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Bell SM, Hariharan R, Laud PJ, Majid A, de Courten B. Histidine-containing dipeptide supplementation improves delayed recall: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Nutr Rev 2024; 82:1372-1385. [PMID: 38013229 DOI: 10.1093/nutrit/nuad135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2023] Open
Abstract
CONTEXT Histidine-containing dipeptides (carnosine, anserine, beta-alanine and others) are found in human muscle tissue and other organs like the brain. Data in rodents and humans indicate that administration of exogenous carnosine improved cognitive performance. However, RCTs results vary. OBJECTIVES To perform a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of histidine-containing dipeptide (HCD) supplementation on cognitive performance in humans to assess its utility as a cognitive stabiliser. DATA SOURCES OVID Medline, Medline, EBM Reviews, Embase, and Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature databases from 1/1/1965 to 1/6/2022 for all RCT of HCDs were searched. DATA EXTRACTION 2653 abstracts were screened, identifying 94 full-text articles which were assessed for eligibility. Ten articles reporting the use of HCD supplementation were meta-analysed. DATA ANALYSIS The random effects model has been applied using the DerSimonian-Laird method. HCD treatment significantly increased performance on Wechsler Memory Scale (WMS) -2 Delayed recall (Weighted mean difference (WMD) (95% CI (CI)) = 1.5 (0.6, 2.5), P < .01). Treatment with HCDs had no effect on Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale-Cognitive (WMD (95% CI) = -0.2 (-1.1, 0.7), P = .65, I2 = 0%), Mini-Mental State Examination (WMD (95% CI) = 0.7 (-0.2, 1.5), P = .14, I2 = 42%), The Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) Digit span Backward (WMD (95% CI) = 0.1 (-0.3, 0.5), P = .51, I2 = 0%), WAIS digit span Forward (WMD (95% CI) = 0.0 (-0.3, 0.4), P = .85, I2 = 33%) and the WMS-1 Immediate recall (WMD (95% CI) = .7 (-.2, 1.5), P = .11, I2 = 0%). The effect on delayed recall remained in subgroup meta-analysis performed on studies of patients without mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and in those without MCI where average age in the study was above 65. CONCLUSION HCD, supplementation improved scores on the Delayed recall examination, a neuropsychological test affected early in Alzheimer's disease. Further studies are needed in people with early cognitive impairment with longer follow-up duration and standardization of carnosine doses to delineate the true effect. SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION PROSPERO registration no. CRD42017075354.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon M Bell
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Rohit Hariharan
- Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences, Monash University, Australia
| | - Peter J Laud
- Statistical Services Unit, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Arshad Majid
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Barbora de Courten
- Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences, Monash University, Australia
- Health & Biomedical Sciences, STEM College, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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Promkhun K, Sinpru P, Bunnom R, Molee W, Kubota S, Uimari P, Molee A. Jejunal transcriptomic profiling of carnosine synthesis precursor-related genes and pathways in slow-growing Korat chicken. Poult Sci 2024; 103:104046. [PMID: 39033572 PMCID: PMC11326888 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2024.104046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2024] [Revised: 06/13/2024] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Carnosine is a physiologically important molecule in normal human body functions. Chicken meat is an excellent source of carnosine; especially slow-growing Korat chicken (KR) females have a high carnosine content in their meat. The carnosine content of chicken meat can be increased by dietary supplementation of β-alanine (βA) and L-histidine (L-His). Our objective was to reveal the pathways and genes through jejunal transcriptomic profiling related to βA and L-His absorption and transportation. We collected whole jejunum samples from 5 control and 5 experimental KR chicken, fed with 1% βA and 0.5% L-His supplementation. A total of 407 differentially expressed genes (P < 0.05, log2 fold change ≥2) were identified, 272 of which were down-regulated and 135 up-regulated in the group with dietary supplementation compared to the control group. Based on the integrated analysis of the protein-protein interaction network and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway maps, 87 gene ontology terms were identified and 6 KEGG pathways were significantly (P < 0.05) enriched in the jejunum. The analyses revealed 6 key genes, KCND3, OPRM1, CCK, GCG, TRH, and GABBR2, that are related to neuroactive ligand-receptor interaction and the calcium signaling pathway. These findings give insight regarding the molecular mechanism related to carnosine precursor absorption and transportation in the jejunum and help to identify useful molecular markers for improving the carnosine content in slow-growing KR chicken meat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kasarat Promkhun
- School of Animal Technology and Innovation, Institute of Agricultural Technology, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima, 30000, Thailand
| | - Panpradub Sinpru
- School of Animal Technology and Innovation, Institute of Agricultural Technology, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima, 30000, Thailand
| | - Rujjira Bunnom
- School of Animal Technology and Innovation, Institute of Agricultural Technology, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima, 30000, Thailand
| | - Wittawat Molee
- School of Animal Technology and Innovation, Institute of Agricultural Technology, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima, 30000, Thailand
| | - Satoshi Kubota
- School of Animal Technology and Innovation, Institute of Agricultural Technology, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima, 30000, Thailand
| | - Pekka Uimari
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, 00790, Finland
| | - Amonrat Molee
- School of Animal Technology and Innovation, Institute of Agricultural Technology, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima, 30000, Thailand.
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3
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Costa PCT, de Luna Freire MO, de Oliveira Coutinho D, Godet M, Magnani M, Antunes VR, de Souza EL, Vidal H, de Brito Alves JL. Nutraceuticals in the management of autonomic function and related disorders: A comprehensive review. Pharmacol Res 2024; 208:107368. [PMID: 39191337 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2024.107368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2024] [Revised: 07/31/2024] [Accepted: 08/21/2024] [Indexed: 08/29/2024]
Abstract
Nutraceuticals have been described as phytocomplexes when derived from foods of plant origin or a pool of secondary metabolites when derived from foods of animal origin, which are concentrated and administered in an appropriate form and can promote beneficial health effects in the prevention/treatment of diseases. Considering that pharmaceutical medications can cause side effects, there is a growing interest in using nutraceuticals as an adjuvant therapeutic tool for several disorders involving autonomic dysfunction, such as obesity, atherosclerosis and other cardiometabolic diseases. This review summarizes and discusses the evidence from the literature on the effects of various nutraceuticals on autonomic control, addressing the gut microbiota modulation, production of secondary metabolites from bioactive compounds, and improvement of physical and chemical properties of cell membranes. Additionally, the safety of nutraceuticals and prospects are discussed. Probiotics, resveratrol, quercetin, curcumin, nitrate, inositol, L-carnosine, and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFAs) are among the nutraceuticals most studied to improve autonomic dysfunction in experimental animal models and clinical trials. Further human studies are needed to elucidate the effects of nutraceuticals formulated of multitarget compounds and their underlying mechanisms of action, which could benefit conditions involving autonomic dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulo César Trindade Costa
- Department of Nutrition, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa, PB, Brazil; Laboratoire CarMeN, INSERM U.1060, INRAe U. 1397, Université Claude Bernard Lyon1, Pierre Bénite, France
| | | | | | - Murielle Godet
- Laboratoire CarMeN, INSERM U.1060, INRAe U. 1397, Université Claude Bernard Lyon1, Pierre Bénite, France
| | - Marciane Magnani
- Department of Food Engineering, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa, PB, Brazil
| | - Vagner Roberto Antunes
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Hubert Vidal
- Laboratoire CarMeN, INSERM U.1060, INRAe U. 1397, Université Claude Bernard Lyon1, Pierre Bénite, France
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4
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Rivi V, Caruso G, Caraci F, Alboni S, Pani L, Tascedda F, Lukowiak K, Blom JMC, Benatti C. Behavioral and transcriptional effects of carnosine in the central ring ganglia of the pond snail Lymnaea stagnalis. J Neurosci Res 2024; 102:e25371. [PMID: 39078068 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.25371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Revised: 07/09/2024] [Accepted: 07/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/31/2024]
Abstract
Carnosine is a naturally occurring endogenous dipeptide with well-recognized anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and neuroprotective effects at the central nervous system level. To date, very few studies have been focused on the ability of carnosine to rescue and/or enhance memory. Here, we used a well-known invertebrate model system, the pond snail Lymnaea stagnalis, and a well-studied associative learning procedure, operant conditioning of aerial respiration, to investigate the ability of carnosine to enhance long-term memory (LTM) formation and reverse memory obstruction caused by an immune challenge (i.e., lipopolysaccharide [LPS] injection). Exposing snails to 1 mM carnosine for 1 h before training in addition to enhancing memory formation resulted in a significant upregulation of the expression levels of key neuroplasticity genes (i.e., glutamate ionotropic receptor N-methyl-d-aspartate [NMDA]-type subunit 1-LymGRIN1, and the transcription factor cAMP-response element-binding protein 1-LymCREB1) in snails' central ring ganglia. Moreover, pre-exposure to 1 mM carnosine before an LPS injection reversed the memory deficit brought about by inflammation, by preventing the upregulation of key targets for immune and stress response (i.e., Toll-like receptor 4-LymTLR4, molluscan defense molecule-LymMDM, heat shock protein 70-LymHSP70). Our data are thus consistent with the hypothesis that carnosine can have positive benefits on cognitive ability and be able to reverse memory aversive states induced by neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Rivi
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
- Centre of Neuroscience and Neurotechnology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Caruso
- Department of Drug and Health Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
- Unit of Neuropharmacology and Translational Neurosciences, Oasi Research Institute-IRCCS, Troina, Italy
| | - Filippo Caraci
- Department of Drug and Health Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
- Unit of Neuropharmacology and Translational Neurosciences, Oasi Research Institute-IRCCS, Troina, Italy
| | - Silvia Alboni
- Centre of Neuroscience and Neurotechnology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Luca Pani
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
- Centre of Neuroscience and Neurotechnology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
- Deparment of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Fabio Tascedda
- Centre of Neuroscience and Neurotechnology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
- CIB, Consorzio Interuniversitario Biotecnologie, Trieste, Italy
| | - Ken Lukowiak
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Johanna M C Blom
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
- Centre of Neuroscience and Neurotechnology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Cristina Benatti
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
- Centre of Neuroscience and Neurotechnology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
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5
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Cimadevilla-Fernández-Pola E, Martínez-Roldán C, Maté-Muñoz JL, Guodemar-Pérez J, Sánchez-Calabuig MA, García-Fernández P, Hervás-Pérez JP, Hernández-Lougedo J. Effects of β-Alanine Supplementation on Subjects Performing High-Intensity Functional Training. Nutrients 2024; 16:2340. [PMID: 39064783 PMCID: PMC11280034 DOI: 10.3390/nu16142340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2024] [Revised: 07/16/2024] [Accepted: 07/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND β-alanine, a non-essential amino acid found in the diet and produced through nucleotide catabolism, is significant for muscle performance due to its role in carnosine synthesis. This study aims to assess the impact of a 4-week β-alanine supplementation on neuromuscular fatigue in individuals engaging in High-Intensity Functional Training (HIFT) and its subsequent effect on sports performance, distinguishing between central fatigue from the CNS and peripheral fatigue from the muscular system. MATERIALS AND METHODS This study (a randomized controlled trial) comprised a total of 27 subjects, who were divided into two groups. Group A (the control group) was administered sucrose powder, while Group B (the experimental group) was given β-alanine powder. The subjects were randomly assigned to either the experimental or control groups. This study lasted four weeks, during which both groups participated in high-intensity interval training (HIFT) on the first day to induce fatigue and work close to their VO2 max. RESULTS Statistically significant changes were in the sports performance variables, specifically vertical jump and jumping power (p = 0.027). These changes were observed only in the group that had been supplemented with β-alanine. Nevertheless, no alterations were observed in any other variables, including fatigue, metabolic intensity of exercise, or perceived intensity (p > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS A four-week β-alanine intake program demonstrated an improvement in the capacity of subjects, as evidenced by enhanced vertical jump and power performance. Nevertheless, it does result in discernible alterations in performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Cimadevilla-Fernández-Pola
- Physiotherapy and Health Research Group (FYSA), Faculty of Health Sciences-HM Hospitals, University Camilo José Cela, Urb. Villafranca del Castillo, 49. Villanueva de la Cañada, 28692 Madrid, Spain; (E.C.-F.-P.); (C.M.-R.); (J.G.-P.); (M.A.S.-C.); (J.H.-L.)
