neonatal period. Autophagy plays significance roles in THE adult liver, whereas the role of liver autophagy in the early neonatal period largely remains unclear. To clarify the importance of liver autophagy in the neonatal starvation period, we generated liver-specific autophagy-deficient (Atg5flox/flox; Albumin-Cre) mice and investigated under starvation conditions comparing with control (Atg5flox/+; Albumin-Cre) mice, focusing on serum metabolites and liver histopathology. As a result, autophagy in the liver was found to unessential for the survival under postnatal starvation. A metabolomics analysis of serum metabolites by gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry showed a significant difference between the groups, especially after 12-h starvation, suggesting the synergistical adaption of metabolic pathways, such as the “malate-aspartate shuttle”, “aspartate metabolism”, “urea cycle”, and “glycine and serine metabolism”. Liver-specific autophagy-deficiency under postnatal starvation conditions can cause a characteristic metabolic alteration suggesting a change of the mitochondrial function. Neonates seemed to maintain ketone production under starvation conditions, even in the autophagy-deficient liver, through a change in the mitochondrial function, which may be an adaptive mechanism for avoiding fatal starvation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhito Sekiguchi
- Department of Pediatrics, Oita University Faculty of Medicine, Yufu, Oita 879-5593, Japan; (K.S.); (M.I.); (K.K.)
| | - Hiroaki Miyahara
- Department of Neuropathology, Institute for Medical Science of Aging, Aichi Medical University, Aichi 480-1195, Japan;
| | - Masanori Inoue
- Department of Pediatrics, Oita University Faculty of Medicine, Yufu, Oita 879-5593, Japan; (K.S.); (M.I.); (K.K.)
| | - Kyoko Kiyota
- Department of Pediatrics, Oita University Faculty of Medicine, Yufu, Oita 879-5593, Japan; (K.S.); (M.I.); (K.K.)
| | - Kumiko Sakai
- Institute for Research Promotion, Oita University Faculty of Medicine, Yufu, Oita 879-5593, Japan;
| | - Toshikatsu Hanada
- Department of Cell Biology, Oita University Faculty of Medicine, Yufu, Oita 879-5593, Japan;
| | - Kenji Ihara
- Department of Pediatrics, Oita University Faculty of Medicine, Yufu, Oita 879-5593, Japan; (K.S.); (M.I.); (K.K.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-97-586-5833
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10
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Ni D, Mo Z, Yi G. Recent insights into atherosclerotic plaque cell autophagy. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2021; 246:2553-2558. [PMID: 34407677 DOI: 10.1177/15353702211038894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases, such as coronary heart disease and stroke, caused by atherosclerosis have become the "number one killer", seriously endangering human health in developing and developed countries. Atherosclerosis mainly occurs in large and medium-sized arteries and involves intimal thickening, accumulation of foam cells, and formation of atheromatous plaques. Autophagy is a cellular catabolic process that has evolved to defend cells from the turnover of intracellular molecules. Autophagy is thought to play an important role in the development of plaques. This review focuses on studies on autophagy in cells involved in the formation of atherosclerotic plaques, such as monocytes, macrophages, endothelial cells, dendritic cells, and vascular smooth muscle cells, indicating that autophagy plays an important role in plaque development. We mainly discuss the roles of autophagy in these cells in maintaining the stability of atherosclerotic plaques, providing a reference for the next steps to unravel the mechanisms of atherogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Ni
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Key Lab for Arteriosclerology of Hunan Province, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China
| | - Zhongcheng Mo
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Diabetic Systems Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541000, China
| | - Guanghui Yi
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Key Lab for Arteriosclerology of Hunan Province, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China
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11
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Tomaipitinca L, Petrungaro S, D'Acunzo P, Facchiano A, Dubey A, Rizza S, Giulitti F, Gaudio E, Filippini A, Ziparo E, Cecconi F, Giampietri C. c-FLIP regulates autophagy by interacting with Beclin-1 and influencing its stability. Cell Death Dis 2021; 12:686. [PMID: 34238932 PMCID: PMC8266807 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-021-03957-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Revised: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
c-FLIP (cellular FLICE-like inhibitory protein) protein is mostly known as an apoptosis modulator. However, increasing data underline that c-FLIP plays multiple roles in cellular homoeostasis, influencing differently the same pathways depending on its expression level and isoform predominance. Few and controversial data are available regarding c-FLIP function in autophagy. Here we show that autophagic flux is less effective in c-FLIP−/− than in WT MEFs (mouse embryonic fibroblasts). Indeed, we show that the absence of c-FLIP compromises the expression levels of pivotal factors in the generation of autophagosomes. In line with the role of c-FLIP as a scaffold protein, we found that c-FLIPL interacts with Beclin-1 (BECN1: coiled-coil, moesin-like BCL2-interacting protein), which is required for autophagosome nucleation. By a combination of bioinformatics tools and biochemistry assays, we demonstrate that c-FLIPL interaction with Beclin-1 is important to prevent Beclin-1 ubiquitination and degradation through the proteasomal pathway. Taken together, our data describe a novel molecular mechanism through which c-FLIPL positively regulates autophagy, by enhancing Beclin-1 protein stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luana Tomaipitinca