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria HM Hospitales, 28692 Madrid, Spain
| | - Cristina Martínez-Roldán
- Physiotherapy and Health Research Group (FYSA), Faculty of Health Sciences-HM Hospitals, University Camilo José Cela, Urb. Villafranca del Castillo, 49. Villanueva de la Cañada, 28692 Madrid, Spain; (E.C.-F.-P.); (C.M.-R.); (J.G.-P.); (M.A.S.-C.); (J.H.-L.)
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria HM Hospitales, 28692 Madrid, Spain
| | - Jose Luis Maté-Muñoz
- Faculty of Nursing, Physiotherapy and Podiatry, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (J.L.M.-M.); (P.G.-F.)
| | - Jesús Guodemar-Pérez
- Physiotherapy and Health Research Group (FYSA), Faculty of Health Sciences-HM Hospitals, University Camilo José Cela, Urb. Villafranca del Castillo, 49. Villanueva de la Cañada, 28692 Madrid, Spain; (E.C.-F.-P.); (C.M.-R.); (J.G.-P.); (M.A.S.-C.); (J.H.-L.)
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria HM Hospitales, 28692 Madrid, Spain
| | - Maria Aránzazu Sánchez-Calabuig
- Physiotherapy and Health Research Group (FYSA), Faculty of Health Sciences-HM Hospitals, University Camilo José Cela, Urb. Villafranca del Castillo, 49. Villanueva de la Cañada, 28692 Madrid, Spain; (E.C.-F.-P.); (C.M.-R.); (J.G.-P.); (M.A.S.-C.); (J.H.-L.)
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria HM Hospitales, 28692 Madrid, Spain
| | - Pablo García-Fernández
- Faculty of Nursing, Physiotherapy and Podiatry, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (J.L.M.-M.); (P.G.-F.)
| | - Juan Pablo Hervás-Pérez
- Physiotherapy and Health Research Group (FYSA), Faculty of Health Sciences-HM Hospitals, University Camilo José Cela, Urb. Villafranca del Castillo, 49. Villanueva de la Cañada, 28692 Madrid, Spain; (E.C.-F.-P.); (C.M.-R.); (J.G.-P.); (M.A.S.-C.); (J.H.-L.)
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria HM Hospitales, 28692 Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan Hernández-Lougedo
- Physiotherapy and Health Research Group (FYSA), Faculty of Health Sciences-HM Hospitals, University Camilo José Cela, Urb. Villafranca del Castillo, 49. Villanueva de la Cañada, 28692 Madrid, Spain; (E.C.-F.-P.); (C.M.-R.); (J.G.-P.); (M.A.S.-C.); (J.H.-L.)
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria HM Hospitales, 28692 Madrid, Spain
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Wurtz LI, Knyazhanskaya E, Sohaei D, Prassas I, Pittock S, Willrich MAV, Saadeh R, Gupta R, Atkinson HJ, Grill D, Stengelin M, Thebault S, Freedman MS, Diamandis EP, Scarisbrick IA. Identification of brain-enriched proteins in CSF as biomarkers of relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis. Clin Proteomics 2024; 21:42. [PMID: 38880880 PMCID: PMC11181608 DOI: 10.1186/s12014-024-09494-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a clinically and biologically heterogenous disease with currently unpredictable progression and relapse. After the development and success of neurofilament as a cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarker, there is reinvigorated interest in identifying other markers of or contributors to disease. The objective of this study is to probe the predictive potential of a panel of brain-enriched proteins on MS disease progression and subtype. METHODS This study includes 40 individuals with MS and 14 headache controls. The MS cohort consists of 20 relapsing remitting (RR) and 20 primary progressive (PP) patients. The CSF of all individuals was analyzed for 63 brain enriched proteins using a method of liquid-chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Wilcoxon rank sum test, Kruskal-Wallis one-way ANOVA, logistic regression, and Pearson correlation were used to refine the list of candidates by comparing relative protein concentrations as well as relation to known imaging and molecular biomarkers. RESULTS We report 30 proteins with some relevance to disease, clinical subtype, or severity. Strikingly, we observed widespread protein depletion in the disease CSF as compared to control. We identified numerous markers of relapsing disease, including KLK6 (kallikrein 6, OR = 0.367, p < 0.05), which may be driven by active disease as defined by MRI enhancing lesions. Other oligodendrocyte-enriched proteins also appeared at reduced levels in relapsing disease, namely CNDP1 (carnosine dipeptidase 1), LINGO1 (leucine rich repeat and Immunoglobin-like domain-containing protein 1), MAG (myelin associated glycoprotein), and MOG (myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein). Finally, we identified three proteins-CNDP1, APLP1 (amyloid beta precursor like protein 1), and OLFM1 (olfactomedin 1)-that were statistically different in relapsing vs. progressive disease raising the potential for use as an early biomarker to discriminate clinical subtype. CONCLUSIONS We illustrate the utility of targeted mass spectrometry in generating potential targets for future biomarker studies and highlight reductions in brain-enriched proteins as markers of the relapsing remitting disease stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lincoln I Wurtz
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
- Mayo Clinic Alix School of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | | | - Dorsa Sohaei
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Ioannis Prassas
- Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Canada
- Laboratory Medicine Program, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
| | - Sean Pittock
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
- Center for Multiple Sclerosis and Autoimmune Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | | | - Ruba Saadeh
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Ruchi Gupta
- Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Hunter J Atkinson
- Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Diane Grill
- Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | | | - Simon Thebault
- Department of Medicine and The Ottawa Research Institute, Ottawa, Canada
- Division of Multiple Sclerosis, Department of Neurology, The University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Mark S Freedman
- Department of Medicine and The Ottawa Research Institute, Ottawa, Canada
| | | | - Isobel A Scarisbrick
- Center for Multiple Sclerosis and Autoimmune Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA.
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Regazzoni L. State of the Art in the Development of Human Serum Carnosinase Inhibitors. Molecules 2024; 29:2488. [PMID: 38893364 PMCID: PMC11173852 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29112488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2024] [Revised: 05/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Human serum carnosinase is an enzyme that operates the preferential hydrolysis of dipeptides with a C-terminus histidine. Only higher primates excrete such an enzyme in serum and cerebrospinal fluid. In humans, the serum hydrolytic rate has high interindividual variability owing to gene polymorphism, although age, gender, diet, and also diseases and surgical interventions can modify serum activity. Human genetic diseases with altered carnosinase activity have been identified and associated with neurological disorders and age-related cognitive decline. On the contrary, low peripheral carnosinase activity has been associated with kidney protection, especially in diabetic nephropathy. Therefore, serum carnosinase is a druggable target for the development of selective inhibitors. However, only one molecule (i.e., carnostatine) has been discovered with the purpose of developing serum carnosinase inhibitors. Bestatin is the only inhibitor reported other than carnostatine, although its activity is not selective towards serum carnosinase. Herein, we present a review of the most critical findings on human serum carnosinase, including enzyme expression, localization and substrate selectivity, along with factors affecting the hydrolytic activity, its implication in human diseases and the properties of known inhibitors of the enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Regazzoni
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Milan, Via Mangiagalli 25, 20133 Milan, Italy
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Zhou Z, An Q, Zhang W, Li Y, Zhang Q, Yan H. Histamine and receptors in neuroinflammation: Their roles on neurodegenerative diseases. Behav Brain Res 2024; 465:114964. [PMID: 38522596 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2024.114964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2024] [Revised: 03/17/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024]
Abstract
Histamine, an auto-reactive substance and mediator of inflammation, is synthesized from histidine through the action of histidine decarboxylase (HDC). It primarily acts on histamine receptors in the central nervous system (CNS). Increasing evidence suggests that histamine and its receptors play a crucial role in neuroinflammation, thereby modulating the pathology of neurodegenerative diseases. Recent studies have demonstrated that histamine regulates the phenotypic switching of microglia and astrocytes, inhibits the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, and alleviates inflammatory responses. In the CNS, our research group has also found that histamine and its receptors are involved in regulating inflammatory responses and play a central role in ameliorating chronic neuroinflammation in neurodegenerative diseases. In this review, we will discuss the role of histamine and its receptors in neuroinflammation associated with neurodegenerative diseases, potentially providing a novel therapeutic target for the treatment of chronic neuroinflammation-related neurodegenerative diseases in clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenyu Zhou
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Basic Medicine, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, China
| | - Qi An
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Basic Medicine, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, China
| | - Wanying Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Basic Medicine, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, China
| | - Yixin Li
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Basic Medicine, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, China
| | - Qihang Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Basic Medicine, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, China
| | - Haijing Yan
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Basic Medicine, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, China.
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9
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Shen J, Xu J, Wen Y, Tang Z, Li J, Sun J. Carnosine ameliorates postoperative cognitive dysfunction of aged rats by limiting astrocytes pyroptosis. Neurotherapeutics 2024; 21:e00359. [PMID: 38664193 PMCID: PMC11301240 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurot.2024.e00359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Revised: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 07/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD) is a common postoperative complication in elderly patients, and neuroinflammation is a key hallmark. Recent studies suggest that the NOD-like receptor family, pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome-mediated astrocytes pyroptosis is involved in the regulation of neuroinflammation in many neurocognitive diseases, while its role in POCD remains obscure. Carnosine is a natural endogenous dipeptide with anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effects. To explore the effect of carnosine on POCD and its mechanism, we established a POCD model by exploratory laparotomy in 24-month-old male Sprague-Dawley rats. We found that the administrated of carnosine notably attenuated surgery-induced NLRP3 inflammasome activation and pyroptosis in astrocytes, central inflammation, and neuronal damage in the hippocampus of aged rats. In addition, carnosine dramatically ameliorated the learning and memory deficits of surgery-induced aged rats. Then in the in vitro experiments, we stimulated primary astrocytes with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) after carnosine pretreatment. The results also showed that the application of carnosine alleviated the activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome, pyroptosis, and inflammatory response in astrocytes stimulated by LPS. Taken together, these findings suggest that carnosine improves POCD in aged rats via inhibiting NLRP3-mediated astrocytes pyroptosis and neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahong Shen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Westlake University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiawen Xu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Westlake University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yuxin Wen
- Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zili Tang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Fourth Clinical School of Medicine, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiaqi Li
- Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jianliang Sun
- Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Westlake University, Hangzhou, China; Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China; Department of Anesthesiology, The Fourth Clinical School of Medicine, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China.
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10
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Kanagasabai K, Palaniyappan L, Théberge J. Precision of metabolite-selective MRS measurements of glutamate, GABA and glutathione: A review of human brain studies. NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2024; 37:e5071. [PMID: 38050448 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.5071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Revised: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 12/06/2023]
Abstract
Single-voxel proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (SV 1 H-MRS) is an in vivo noninvasive imaging technique used to detect neurotransmitters and metabolites. It enables repeated measurements in living participants to build explanatory neurochemical models of psychiatric symptoms and testing of therapeutic approaches. Given the tight link among glutamate, gamma-amino butyric acid (GABA), glutathione and glutamine within the cellular machinery, MRS investigations of neurocognitive and psychiatric disorders must quantify a network of metabolites simultaneously to capture the pathophysiological states of interest. Metabolite-selective sequences typically provide improved metabolite isolation and spectral modelling simplification for a single metabolite at a time. Non-metabolite-selective sequences provide information on all detectable human brain metabolites, but feature many signal overlaps and require complicated spectral modelling. Although there are short-echo time (TE) MRS sequences that do not use spectral editing and are optimised to target either glutamate, GABA or glutathione, these approaches usually imply a precision tradeoff for the remaining two metabolites. Given the interest in assessing psychiatric and neurocognitive diseases that involve excitation-inhibition imbalances along with oxidative stress, there is a need to survey the literature on the quantification precision of current metabolite-selective MRS techniques. In this review, we locate and describe 17 studies that report on the quality of simultaneously acquired MRS metabolite data in the human brain. We note several factors that influence the data quality for single-shot acquisition of multiple metabolites of interest using metabolite-selective MRS: (1) internal in vivo references; (2) brain regions of interests; (3) field strength of scanner; and/or (4) optimised acquisition parameters. We also highlight the strengths and weaknesses of various SV spectroscopy techniques that were able to quantify in vivo glutamate, GABA and glutathione simultaneously. The insights from this review will assist in the development of new MRS pulse sequences for simultaneous, selective measurements of these metabolites and simplified spectral modelling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kesavi Kanagasabai
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
- Imaging Program, Lawson Health Research Institute, London, Ontario, Canada
- Robarts Research Institute, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lena Palaniyappan
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
- Imaging Program, Lawson Health Research Institute, London, Ontario, Canada
- Robarts Research Institute, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
- Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Jean Théberge
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
- Imaging Program, Lawson Health Research Institute, London, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Medical Imaging, St. Joseph's Health Care Centre, London, Ontario, Canada
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11
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Lv Y, Yan S, Deng K, Chen Z, Yang Z, Li F, Luo Q. Unlocking the Molecular Variations of a Micron-Scale Amyloid Plaque in an Early Stage Alzheimer's Disease by a Cellular-Resolution Mass Spectrometry Imaging Platform. ACS Chem Neurosci 2024; 15:337-345. [PMID: 38166448 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.3c00660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Uncovering the molecular changes at the site where Aβ is deposited plays a critical role in advancing the diagnosis and treatment of Alzheimer's disease. However, there is currently a lack of a suitable label-free imaging method with a high spatial resolution for brain tissue analysis. In this study, we propose a modified desorption electrospray ionization (DESI) mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) method, called segmented temperature-controlled DESI (STC-DESI), to achieve high-resolution and high-sensitivity spatial metabolomics observation by precisely controlling desorption and ionization temperatures. By concentrating the spray plume and accelerating solvent evaporation at different temperatures, we achieved an impressive spatial resolution of 20 μm that enables direct observation of the heterogeneity around a single cell or an individual Aβ plaque and an exciting sensitivity that allows a variety of low-abundance metabolites and less ionizable neutral lipids to be detected. We applied this STC-DESI method to analyze the brains of transgenic AD mice and identified molecular changes associated with individual Aβ aggregates. More importantly, our study provides the first evidence that carnosine is significantly depleted and 5-caffeoylquinic acid (5-CQA) levels rise sharply around Aβ deposits. These observations highlight the potential of carnosine as a sensitive molecular probe for clinical magnetic resonance imaging diagnosis and the potential of 5-CQA as an efficient therapeutic strategy for Aβ clearance in the early AD stage. Overall, our findings demonstrate the effectiveness of our STC-DESI method and shed light on the potential roles of these molecules in AD pathology, specifically in cellular endocytosis, gray matter network disruption, and paravascular Aβ clearance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yueguang Lv
- Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Shuxiong Yan
- Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
- Institute of Mass Spectrometry and Atmospheric Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, China
| | - Ka Deng
- Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Zhiyu Chen
- Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Zhiyi Yang
- Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Fang Li
- Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Qian Luo
- Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
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12
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Saadati S, Cameron J, Menon K, Hodge A, Lu ZX, de Courten M, Feehan J, de Courten B. Carnosine Did Not Affect Vascular and Metabolic Outcomes in Patients with Prediabetes and Type 2 Diabetes: A 14-Week Randomized Controlled Trial. Nutrients 2023; 15:4835. [PMID: 38004228 PMCID: PMC10674211 DOI: 10.3390/nu15224835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Revised: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in patients with prediabetes and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Carnosine has been suggested as a potential approach to reduce ASCVD risk factors. However, there is a paucity of human data. Hence, we performed a 14-week double-blind randomized placebo-controlled trial to determine whether carnosine compared with placebo improves vascular and metabolic outcomes in individuals with prediabetes and T2DM. In total, 49 patients with prediabetes and T2DM with good glycemic control were randomly assigned either to receive 2 g/day carnosine or matching placebo. We evaluated endothelial dysfunction, arterial stiffness, lipid parameters, blood pressure, heart rate, hepatic and renal outcomes before and after the intervention. Carnosine supplementation had no effect on heart rate, peripheral and central blood pressure, endothelial function (logarithm of reactive hyperemia (LnRHI)), arterial stiffness (carotid femoral pulse wave velocity (CF PWV)), lipid parameters, liver fibroscan indicators, liver transient elastography, liver function tests, and renal outcomes compared to placebo. In conclusion, carnosine supplementation did not improve cardiovascular and cardiometabolic risk factors in adults with prediabetes and T2DM with good glycemic control. Therefore, it is improbable that carnosine supplementation would be a viable approach to mitigating the ASCVD risk in these populations. The trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov (NCT02917928).
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeede Saadati
- Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia; (S.S.); (K.M.); (A.H.); (Z.X.L.)
| | - James Cameron
- Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia; (S.S.); (K.M.); (A.H.); (Z.X.L.)
- Monash Cardiovascular Research Centre, Monash Heart, Monash Health, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia
| | - Kirthi Menon
- Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia; (S.S.); (K.M.); (A.H.); (Z.X.L.)
| | - Alexander Hodge
- Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia; (S.S.); (K.M.); (A.H.); (Z.X.L.)
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia
| | - Zhong X. Lu
- Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia; (S.S.); (K.M.); (A.H.); (Z.X.L.)
- Monash Health Pathology, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia
| | - Maximilian de Courten
- Mitchell Institute for Health and Education Policy, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC 3011, Australia;
| | - Jack Feehan
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC 3011, Australia
| | - Barbora de Courten
- Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia; (S.S.); (K.M.); (A.H.); (Z.X.L.)