- Department of Anatomy, Histology, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedics, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.,Cell Stress and Survival Unit, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, 2100, Denmark
| | - Simonetta Petrungaro
- Department of Anatomy, Histology, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedics, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Pasquale D'Acunzo
- Center for Dementia Research, Nathan S. Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY, 10962, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | | | - Amit Dubey
- Computational Chemistry and Drug Discovery Division, Quanta Calculus Pvt Ltd, Kushinagar, 274203, India.,Department of Pharmacology, Saveetha Dental College and Hospital, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Salvatore Rizza
- Redox Signaling and Oxidative Stress Group, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, 2100, Denmark
| | - Federico Giulitti
- Department of Anatomy, Histology, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedics, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Eugenio Gaudio
- Department of Anatomy, Histology, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedics, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio Filippini
- Department of Anatomy, Histology, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedics, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.
| | - Elio Ziparo
- Department of Anatomy, Histology, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedics, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Cecconi
- Cell Stress and Survival Unit, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, 2100, Denmark.,Department of Pediatric Hemato-Oncology and Cell and Gene therapy, IRCCS Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome, 00143, Italy.,Department of Biology, University of Tor Vergata, Rome, 00133, Italy
| | - Claudia Giampietri
- Department of Anatomy, Histology, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedics, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.
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Giulitti F, Petrungaro S, Mandatori S, Tomaipitinca L, de Franchis V, D'Amore A, Filippini A, Gaudio E, Ziparo E, Giampietri C. Anti-tumor Effect of Oleic Acid in Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cell Lines via Autophagy Reduction. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:629182. [PMID: 33614661 PMCID: PMC7892977 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.629182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Oleic acid (OA) is a component of the olive oil. Beneficial health effects of olive oil are well-known, such as protection against liver steatosis and against some cancer types. In the present study, we focused on OA effects in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), investigating responses to OA treatment (50–300 μM) in HCC cell lines (Hep3B and Huh7.5) and in a healthy liver-derived human cell line (THLE-2). Upon OA administration higher lipid accumulation, perilipin-2 increase, and autophagy reduction were observed in HCC cells as compared to healthy cells. OA in the presence of 10% FBS significantly reduced viability of HCC cell lines at 300 μM through Alamar Blue staining evaluation, and reduced cyclin D1 expression in a dose-dependent manner while it was ineffective on healthy hepatocytes. Furthermore, OA increased cell death by about 30%, inducing apoptosis and necrosis in HCC cells but not in healthy hepatocytes at 300 μM dosage. Moreover, OA induced senescence in Hep3B, reduced P-ERK in both HCC cell lines and significantly inhibited the antiapoptotic proteins c-Flip and Bcl-2 in HCC cells but not in healthy hepatocytes. All these results led us to conclude that different cell death processes occur in these two HCC cell lines upon OA treatment. Furthermore, 300 μM OA significantly reduced the migration and invasion of both HCC cell lines, while it has no effects on healthy cells. Finally, we investigated autophagy role in OA-dependent effects by using the autophagy inducer torin-1. Combined OA/torin-1 treatment reduced lipid accumulation and cell death as compared to single OA treatment. We therefore concluded that OA effects in HCC cells lines are, at least, in part dependent on OA-induced autophagy reduction. In conclusion, we report for the first time an autophagy dependent relevant anti-cancer effect of OA in human hepatocellular carcinoma cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Giulitti
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic Medicine, and Orthopedic Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Simonetta Petrungaro
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic Medicine, and Orthopedic Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Sara Mandatori
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic Medicine, and Orthopedic Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Luana Tomaipitinca
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic Medicine, and Orthopedic Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Valerio de Franchis