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia
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13
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Pires PC, Paiva-Santos AC, Veiga F. Liposome-Derived Nanosystems for the Treatment of Behavioral and Neurodegenerative Diseases: The Promise of Niosomes, Transfersomes, and Ethosomes for Increased Brain Drug Bioavailability. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:1424. [PMID: 37895895 PMCID: PMC10610493 DOI: 10.3390/ph16101424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Revised: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Psychiatric and neurodegenerative disorders are amongst the most prevalent and debilitating diseases, but current treatments either have low success rates, greatly due to the low permeability of the blood-brain barrier, and/or are connected to severe side effects. Hence, new strategies are extremely important, and here is where liposome-derived nanosystems come in. Niosomes, transfersomes, and ethosomes are nanometric vesicular structures that allow drug encapsulation, protecting them from degradation, and increasing their solubility, permeability, brain targeting, and bioavailability. This review highlighted the great potential of these nanosystems for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, anxiety, and depression. Studies regarding the encapsulation of synthetic and natural-derived molecules in these systems, for intravenous, oral, transdermal, or intranasal administration, have led to an increased brain bioavailability when compared to conventional pharmaceutical forms. Moreover, the developed formulations proved to have neuroprotective, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant effects, including brain neurotransmitter level restoration and brain oxidative status improvement, and improved locomotor activity or enhancement of recognition and working memories in animal models. Hence, albeit being relatively new technologies, niosomes, transfersomes, and ethosomes have already proven to increase the brain bioavailability of psychoactive drugs, leading to increased effectiveness and decreased side effects, showing promise as future therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrícia C. Pires
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy of the University of Coimbra, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal;
- REQUIMTE/LAQV, Group of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
- Health Sciences Research Centre (CICS-UBI), University of Beira Interior, Av. Infante D. Henrique, 6200-506 Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Ana Cláudia Paiva-Santos
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy of the University of Coimbra, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal;
- REQUIMTE/LAQV, Group of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Francisco Veiga
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy of the University of Coimbra, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal;
- REQUIMTE/LAQV, Group of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
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14
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Zhang H, Shi F, Yan Y, Deng C, Sun N. Construction of Porous Perovskite Oxide Microrods with Au Nanoparticle Anchor for Precise Metabolic Diagnosis of Alzheimer's Disease. Adv Healthc Mater 2023; 12:e2301136. [PMID: 37449823 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202301136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Revised: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive illness, and early diagnosis and treatment can help delay its progression. However, clinics still lack high-throughput, low-invasive, precise, and objective diagnostic strategies. Herein, the Au nanoparticles anchored porous perovskite oxide microrods (CTO@Au) with designed superior properties is developed to construct a high-throughput detection platform. Specifically, a single metabolic fingerprinting is obtained from only 30 nL of serum within seconds, enabling the rapid acquisition of 239 × 8 high-quality fingerprints in ≈ 2 h. AD is distinguish from health controls and Parkinson's disease with an area under the curve (AUC) of 1.000. Moreover, eight specific metabolites are identified as a biomarker panel, based on which precise diagnosis of AD is achieved, with an AUC of 1.000 in blind test. The possible relevant pathways and potential mechanism involved in these biomarkers are investigated and discussed. This work provides a high-performance platform for metabolic diagnostic analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heyuhan Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Fangying Shi
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Yinghua Yan
- School of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Chunhui Deng
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, China
| | - Nianrong Sun
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
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15
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Cesak O, Vostalova J, Vidlar A, Bastlova P, Student V. Carnosine and Beta-Alanine Supplementation in Human Medicine: Narrative Review and Critical Assessment. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15071770. [PMID: 37049610 PMCID: PMC10096773 DOI: 10.3390/nu15071770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Revised: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The dipeptide carnosine is a physiologically important molecule in the human body, commonly found in skeletal muscle and brain tissue. Beta-alanine is a limiting precursor of carnosine and is among the most used sports supplements for improving athletic performance. However, carnosine, its metabolite N-acetylcarnosine, and the synthetic derivative zinc-L-carnosine have recently been gaining popularity as supplements in human medicine. These molecules have a wide range of effects—principally with anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antiglycation, anticarbonylation, calcium-regulatory, immunomodulatory and chelating properties. This review discusses results from recent studies focusing on the impact of this supplementation in several areas of human medicine. We queried PubMed, Web of Science, the National Library of Medicine and the Cochrane Library, employing a search strategy using database-specific keywords. Evidence showed that the supplementation had a beneficial impact in the prevention of sarcopenia, the preservation of cognitive abilities and the improvement of neurodegenerative disorders. Furthermore, the improvement of diabetes mellitus parameters and symptoms of oral mucositis was seen, as well as the regression of esophagitis and taste disorders after chemotherapy, the protection of the gastrointestinal mucosa and the support of Helicobacter pylori eradication treatment. However, in the areas of senile cataracts, cardiovascular disease, schizophrenia and autistic disorders, the results are inconclusive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ondrej Cesak
- Department of Urology, University Hospital Olomouc, 775 20 Olomouc, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University, 775 15 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Jitka Vostalova
- Department of Medical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University, 775 15 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Ales Vidlar
- Department of Urology, University Hospital Olomouc, 775 20 Olomouc, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University, 775 15 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Petra Bastlova
- Department of Rehabilitaion, University Hospital Olomouc, 775 20 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Vladimir Student
- Department of Urology, University Hospital Olomouc, 775 20 Olomouc, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University, 775 15 Olomouc, Czech Republic
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16
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Abate C, Piperno A, Fragoso A, Giuffrè O, Mazzaglia A, Scala A, Foti C. Thermodynamic and voltammetric study on carnosine and ferrocenyl-carnosine. Dalton Trans 2023; 52:3699-3708. [PMID: 36857639 DOI: 10.1039/d2dt04093j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
Abstract
A potentiometric study on the interactions of L-carnosine (CAR) (2-[(3-aminopropanoyl)amino]-3-(1H-imidazol-5-yl)propanoic acid) with two toxic metal cations, Hg2+ and Cd2+, is reported here. The elucidation of the metal (M2+)-CAR interactions in aqueous solution highlighted the speciation model for each system, the dependence of the formation constants of the complex species on ionic strength (0.15 ≤ I/mol L-1 ≤ 1) and temperature (288.15 ≤ T/K ≤ 310.15) and changes in enthalpy and entropy. The sequestering ability of CAR towards the two metal ions was quantified and compared with that with Pb2+, previously determined. Considering the complexing ability of CAR and its unclear electrochemical properties, a more electroactive derivative, the ferrocenyl-carnosine (FcCAR), was synthesized and its complexing ability was evaluated by UV-vis spectroscopy. FcCAR electrochemical properties were investigated by Cyclic Voltammetry (CV) and Differential Pulse Voltammetry (DPV) on Screen-Printed Electrodes (SPEs), to evaluate its sensing properties. Electrochemical responses in the presence of Hg2+ and Pb2+ have been shown to be promising for the electrochemical detection of these metal cations in aqueous environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Abate
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Biologiche, Farmaceutiche ed Ambientali, Università di Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno d'Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy.
| | - Anna Piperno
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Biologiche, Farmaceutiche ed Ambientali, Università di Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno d'Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy.
| | - Alex Fragoso
- Nanobiotechnology & Bioanalysis Group, Departament d'Enginyeria Química, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Avinguda Països Catalans 26, 43007, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Ottavia Giuffrè
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Biologiche, Farmaceutiche ed Ambientali, Università di Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno d'Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy.
| | - Antonino Mazzaglia
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto per lo Studio dei Materiali Nanostrutturati (CNR-ISMN), URT di Messina c/o Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Biologiche, Farmaceutiche ed Ambientali, Università di Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno d'Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy
| | - Angela Scala
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Biologiche, Farmaceutiche ed Ambientali, Università di Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno d'Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy.
| | - Claudia Foti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Biologiche, Farmaceutiche ed Ambientali, Università di Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno d'Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy.
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17
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Morozova OB, Yurkovskaya AV. Reduction of transient carnosine radicals depends on β-alanyl amino group charge. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:7704-7710. [PMID: 36866760 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp04933c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
Reduction of transient carnosine (β-alanyl-L-histidine) radicals by L-tryptophan, N-acetyl tryptophan, and the Trp-Gly peptide in neutral and basic aqueous solutions was studied using the technique of time-resolved chemically induced dynamic nuclear polarization (TR CIDNP). Carnosine radicals were generated in the photoinduced reaction with triplet excited 3,3',4,4'-tetracarboxy benzophenone. In this reaction, carnosine radicals with their radical center at the histidine residue are formed. Modeling of CIDNP kinetic data allowed for the determination of pH-dependent rate constants of the reduction reaction. It was shown that the protonation state of the amino group of the non-reacting β-alanine residue of the carnosine radical affects the rate constant of the reduction reaction. The results were compared to those obtained previously for the reduction of histidine and N-acetyl histidine free radicals and to newly obtained results for the reduction of radicals derived from Gly-His, a homologue of carnosine. Clear differences were demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga B Morozova
- International Tomography Center, Institutskaya 3a, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia.
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18
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Caruso G, Di Pietro L, Caraci F. Gap Junctions and Connexins in Microglia-Related Oxidative Stress and Neuroinflammation: Perspectives for Drug Discovery. Biomolecules 2023; 13:biom13030505. [PMID: 36979440 PMCID: PMC10046203 DOI: 10.3390/biom13030505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Microglia represent the immune system of the brain. Their role is central in two phenomena, neuroinflammation and oxidative stress, which are at the roots of different pathologies related to the central nervous system (CNS). In order to maintain the homeostasis of the brain and re-establish the equilibrium after a threatening imbalance, microglia communicate with each other and other cells within the CNS by receiving specific signals through membrane-bound receptors and then releasing neurotrophic factors into either the extracellular milieu or directly into the cytoplasm of nearby cells, such as astrocytes and neurons. These last two mechanisms rely on the activity of protein structures that enable the formation of channels in the membrane, namely, connexins and pannexins, that group and form gap junctions, hemichannels, and pannexons. These channels allow the release of gliotransmitters, such as adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and glutamate, together with calcium ion (Ca2+), that seem to play a pivotal role in inter-cellular communication. The aim of the present review is focused on the physiology of channel protein complexes and their contribution to neuroinflammatory and oxidative stress-related phenomena, which play a central role in neurodegenerative disorders. We will then discuss how pharmacological modulation of these channels can impact neuroinflammatory phenomena and hypothesize that currently available nutraceuticals, such as carnosine and N-acetylcysteine, can modulate the activity of connexins and pannexins in microglial cells and reduce oxidative stress in neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Caruso
- Department of Drug and Health Sciences, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy
- Unit of Neuropharmacology and Translational Neurosciences, Oasi Research Institute-IRCCS, 94018 Troina, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0957385036
| | - Lucia Di Pietro
- Department of Drug and Health Sciences, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy
- Scuola Superiore di Catania, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Filippo Caraci
- Department of Drug and Health Sciences, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy
- Unit of Neuropharmacology and Translational Neurosciences, Oasi Research Institute-IRCCS, 94018 Troina, Italy
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19
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Schön M, Just I, Krumpolec P, Blažíček P, Valkovič L, Aldini G, Tsai CL, De Courten B, Krššák M, Ukropcová B, Ukropec J. Supplementation-induced change in muscle carnosine is paralleled by changes in muscle metabolism, protein glycation and reactive carbonyl species sequestering. Physiol Res 2023; 72:87-97. [PMID: 36545878 PMCID: PMC10069809 DOI: 10.33549/physiolres.934911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Carnosine is a performance-enhancing food supplement with a potential to modulate muscle energy metabolism and toxic metabolites disposal. In this study we explored interrelations between carnosine supplementation (2 g/day, 12 weeks) induced effects on carnosine muscle loading and parallel changes in (i) muscle energy metabolism, (ii) serum albumin glycation and (iii) reactive carbonyl species sequestering in twelve (M/F=10/2) sedentary, overweight-to-obese (BMI: 30.0+/-2.7 kg/m2) adults (40.1+/-6.2 years). Muscle carnosine concentration (Proton Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; 1H-MRS), dynamics of muscle energy metabolism (Phosphorus Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; 31P-MRS), body composition (Magnetic Resonance Imaging; MRI), resting energy expenditure (indirect calorimetry), glucose tolerance (oGTT), habitual physical activity (accelerometers), serum carnosine and carnosinase-1 content/activity (ELISA), albumin glycation, urinary carnosine and carnosine-propanal concentration (mass spectrometry) were measured. Supplementation-induced increase in muscle carnosine was paralleled by improved dynamics of muscle post-exercise phosphocreatine recovery, decreased serum albumin glycation and enhanced urinary carnosine-propanal excretion (all p<0.05). Magnitude of supplementation-induced muscle carnosine accumulation was higher in individuals with lower baseline muscle carnosine, who had lower BMI, higher physical activity level, lower resting intramuscular pH, but similar muscle mass and dietary protein preference. Level of supplementation-induced increase in muscle carnosine correlated with reduction of protein glycation, increase in reactive carbonyl species sequestering, and acceleration of muscle post-exercise phosphocreatine recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Schön
- Institute of Experimental Endocrinology, Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovak Republic.
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20
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Longitudinal Analysis of the Microbiome and Metabolome in the 5xfAD Mouse Model of Alzheimer's Disease. mBio 2022; 13:e0179422. [PMID: 36468884 PMCID: PMC9765021 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01794-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent reports implicate gut microbiome dysbiosis in the onset and progression of Alzheimer's disease (AD), yet studies involving model animals overwhelmingly omit the microbial perspective. Here, we evaluate longitudinal microbiomes and metabolomes from a popular transgenic mouse model for familial AD (5xfAD). Cecal and fecal samples from 5xfAD and wild-type B6J (WT) mice from 4 to 18 months of age were subjected to shotgun Illumina sequencing. Metabolomics was performed on plasma and feces from a subset of the same animals. Significant genotype, sex, age, and cage-specific differences were observed in the microbiome, with the variance explained by genotype at 4 and 18 months of age rising from 0.9 to 9% and 0.3 to 8% for the cecal and fecal samples, respectively. Bacteria at significantly higher abundances in AD mice include multiple Alistipes spp., two Ligilactobacillus spp., and Lactobacillus sp. P38, while multiple species of Turicibacter, Lactobacillus johnsonii, and Romboutsia ilealis were less abundant. Turicibacter is similarly depleted in people with AD, and members of this genus both consume and induce the production of gut-derived serotonin. Contradicting previous findings in humans, serotonin is significantly more concentrated in the blood of older 5xfAD animals compared to their WT littermates. 5xfAD animals exhibited significantly lower plasma concentrations of carnosine and the lysophospholipid lysoPC a C18:1. Correlations between the microbiome and metabolome were also explored. Taken together, these findings strengthen the link between Turicibacter abundance and AD, provide a basis for further microbiome studies of murine models for AD, and suggest that greater control over animal model microbiomes is needed in AD research. IMPORTANCE Microorganisms residing within the gastrointestinal tract are implicated in the onset and progression of Alzheimer's disease (AD) through the mediation of inflammation, exchange of small-molecules across the blood-brain barrier, and stimulation of the vagus nerve. Unfortunately, most animal models for AD are housed under conditions that do not reflect real-world human microbial exposure and do not sufficiently account for (or meaningfully consider) variations in the microbiome. An improved understanding of AD model animal microbiomes will increase model efficacy and the translatability of research findings into humans. Here, we present the characterization of the microbiome and metabolome of the 5xfAD mouse model, which is one of the most common animal models for familial AD. The manuscript highlights the importance of considering the microbiome in study design and aims to lay the groundwork for future studies involving mouse models for AD.
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Impact of broad-spectrum antibiotics on the gut-microbiota-spleen-brain axis. Brain Behav Immun Health 2022; 27:100573. [PMID: 36583066 PMCID: PMC9793168 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbih.2022.100573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The spleen is a key immune-related organ that plays a role in communication between the brain and the immune system through the brain-spleen axis and brain-gut-microbiota axis. However, how the gut microbiota affects spleen and brain function remains unclear. Here, we investigated whether microbiome depletion induced by administration of an antibiotic cocktail (ABX) affects spleen and brain function. Treatment with ABX for 14 days resulted in a significant decrease in spleen weight and significant alterations in splenic functions, including the percentage of neutrophils, NK cells, macrophages, and CD8+ T cells. Furthermore, ABX treatment resulted in the depletion of a large portion of the gut microbiota. Untargeted metabolomics analysis showed that ABX treatment caused alterations in the levels of certain compounds in the plasma, spleen, and brain. Moreover, ABX treatment decreased the expression of microglia marker Iba1 in the cerebral cortex. Interestingly, correlations were found between the abundance of different microbiome components and metabolites in various tissues, as well as splenic cell populations and spleen weight. These findings suggest that ABX-induced microbiome depletion and altered metabolite levels may affect spleen and brain function through the gut-microbiota-spleen-brain axis.