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic Medicine, and Orthopedic Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonella D'Amore
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic Medicine, and Orthopedic Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio Filippini
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic Medicine, and Orthopedic Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Eugenio Gaudio
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic Medicine, and Orthopedic Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Elio Ziparo
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic Medicine, and Orthopedic Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Claudia Giampietri
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic Medicine, and Orthopedic Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
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Kouroumalis E, Voumvouraki A, Augoustaki A, Samonakis DN. Autophagy in liver diseases. World J Hepatol 2021; 13:6-65. [PMID: 33584986 PMCID: PMC7856864 DOI: 10.4254/wjh.v13.i1.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Revised: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is the liver cell energy recycling system regulating a variety of homeostatic mechanisms. Damaged organelles, lipids and proteins are degraded in the lysosomes and their elements are re-used by the cell. Investigations on autophagy have led to the award of two Nobel Prizes and a health of important reports. In this review we describe the fundamental functions of autophagy in the liver including new data on the regulation of autophagy. Moreover we emphasize the fact that autophagy acts like a two edge sword in many occasions with the most prominent paradigm being its involvement in the initiation and progress of hepatocellular carcinoma. We also focused to the implication of autophagy and its specialized forms of lipophagy and mitophagy in the pathogenesis of various liver diseases. We analyzed autophagy not only in well studied diseases, like alcoholic and nonalcoholic fatty liver and liver fibrosis but also in viral hepatitis, biliary diseases, autoimmune hepatitis and rare diseases including inherited metabolic diseases and also acetaminophene hepatotoxicity. We also stressed the different consequences that activation or impairment of autophagy may have in hepatocytes as opposed to Kupffer cells, sinusoidal endothelial cells or hepatic stellate cells. Finally, we analyzed the limited clinical data compared to the extensive experimental evidence and the possible future therapeutic interventions based on autophagy manipulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elias Kouroumalis
- Liver Research Laboratory, University of Crete Medical School, Heraklion 71110, Greece
| | - Argryro Voumvouraki
- 1 Department of Internal Medicine, AHEPA University Hospital, Thessaloniki 54636, Greece
| | - Aikaterini Augoustaki
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital of Crete, Heraklion 71110, Greece
| | - Dimitrios N Samonakis
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital of Crete, Heraklion 71110, Greece.
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14
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Liver, Oxidative Stress and Metabolic Syndromes. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13020301. [PMID: 33494242 PMCID: PMC7909777 DOI: 10.3390/nu13020301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Today, talking about metabolic syndrome (MetS) and oxidative stress, can be risky [...].
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15
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Analysis of hepatic transcriptome modulation exerted by γ-conglutin from lupins in a streptozotocin-induced diabetes model. Gene 2020; 761:145036. [PMID: 32777525 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2020.145036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Revised: 06/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Lupinus albus γ-conglutin is proposed to positively affect glucose metabolism through inhibition of hepatic glucose production and insulin-mimetic activity; however, the action mechanism is not entirely known. Besides, most studies had focused on its effect on molecular targets directly related to glucose metabolism, and few studies have investigated how γ-conglutin may affect the liver gene expression or if it plays a role in other metabolic processes. Therefore, we investigated the influence of γ-conglutin on the liver transcriptome of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats using DNA microarrays, ontological analyses, and quantitative PCR. Of the 22,000 genes evaluated, 803 and 173 were downregulated and upregulated, respectively. The ontological analyses of the differentially expressed genes revealed that among others, the mitochondria, microtubules, cytoskeleton, and oxidoreductase activity terms were enriched, implying a possible role of γ-conglutin on autophagy. To corroborate the microarray results, we selected and quantified, by PCR, the expression of two genes associated with autophagy (Atg7 and Snx18) and found their expression augmented two and threefold, respectively; indicating a higher autophagy activity in animals treated with γ-conglutin. Although complementary studies are required, our findings indicate for the first time that the hypoglycaemic effects of γ-conglutin may involve an autophagy induction mechanism, a pivotal process for the preservation of cell physiology and glucose homeostasis.