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Lu Y, Xu K, Lin D, Wang S, Fu R, Deng X, Croppi G, Zhang J. Multi-omics analysis reveals neuroinflammation, activated glial signaling, and dysregulated synaptic signaling and metabolism in the hippocampus of aged mice. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 14:964429. [PMID: 36408109 PMCID: PMC9669972 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.964429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Aging is an intricate biological event that occurs in both vertebrates and invertebrates. During the aging process, the brain, a vulnerable organ, undergoes structural and functional alterations, resulting in behavioral changes. The hippocampus has long been known to be critically associated with cognitive impairment, dementia, and Alzheimer’s disease during aging; however, the underlying mechanisms remain largely unknown. In this study, we hypothesized that altered metabolic and gene expression profiles promote the aging process in the hippocampus. Behavioral tests showed that exploration, locomotion, learning, and memory activities were reduced in aged mice. Metabolomics analysis identified 69 differentially abundant metabolites and showed that the abundance of amino acids, lipids, and microbiota-derived metabolites (MDMs) was significantly altered in hippocampal tissue of aged animals. Furthermore, transcriptomic analysis identified 376 differentially expressed genes in the aged hippocampus. A total of 35 differentially abundant metabolites and 119 differentially expressed genes, constituting the top 200 correlations, were employed for the co-expression network. The multi-omics analysis showed that pathways related to inflammation, microglial activation, synapse, cell death, cellular/tissue homeostasis, and metabolism were dysregulated in the aging hippocampus. Our data revealed that metabolic perturbations and gene expression alterations in the aged hippocampus were possibly linked to their behavioral changes in aged mice; we also provide evidence that altered MDMs might mediate the interaction between gut and brain during the aging process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinzhong Lu
- Department of Anesthesiology and Hongqiao International Institute of Medicine, Tongren Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Yinzhong Lu,
| | - Kejia Xu
- Department of Anesthesiology and Hongqiao International Institute of Medicine, Tongren Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Dongyang Lin
- Department of Anesthesiology and Hongqiao International Institute of Medicine, Tongren Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Shuyan Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Hongqiao International Institute of Medicine, Tongren Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Rao Fu
- Department of Neurology, Tongren Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaobei Deng
- Faculty of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | | | - Junjie Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Hongqiao International Institute of Medicine, Tongren Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Junjie Zhang,
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Hussein M, Oberrauch S, Allobawi R, Cornthwaite-Duncan L, Lu J, Sharma R, Baker M, Li J, Rao GG, Velkov T. Untargeted Metabolomics to Evaluate Polymyxin B Toxicodynamics following Direct Intracerebroventricular Administration into the Rat Brain. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2022; 20:6067-6077. [DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2022.10.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Revised: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
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Binding ability of L-carnosine towards Cu2+, Mn2+ and Zn2+ in aqueous solution. J Mol Liq 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2022.120772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Turcu I, Oancea B, Chicomban M, Simion G, Simon S, Negriu Tiuca CI, Ordean MN, Petrovici AG, Nicolescu Șeușan NA, Hăisan PL, Hășmășan IT, Hulpuș AI, Stoian I, Ciocan CV, Curițianu IM. Effect of 8-Week β-Alanine Supplementation on CRP, IL-6, Body Composition, and Bio-Motor Abilities in Elite Male Basketball Players. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph192013700. [PMID: 36294288 PMCID: PMC9603793 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192013700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Revised: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of 8-week β-alanine supplementation on C-Reactive Protein (CRP), interleukin-6 (IL-6), body composition, and bio-motor abilities in elite male basketball players. Twenty male basketball players (age: 23 + 0.6 years; body mass: 78.3 + 4.8 kg; height:185.3 + 5.4 cm, %BF, 15.2 ± 4.8) volunteered to participate in this study. They were divided into a β-alanine group (BG, N = 10) and a placebo group (PG, N = 10). All players were preparing for university competitions and had played for over five years. Players used 6.4 g/d of β-alanine in BG and maltodextrin in PG. The participants were involved in regular basketball training three months before the study. CRP, IL-6, body composition parameters, and bio-motor abilities were measured before starting the exercises and after completing the eight-week training period. The research findings showed a significant decrease in CRP and IL-6 and an increase in anaerobic peak power between the pre-test and post-test, as well as between BG and PG groups (p < 0.05). Although the other measured factors were a relative improvement compared to the pre-test and also compared to PG, these changes were not statistically significant (p < 0.05). Eight weeks of β-alanine supplementation ameliorated increases in IL-6 and CRP associated with in-season physical stressors in collegiate basketball players. These changes in pro-inflammatory cytokines suggest that β-alanine supplementation may be a useful nutritional strategy for immune regulation and can also improve anaerobic performance compared to PG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioan Turcu
- Department of Motor Performance, Faculty of Physical Education and Mountain Sports, Transilvania University of Brasov, 500036 Brasov, Romania
| | - Bogdan Oancea
- Department of Motor Performance, Faculty of Physical Education and Mountain Sports, Transilvania University of Brasov, 500036 Brasov, Romania
| | - Mihaela Chicomban
- Department of Motor Performance, Faculty of Physical Education and Mountain Sports, Transilvania University of Brasov, 500036 Brasov, Romania
| | - Gabriel Simion
- Department of Motor Performance, Faculty of Physical Education and Mountain Sports, Transilvania University of Brasov, 500036 Brasov, Romania
| | - Sorin Simon
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, 1 Decembrie 1918 University of Alba Iulia, 510009 Alba Iulia, Romania
| | - Codruța Ioana Negriu Tiuca
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, 1 Decembrie 1918 University of Alba Iulia, 510009 Alba Iulia, Romania
| | - Mircea Nicolae Ordean
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, 1 Decembrie 1918 University of Alba Iulia, 510009 Alba Iulia, Romania
| | - Alexandru Gabriel Petrovici
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, 1 Decembrie 1918 University of Alba Iulia, 510009 Alba Iulia, Romania
| | | | - Petronela Lăcrămioara Hăisan
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, 1 Decembrie 1918 University of Alba Iulia, 510009 Alba Iulia, Romania
| | - Ioan Teodor Hășmășan
- Department of Environmental Sciences Physics Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Science, Lucian Blaga University of Sibiu, 550024 Sibiu, Romania
| | - Alexandru Ioan Hulpuș
- Department of Environmental Sciences Physics Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Science, Lucian Blaga University of Sibiu, 550024 Sibiu, Romania
| | - Iulian Stoian
- Department of Environmental Sciences Physics Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Science, Lucian Blaga University of Sibiu, 550024 Sibiu, Romania
| | - Cătălin Vasile Ciocan
- Department of Physical Education and Sports Performance, Faculty of Physical Education, Sport and Health Sciences, Vasile Alecsandri of Bacau, 600115 Bacau, Romania
| | - Ioana Maria Curițianu
- Department of Physical Education and Special Motricity, Faculty of Physical Education and Mountain Sports, Transilvania University of Brasov, 500036 Brasov, Romania
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Potential Role of Phytochemical Extract from Saffron in Development of Functional Foods and Protection of Brain-Related Disorders. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2022; 2022:6480590. [PMID: 36193081 PMCID: PMC9526642 DOI: 10.1155/2022/6480590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The present review is designed to measure the effects of saffron extract in functional foods and its pharmacological properties against various disorders. Saffron is a traditional medicinal plant used as a food additive. The stigma of saffron has bioactive compounds such as safranal, crocin, crocetin, picrocrocin, kaempferol, and flavonoid. These bioactive compounds can be extracted using conventional (maceration, solvent extraction, soxhlet extraction, and vapor or hydrodistillation) and novel techniques (emulsion liquid membrane extraction, ultrasound-assisted extraction, enzyme-associated extraction, pulsed electric field extraction, microwave-assisted extraction, and supercritical fluid extraction). Saffron is used as a functional ingredient, natural colorant, shelf-life enhancer, and fortifying agent in developing different food products. The demand for saffron has been increasing in the pharma industry due to its protection against cardiovascular and Alzheimer disease and its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antitumor, and antidepressant properties. Conclusively, the phytochemical compounds of saffron improve the nutrition value of products and protect humans against various disorders.
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Khanna HN, Roy S, Shaikh A, Bandi V. Emerging Role and Place of Probiotics in the Management of Pediatric Neurodevelopmental Disorders. Euroasian J Hepatogastroenterol 2022; 12:102-108. [PMID: 36959989 PMCID: PMC10028704 DOI: 10.5005/jp-journals-10018-1384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The current decade has witnessed significant developments with the latest therapeutic agents for managing various infectious diseases to complex hemato-oncological conditions, leading to a decrease in morbidity and mortality, while improving the quality of life (QoL), and increasing the life span. Non-communicable diseases (NCDs), which are on the rise across all age-groups, are being driven by unhealthy lifestyles and improved mental health issues. The current therapeutic agents were found to offer only symptomatic relief of varying efficacy and significant adverse effects, leading clinicians to evaluate other options for the management of both neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative disorders. The role of gut microbiota has emerged as a potential target for the treatment of both neurodegenerative diseases and neurodevelopmental disorders like attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)/autism spectrum disorders (ASD) as a result of the decoding of the human genome and advances in our understanding of the human gut microbiome, including its interactions with the human brain. This review has been undertaken to understand on date level of understanding of human microbiota and towards identifying probiotic strains with proven efficacy and safety. According to recent investigations, several lactobacillus strains, including L. Paracasei 37, L. Planetarium 128, L. reuteri DSM 17938, and Bifidobacterium longum, have been effective in treating children's neurodevelopmental disorders such as ASD and ADHD. Future clinical studies are nonetheless required to confirm the long-term safety and effectiveness of probiotic strains in managing the primary and comorbid symptoms, hence improving patient and family quality of life. How to cite this article Khanna HN, Roy S, Shaikh A, et al. Emerging Role and Place of Probiotics in the Management of Pediatric Neurodevelopmental Disorders. Euroasian J Hepato-Gastroenterol 2022;12(2):102-108.
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Affiliation(s)
- Himani Narula Khanna
- Department of community Medicine, HIMSR, Jamia-Hamdard University, New Delhi, India
| | - Sushovan Roy
- Department of Community Medicine, HIMSR, New Delhi, India
| | - Aqsa Shaikh
- Department of Community Medicine, HIMSR, New Delhi, India
| | - Viswanath Bandi
- Research Scholar, Faculty of management studies, ICFAI University, Ranchi, Jharkhand, India
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Diniz FC, Hipkiss AR, Ferreira GC. The Potential Use of Carnosine in Diabetes and Other Afflictions Reported in Long COVID Patients. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:898735. [PMID: 35812220 PMCID: PMC9257001 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.898735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Carnosine is a dipeptide expressed in both the central nervous system and periphery. Several biological functions have been attributed to carnosine, including as an anti-inflammatory and antioxidant agent, and as a modulator of mitochondrial metabolism. Some of these mechanisms have been implicated in the pathophysiology of coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19). COVID-19 is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The clinical manifestation and recovery time for COVID-19 are variable. Some patients are severely affected by SARS-CoV-2 infection and may experience respiratory failure, thromboembolic disease, neurological symptoms, kidney damage, acute pancreatitis, and even death. COVID-19 patients with comorbidities, including diabetes, are at higher risk of death. Mechanisms underlying the dysfunction of the afflicted organs in COVID-19 patients have been discussed, the most common being the so-called cytokine storm. Given the biological effects attributed to carnosine, adjuvant therapy with this dipeptide could be considered as supportive treatment in patients with either COVID-19 or long COVID.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabiola Cardoso Diniz
- Laboratório de Erros Inatos do Metabolismo, Programa de Bioquímica e Biofísica Celular, Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas - Biofísica, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Department of Pediatrics, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Alan Roger Hipkiss
- Aston Research Centre for Healthy Ageing, Aston University, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Gustavo Costa Ferreira
- Laboratório de Erros Inatos do Metabolismo, Programa de Bioquímica e Biofísica Celular, Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas - Biofísica, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Química Biológica, Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Unveiling the Hidden Therapeutic Potential of Carnosine, a Molecule with a Multimodal Mechanism of Action: A Position Paper. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27103303. [PMID: 35630780 PMCID: PMC9143376 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27103303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Carnosine (β-alanyl-L-histidine) is a naturally occurring endogenous dipeptide and an over-the-counter food supplement with a well-demonstrated multimodal mechanism of action that includes the detoxification of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, the down-regulation of the production of pro-inflammatory mediators, the inhibition of aberrant protein formation, and the modulation of cells in the peripheral (macrophages) and brain (microglia) immune systems. Since its discovery more than 100 years ago, a plethora of in vivo preclinical studies have been carried out; however, there is still substantial heterogeneity regarding the route of administration, the dosage, the duration of the treatment, and the animal model selected, underlining the urgent need for "coordinated/aligned" preclinical studies laying the foundations for well-defined future clinical trials. The main aim of the present position paper is to critically and concisely consider these key points and open a discussion on the possible "alignment" for future studies, with the goal of validating the full therapeutic potential of this intriguing molecule.
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Dobrowolski SF, Phua YL, Sudano C, Spridik K, Zinn PO, Wang Y, Bharathi S, Vockley J, Goetzman E. Comparative metabolomics in the Pah enu2 classical PKU mouse identifies cerebral energy pathway disruption and oxidative stress. Mol Genet Metab 2022; 136:38-45. [PMID: 35367142 PMCID: PMC9759961 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2022.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Classical phenylketonuria (PKU, OMIM 261600) owes to hepatic deficiency of phenylalanine hydroxylase (PAH) that enzymatically converts phenylalanine (Phe) to tyrosine (Tyr). PKU neurologic phenotypes include impaired brain development, decreased myelination, early onset mental retardation, seizures, and late-onset features (neuropsychiatric, Parkinsonism). Phe over-representation is systemic; however, tissue response to hyperphenylalaninemia is not consistent. To characterize hyperphenylalaninemia tissue response, metabolomics was applied to Pahenu2 classical PKU mouse blood, liver, and brain. In blood and liver over-represented analytes were principally Phe, Phe catabolites, and Phe-related analytes (Phe-conjugates, Phe-containing dipeptides). In addition to Phe and Phe-related analytes, the metabolomic profile of Pahenu2 brain tissue evidenced oxidative stress responses and energy dysregulation. Glutathione and homocarnosine anti-oxidative responses are apparent Pahenu2 brain. Oxidative stress in Pahenu2 brain was further evidenced by increased reactive oxygen species. Pahenu2 brain presents an increased NADH/NAD ratio suggesting respiratory chain complex 1 dysfunction. Respirometry in Pahenu2 brain mitochondria functionally confirmed reduced respiratory chain activity with an attenuated response to pyruvate substrate. Glycolysis pathway analytes are over-represented in Pahenu2 brain tissue. PKU pathologies owe to liver metabolic deficiency; yet, Pahenu2 liver tissue shows neither energy disruption nor anti-oxidative response. Unique aspects of metabolomic homeostasis in PKU brain tissue along with increased reactive oxygen species and respiratory chain deficit provide insight to neurologic disease mechanisms. While some elements of assumed, long standing PKU neuropathology are enforced by metabolomic data (e.g. reduced tryptophan and serotonin representation), energy dysregulation and tissue oxidative stress expand mechanisms underlying neuropathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven F Dobrowolski
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, United States of America.
| | - Yu Leng Phua
- Division of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, United States of America
| | - Cayla Sudano
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, United States of America
| | - Kayla Spridik
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, United States of America
| | - Pascal O Zinn
- Department of Neurological Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, United States of America
| | - Yudong Wang
- Division of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, United States of America
| | - Sivakama Bharathi
- Division of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, United States of America
| | - Jerry Vockley
- Division of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, United States of America
| | - Eric Goetzman
- Division of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, United States of America
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Tabikh M, Chahla C, Okdeh N, Kovacic H, Sabatier JM, Fajloun Z. Parkinson disease: Protective role and function of neuropeptides. Peptides 2022; 151:170713. [PMID: 34929264 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2021.170713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Revised: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Neuropeptides are bioactive molecules, made up of small chains of amino acids, with many neuromodulatory properties. Several lines of evidence suggest that neuropeptides, mainly expressed in the central nervous system (CNS), play an important role in the onset of Parkinson's Disease (PD) pathology. The wide spread disruption of neuropeptides has been excessively demonstrated to be related to the pathophysiological symptoms in PD where impairment in motor function per example was correlated with neuropeptides dysregulation in the substantia niagra (SN). Moreover, the levels of different neuropeptides have been found modified in the cerebrospinal fluid and blood of PD patients, indicating their potential role in the manifestation of PD symptoms and dysfunctions. In this review, we outlined the neuroprotective effects of neuropeptides on dopaminergic neuronal loss, oxidative stress and neuroinflammation in several models and tissues of PD. Our main focus was to elaborate the role of orexin, pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide (PACAP), vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), opioids, angiotensin, carnosine and many others in the protection and/or involvement in the neurodegeneration of striatal dopaminergic cells. Further studies are required to better assess the mode of action and cellular mechanisms of neuropeptides in order to shift the focus from the in vitro and in vivo testing to applicable clinical testing. This review, allows a support for future use of neuropeptides as therapeutic solution for PA pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mireille Tabikh
- Faculty of Sciences 3, Department of Biology, Lebanese University, Campus Michel Slayman Ras Maska, 1352, Tripoli, Lebanon
| | - Charbel Chahla
- Faculty of Sciences 3, Department of Biology, Lebanese University, Campus Michel Slayman Ras Maska, 1352, Tripoli, Lebanon
| | - Nathalie Okdeh
- Faculty of Sciences 3, Department of Biology, Lebanese University, Campus Michel Slayman Ras Maska, 1352, Tripoli, Lebanon
| | - Herve Kovacic
- Faculté de Médecine, Université Aix-Marseille, Institut de Neuro-Physiopathologie, UMR 7051, Boulevard Pierre Dramard-CS80011, 13344, Marseille Cedex 15, France
| | - Jean-Marc Sabatier
- Faculté de Médecine, Université Aix-Marseille, Institut de Neuro-Physiopathologie, UMR 7051, Boulevard Pierre Dramard-CS80011, 13344, Marseille Cedex 15, France.
| | - Ziad Fajloun
- Faculty of Sciences 3, Department of Biology, Lebanese University, Campus Michel Slayman Ras Maska, 1352, Tripoli, Lebanon; Laboratory of Applied Biotechnology (LBA3B), Azm Center for Research in Biotechnology and its Applications, EDST, Lebanese University, 1300, Tripoli, Lebanon.
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Solana-Manrique C, Sanz FJ, Martínez-Carrión G, Paricio N. Antioxidant and Neuroprotective Effects of Carnosine: Therapeutic Implications in Neurodegenerative Diseases. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11050848. [PMID: 35624713 PMCID: PMC9137727 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11050848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Revised: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) constitute a global challenge to human health and an important social and economic burden worldwide, mainly due to their growing prevalence in an aging population and to their associated disabilities. Despite their differences at the clinical level, NDs share fundamental pathological mechanisms such as abnormal protein deposition, intracellular Ca2+ overload, mitochondrial dysfunction, redox homeostasis imbalance and neuroinflammation. Although important progress is being made in deciphering the mechanisms underlying NDs, the availability of effective therapies is still scarce. Carnosine is a natural endogenous molecule that has been extensively studied during the last years due to its promising beneficial effects for human health. It presents multimodal mechanisms of action, being able to exert antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-aggregate activities, among others. Interestingly, most NDs exhibit oxidative and nitrosative stress, protein aggregation and inflammation as molecular hallmarks. In this review, we discuss the neuroprotective functions of carnosine and its implications as a therapeutic strategy in different NDs. We summarize the existing works that study alterations in carnosine metabolism in Alzheimer’s disease and Parkinson’s disease, the two most common NDs. In addition, we review the beneficial effect that carnosine supplementation presents in models of such diseases as well as in aging-related neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Solana-Manrique
- Departamento de Genética, Facultad CC Biológicas, Universidad de Valencia, 46100 Burjassot, Spain; (C.S.-M.); (F.J.S.); (G.M.-C.)
- Instituto Universitario de Biotecnología y Biomedicina (BIOTECMED), Universidad de Valencia, 46100 Burjassot, Spain
| | - Francisco José Sanz
- Departamento de Genética, Facultad CC Biológicas, Universidad de Valencia, 46100 Burjassot, Spain; (C.S.-M.); (F.J.S.); (G.M.-C.)
- Instituto Universitario de Biotecnología y Biomedicina (BIOTECMED), Universidad de Valencia, 46100 Burjassot, Spain
| | - Guillermo Martínez-Carrión
- Departamento de Genética, Facultad CC Biológicas, Universidad de Valencia, 46100 Burjassot, Spain; (C.S.-M.); (F.J.S.); (G.M.-C.)
- Instituto Universitario de Biotecnología y Biomedicina (BIOTECMED), Universidad de Valencia, 46100 Burjassot, Spain
| | - Nuria Paricio
- Departamento de Genética, Facultad CC Biológicas, Universidad de Valencia, 46100 Burjassot, Spain; (C.S.-M.); (F.J.S.); (G.M.-C.)