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MOHAMMADIAN M, ALLAH BAKESHEI K, MOHAMMADIAN-HAFSHEJANI A. International epidemiology of liver cancer: geographical distribution, secular trends and predicting the future. JOURNAL OF PREVENTIVE MEDICINE AND HYGIENE 2020; 61:E259-E289. [PMID: 32803012 PMCID: PMC7419131 DOI: 10.15167/2421-4248/jpmh2020.61.2.1244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Liver cancer (LC) is ranked seventh common cancer in terms of the incidence; and the fourth in terms of the mortality of cancer in the world. The aim of this study was to investigate the international distribution of the incidence and mortality of LC in 2018 based on various socio-economic and political divisions in the world. MATERIAL AND METHODS This study was conducted through the use of the incidence and mortality cancer data from GLOBOCAN Project in 2018. The Age-Standardized Incidence Rate (ASIR) and Age Standardized Mortality Rate (ASMR) of LC were expressed per 100,000 people. In the current report, we used Pearson correlation method to assess the correlation between ASIR and ASMR. Statistical significance was considered to be P < 0.05. RESULTS The highest ASIR and ASMR of LC occurred in Asia (ASIR = 11.4 and ASMR = 10.5), and Western Pacific Region of the World Health Organization (ASIR = 17.4 and ASMR = 15.8), and those regions with income level equal to upper middle income (ASIR = 13.4 and ASMR = 6.6). Furthermore, the lowest ASIR and ASMR of LC occurred in in Latin America and Caribbean (ASIR = 5) and Europe (ASMR = 4.4), the South-East Asia region (ASIR = 4.5 and ASMR = 4.3), and regions with Low middle income (ASIR = 5.7) and regions with high income (ASMR = 2.7). CONCLUSIONS LC is one of the most important cancer forms in the world in terms of incidence and mortality. It is important to prevent exposure to known risk factors for LC by increasing the level of knowledge and attitudes of the community and prevent of morbidity and mortality of the population with early diagnosis and treatment of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. MOHAMMADIAN
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - K. ALLAH BAKESHEI
- Department of Social Medicine, School of Public Health, Dezful University of Medical Sciences, Dezful, Iran
| | - A. MOHAMMADIAN-HAFSHEJANI
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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17
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Giampietri C, Tomaipitinca L, Scatozza F, Facchiano A. Expression of Genes Related to Lipid Handling and the Obesity Paradox in Melanoma: Database Analysis. JMIR Cancer 2020; 6:e16974. [PMID: 32209538 PMCID: PMC7267996 DOI: 10.2196/16974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Revised: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Publicly available genomic and transcriptomic data in searchable databases allow researchers to investigate specific medical issues in thousands of patients. Many studies have highlighted the role lipids play in cancer initiation and progression and reported nutritional interventions aimed at improving prognosis and survival. Therefore, there is an increasing interest in the role that fat intake may play in cancer. It is known that there is a relationship between BMI and survival in patients with cancer, and that there is an association between a high-fat diet and increased cancer risk. In some cancers, such as colorectal cancer, obesity and high fat intake are known to increase the risk of cancer initiation and progression. On the contrary, in patients undergoing treatment for melanoma, a higher BMI unexpectedly acts as a protective factor rather than a risk factor; this phenomenon is known as the obesity paradox. Objective We aimed to identify the molecular mechanism underlying the obesity paradox, with the expectation that this could indicate new effective strategies to reduce risk factors and improve protective approaches. Methods In order to determine the genes potentially involved in this process, we investigated the expression values of lipid-related genes in patients with melanoma or colorectal cancer. We used available data from 2990 patients from 3 public databases (IST [In Silico Transcriptomics] Online, GEO [Gene Expression Omnibus], and Oncomine) in an analysis that involved 3 consecutive validation steps. Of this group, data from 1410 individuals were analyzed in the IST Online database (208 patients with melanoma and 147 healthy controls, as well as 991 patients with colorectal cancer and 64 healthy controls). In addition, 45 melanoma, 18 nevi, and 7 healthy skin biopsies were analyzed in another database, GEO, to validate the IST Online data. Finally, using the Oncomine database, 318 patients with melanoma (312 controls) and 435 patients with colorectal cancer (445 controls) were analyzed. Results In the first and second database investigated (IST Online and GEO, respectively), patients with melanoma consistently showed significantly (P<.001) lower expression levels of 4 genes compared to healthy controls: CD36, MARCO, FABP4, and FABP7. This strong reduction was not observed in patients with colorectal cancer. An additional analysis was carried out on a DNA-TCGA data set from the Oncomine database, further validating CD36 and FABP4. Conclusions The observed lower expression of genes such as CD36 and FABP4 in melanoma may reduce the cellular internalization of fat and therefore make patients with melanoma less sensitive to a high dietary fat intake, explaining in part the obesity paradox observed in patients with melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Giampietri
- Department of Anatomy, Histology, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedics, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Luana Tomaipitinca
- Department of Anatomy, Histology, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedics, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Scatozza
- Istituto Dermopatico dell'Immacolata - Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, IDI-IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio Facchiano
- Istituto Dermopatico dell'Immacolata - Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, IDI-IRCCS, Rome, Italy
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18
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Proteostasis Failure in Neurodegenerative Diseases: Focus on Oxidative Stress. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2020; 2020:5497046. [PMID: 32308803 PMCID: PMC7140146 DOI: 10.1155/2020/5497046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Protein homeostasis or proteostasis is an essential balance of cellular protein levels mediated through an extensive network of biochemical pathways that regulate different steps of the protein quality control, from the synthesis to the degradation. All proteins in a cell continuously turn over, contributing to development, differentiation, and aging. Due to the multiple interactions and connections of proteostasis pathways, exposure to stress conditions may cause various types of protein damage, altering cellular homeostasis and disrupting the entire network with additional cellular stress. Furthermore, protein misfolding and/or alterations during protein synthesis results in inactive or toxic proteins, which may overload the degradation mechanisms. The maintenance of a balanced proteome, preventing the formation of impaired proteins, is accomplished by two major catabolic routes: the ubiquitin proteasomal system (UPS) and the autophagy-lysosomal system. The proteostasis network is particularly important in nondividing, long-lived cells, such as neurons, as its failure is implicated with the development of neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. These neurological disorders share common risk factors such as aging, oxidative stress, environmental stress, and protein dysfunction, all of which alter cellular proteostasis, suggesting that general mechanisms controlling proteostasis may underlay the etiology of these diseases. In this review, we describe the major pathways of cellular proteostasis and discuss how their disruption contributes to the onset and progression of neurodegenerative diseases, focusing on the role of oxidative stress.
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19
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Mandatori S, Pacella I, Marzolla V, Mammi C, Starace D, Padula F, Vitiello L, Armani A, Savoia C, Taurino M, De Zio D, Giampietri C, Piconese S, Cecconi F, Caprio M, Filippini A. Altered Tregs Differentiation and Impaired Autophagy Correlate to Atherosclerotic Disease. Front Immunol 2020; 11:350. [PMID: 32231663 PMCID: PMC7082762 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a progressive vascular disease representing the primary cause of morbidity and mortality in developed countries. Formerly, atherosclerosis was considered as a mere passive accumulation of lipids in blood vessels. However, it is now clear that atherosclerosis is a complex and multifactorial disease, in which the involvement of immune cells and inflammation play a key role. A variety of studies have shown that autophagy-a cellular catalytic mechanism able to remove injured cytoplasmic components in response to cellular stress-may be proatherogenic. So far, in this context, its role has been investigated in smooth muscle cells, macrophages, and endothelial cells, while the function of this catabolic protective process in lymphocyte functionality has been overlooked. The few studies carried out so far, however, suggested that autophagy modulation in lymphocyte subsets may be functionally related to plaque formation and development. Therefore, in this research, we aimed at better clarifying the role of lymphocyte subsets, mainly regulatory T cells (Tregs), in human atherosclerotic plaques and in animal models of atherosclerosis investigating the contribution of autophagy on immune cell homeostasis. Here, we investigate basal autophagy in a mouse model of atherosclerosis, apolipoprotein E (ApoE)-knockout (KO) mice, and we analyze the role of autophagy in driving Tregs polarization. We observed defective maturation of Tregs from ApoE-KO mice in response to tumor growth factor-β (TGFβ). TGFβ is a well-known autophagy inducer, and Tregs maturation defects in ApoE-KO mice seem to be related to autophagy impairment. In this work, we propose that autophagy underlies Tregs maturation, advocating that the study of this process in atherosclerosis may open new therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Mandatori
- Unit of Histology and Medical Embryology, Department of Anatomy, Histology, Forensic Medicine and Orthopaedics, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Ilenia Pacella
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Department of Internal Clinical Sciences, Anaesthesiology and Cardiovascular Sciences, Sapienza Università di Roma, Rome, Italy.,Laboratory Affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia - Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Rome, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Marzolla
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Endocrinology, IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, Rome, Italy
| | - Caterina Mammi
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Endocrinology, IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, Rome, Italy
| | - Donatella Starace
- UOC, Clinical Pathology, San Giovanni Addolorata Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Padula
- Unit of Histology and Medical Embryology, Department of Anatomy, Histology, Forensic Medicine and Orthopaedics, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Laura Vitiello
- Flow Cytometry Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Armani
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Endocrinology, IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, Rome, Italy
| | - Carmine Savoia
- Cardiology Unit, Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Sant'Andrea Hospital, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Maurizio Taurino
- Unit of Vascular Surgery, Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Sant'Andrea Hospital, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Daniela De Zio
- Cell Stress and Survival Unit, Center of Autophagy, Recycling and Disease (CARD), Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Claudia Giampietri
- Unit of Human Anatomy, Department of Anatomy, Histology, Forensic Medicine and Orthopaedics, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Silvia Piconese
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Department of Internal Clinical Sciences, Anaesthesiology and Cardiovascular Sciences, Sapienza Università di Roma, Rome, Italy.,Laboratory Affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia - Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Cecconi
- Cell Stress and Survival Unit, Center of Autophagy, Recycling and Disease (CARD), Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Paediatric Haematology and Oncology, IRCCS Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy.,Department of Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Caprio
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Endocrinology, IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, Rome, Italy.,Department of Human Sciences and Promotion of the Quality of Life, San Raffaele Roma Open University, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio Filippini
- Unit of Histology and Medical Embryology, Department of Anatomy, Histology, Forensic Medicine and Orthopaedics, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
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Reclassifying Hepatic Cell Death during Liver Damage: Ferroptosis-A Novel Form of Non-Apoptotic Cell Death? Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21051651. [PMID: 32121273 PMCID: PMC7084577 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21051651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2019] [Revised: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Ferroptosis has emerged as a new type of cell death in different pathological conditions, including neurological and kidney diseases and, especially, in different types of cancer. The hallmark of this regulated cell death is the presence of iron-driven lipid peroxidation; the activation of key genes related to this process such as glutathione peroxidase-4 (gpx4), acyl-CoA synthetase long-chain family member-4 (acsl4), carbonyl reductase [NADPH] 3 (cbr3), and prostaglandin peroxidase synthase-2 (ptgs2); and morphological changes including shrunken and electron-dense mitochondria. Iron overload in the liver has long been recognized as both a major trigger of liver damage in different diseases, and it is also associated with liver fibrosis. New evidence suggests that ferroptosis might be a novel type of non-apoptotic cell death in several liver diseases including non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), alcoholic liver disease (ALD), drug-induced liver injury (DILI), viral hepatitis, and hemochromatosis. The interaction between iron-related lipid peroxidation, cellular stress signals, and antioxidant systems plays a pivotal role in the development of this novel type of cell death. In addition, integrated responses from lipidic mediators together with free iron from iron-containing enzymes are essential to understanding this process. The presence of ferroptosis and the exact mechanisms leading to this non-apoptotic type of cell death in the liver remain scarcely elucidated. Recognizing ferroptosis as a novel type of cell death in the liver could lead to the understanding of the complex interaction between different types of cell death, their role in progression of liver fibrosis, the development of new biomarkers, as well as the use of modulators of ferroptosis, allowing improved theranostic approaches in the clinic.
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Cheng KC, Wang CJ, Chang YC, Hung TW, Lai CJ, Kuo CW, Huang HP. Mulberry fruits extracts induce apoptosis and autophagy of liver cancer cell and prevent hepatocarcinogenesis in vivo. J Food Drug Anal 2020; 28:84-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfda.2019.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2019] [Revised: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
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