- Instituto Universitario de Biotecnología y Biomedicina (BIOTECMED), Universidad de Valencia, 46100 Burjassot, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-96-354-3005; Fax: +34-96-354-3029
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Identifying critical parameters for extraction of carnosine and anserine from chicken meat with high voltage pulsed electric fields and water. INNOV FOOD SCI EMERG 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ifset.2022.102937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Łochyński D, Pawlak M, Everaert I, Podgórski T, Gartych M, Borucka AM, Celichowski J, Derave W, Kaczmarek D. Motor Unit Fatigability following Chronic Carnosine Supplementation in Aged Rats. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14030514. [PMID: 35276873 PMCID: PMC8839880 DOI: 10.3390/nu14030514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Studies suggest that carnosine (beta-alanyl-L-histidine) is effective in treating neuromuscular diseases associated with aging, but there is still a need to clarify its role in motor units (MUs) function during aging. In this study, 40 male Wistar rats aged 15 months were randomly assigned to a control or to two experimental groups in which 0.1% carnosine supplementation was performed for 10 or 34 weeks. After 34 weeks, we examined fast fatigable (FF), fast fatigue-resistant (FR) and slow (S) MUs’ force properties and fatigability, as well as antioxidant potential, advanced glycation end products, activity of enzymes, and histidyl dipeptides content in the medial gastrocnemius muscle. Short- and long-term carnosine supplementation maintained the force of FF MUs at a higher level during its rapid decline seen from the initial 10 to 70 s of the fatigue test. In FF, especially long-term, and in FR MUs, especially short-term, carnosine supplementation resulted in less rapid force decline during the initial 70 s of the second fatigue protocol. Carnosine supplementation did not change muscle antioxidant potential and mortality rate (~35% in all groups), nor muscle mass with aging. Moreover, instead of the expected increase, a decrease in histidyl dipeptides by ~30% in the red portion of medial gastrocnemius muscle after long-term supplementation was found. After chronic carnosine supplementation, the specific changes in fatigue resistance were observed in FF and FR units, but not in S MU types that were not accompanied by an improvement of antioxidant potential and activity of glycolytic or oxidative enzymes in aged rats. These observations indicate that carnosine supplementation during aging may generate different physiological adaptations which should be considered as an important factor when planning treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawid Łochyński
- Department of Neuromuscular Physiotherapy, Poznan University of Physical Education, 61-879 Poznan, Poland;
- Department of Neurobiology, Poznan University of Physical Education, 61-879 Poznan, Poland; (M.G.); (J.C.)
| | - Maciej Pawlak
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Poznan University of Physical Education, 61-879 Poznan, Poland; (M.P.); (T.P.); (A.-M.B.)
| | - Inge Everaert
- Department of Movement and Sports Sciences, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (I.E.); (W.D.)
| | - Tomasz Podgórski
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Poznan University of Physical Education, 61-879 Poznan, Poland; (M.P.); (T.P.); (A.-M.B.)
| | - Magdalena Gartych
- Department of Neurobiology, Poznan University of Physical Education, 61-879 Poznan, Poland; (M.G.); (J.C.)
| | - Anna-Maria Borucka
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Poznan University of Physical Education, 61-879 Poznan, Poland; (M.P.); (T.P.); (A.-M.B.)
| | - Jan Celichowski
- Department of Neurobiology, Poznan University of Physical Education, 61-879 Poznan, Poland; (M.G.); (J.C.)
| | - Wim Derave
- Department of Movement and Sports Sciences, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (I.E.); (W.D.)
| | - Dominik Kaczmarek
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Poznan University of Physical Education, 61-879 Poznan, Poland; (M.P.); (T.P.); (A.-M.B.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-61-835-5182
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Menon K, de Courten B, Magliano DJ, Ademi Z, Liew D, Zomer E. The Cost-Effectiveness of Supplemental Carnosine in Type 2 Diabetes. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14010215. [PMID: 35011089 PMCID: PMC8747040 DOI: 10.3390/nu14010215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
In this paper, we assess the cost-effectiveness of 1 g daily of carnosine (an over the counter supplement) in addition to standard care for the management of type 2 diabetes and compare it to standard care alone. Dynamic multistate life table models were constructed in order to estimate both clinical outcomes and costs of Australians aged 18 years and above with and without type 2 diabetes over a ten-year period, 2020 to 2029. The dynamic nature of the model allowed for population change over time (migration and deaths) and accounted for the development of new cases of diabetes. The three health states were 'Alive without type 2 diabetes', 'Alive with type 2 diabetes' and 'Dead'. Transition probabilities, costs, and utilities were obtained from published sources. The main outcome of interest was the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) in terms of cost per year of life saved (YoLS) and cost per quality-adjusted life year (QALY) gained. Over the ten-year period, the addition of carnosine to standard care treatment resulted in ICERs (discounted) of AUD 34,836 per YoLS and AUD 43,270 per QALY gained. Assuming the commonly accepted willingness to pay threshold of AUD 50,000 per QALY gained, supplemental dietary carnosine may be a cost-effective treatment option for people with type 2 diabetes in Australia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirthi Menon
- School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia; (K.M.); (Z.A.); (D.L.)
| | - Barbora de Courten
- Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3168, Australia;
| | | | - Zanfina Ademi
- School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia; (K.M.); (Z.A.); (D.L.)
| | - Danny Liew
- School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia; (K.M.); (Z.A.); (D.L.)
| | - Ella Zomer
- School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia; (K.M.); (Z.A.); (D.L.)
- Correspondence:
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Neuroprotective Potential of Carnosine in Cerebrovascular Diseases. Int J Pept Res Ther 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10989-021-10342-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Arora R, Van Theemsche KM, Van Remoortel S, Snyders DJ, Labro AJ, Timmermans JP. Constitutive, Basal, and β-Alanine-Mediated Activation of the Human Mas-Related G Protein-Coupled Receptor D Induces Release of the Inflammatory Cytokine IL-6 and Is Dependent on NF-κB Signaling. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222413254. [PMID: 34948051 PMCID: PMC8703779 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222413254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) have emerged as key players in regulating (patho)physiological processes, including inflammation. Members of the Mas-related G protein coupled receptors (MRGPRs), a subfamily of GPCRs, are largely expressed by sensory neurons and known to modulate itch and pain. Several members of MRGPRs are also expressed in mast cells, macrophages, and in cardiovascular tissue, linking them to pseudo-allergic drug reactions and suggesting a pivotal role in the cardiovascular system. However, involvement of the human Mas-related G-protein coupled receptor D (MRGPRD) in the regulation of the inflammatory mediator interleukin 6 (IL-6) has not been demonstrated to date. By stimulating human MRGPRD-expressing HeLa cells with the agonist β-alanine, we observed a release of IL-6. β-alanine-induced signaling through MRGPRD was investigated further by probing downstream signaling effectors along the Gαq/Phospholipase C (PLC) pathway, which results in an IkB kinases (IKK)-mediated canonical activation of nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB) and stimulation of IL-6 release. This IL-6 release could be blocked by a Gαq inhibitor (YM-254890), an IKK complex inhibitor (IKK-16), and partly by a PLC inhibitor (U-73122). Additionally, we investigated the constitutive (ligand-independent) and basal activity of MRGPRD and concluded that the observed basal activity of MRGPRD is dependent on the presence of fetal bovine serum (FBS) in the culture medium. Consequently, the dynamic range for IL-6 detection as an assay for β-alanine-mediated activation of MRGPRD is substantially increased by culturing the cells in FBS free medium before treatment. Overall, the observation that MRGPRD mediates the release of IL-6 in an in vitro system, hints at a role as an inflammatory mediator and supports the notion that IL-6 can be used as a marker for MRGPRD activation in an in vitro drug screening assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohit Arora
- Laboratory of Cell Biology and Histology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium; (R.A.); (S.V.R.)
- Laboratory for Molecular, Cellular and Network Excitability, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium; (K.M.V.T.); (D.J.S.)
| | - Kenny M. Van Theemsche
- Laboratory for Molecular, Cellular and Network Excitability, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium; (K.M.V.T.); (D.J.S.)
| | - Samuel Van Remoortel
- Laboratory of Cell Biology and Histology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium; (R.A.); (S.V.R.)
| | - Dirk J. Snyders
- Laboratory for Molecular, Cellular and Network Excitability, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium; (K.M.V.T.); (D.J.S.)
| | - Alain J. Labro
- Laboratory for Molecular, Cellular and Network Excitability, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium; (K.M.V.T.); (D.J.S.)
- Department of Basic and Applied Medical Sciences, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
- Correspondence: (A.J.L.); (J.-P.T.); Tel.: +32-9-3320034 (A.J.L.); +32-3-2653327 (J.-P.T.)
| | - Jean-Pierre Timmermans
- Laboratory of Cell Biology and Histology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium; (R.A.); (S.V.R.)
- Correspondence: (A.J.L.); (J.-P.T.); Tel.: +32-9-3320034 (A.J.L.); +32-3-2653327 (J.-P.T.)
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Ong SK, Husain SF, Wee HN, Ching J, Kovalik JP, Cheng MS, Schwarz H, Tang TB, Ho CS. Integration of the Cortical Haemodynamic Response Measured by Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy and Amino Acid Analysis to Aid in the Diagnosis of Major Depressive Disorder. Diagnostics (Basel) 2021; 11:diagnostics11111978. [PMID: 34829325 PMCID: PMC8617819 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics11111978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Revised: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a debilitating condition with a high disease burden and medical comorbidities. There are currently few to no validated biomarkers to guide the diagnosis and treatment of MDD. In the present study, we evaluated the differences between MDD patients and healthy controls (HCs) in terms of cortical haemodynamic responses during a verbal fluency test (VFT) using functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) and serum amino acid profiles, and ascertained if these parameters were correlated with clinical characteristics. Methods: Twenty-five (25) patients with MDD and 25 age-, gender-, and ethnicity-matched HCs were recruited for the study. Real-time monitoring of the haemodynamic response during completion of a VFT was quantified using a 52-channel NIRS system. Serum samples were analysed and quantified by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry for amino acid profiling. Receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) curves were used to classify potential candidate biomarkers. Results: The MDD patients had lower prefrontal and temporal activation during completion of the VFT than HCs. The MDD patients had lower mean concentrations of oxy-Hb in the left orbitofrontal cortex (OFC), and lower serum histidine levels. When the oxy-haemoglobin response was combined with the histidine concentration, the sensitivity and specificity of results improved significantly from 66.7% to 73.3% and from 65.0% to 90.0% respectively, as compared to results based only on the NIRS response. Conclusions: These findings demonstrate the use of combination biomarkers to aid in the diagnosis of MDD. This technique could be a useful approach to detect MDD with greater precision, but additional studies are required to validate the methodology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha K. Ong
- Department of Psychological Medicine, National University Health System, Singapore 119228, Singapore;
| | - Syeda F. Husain
- Institute for Health Innovation and Technology (iHealthtech), National University of Singapore, Singapore 119276, Singapore;
| | - Hai Ning Wee
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders Programme, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore 169609, Singapore; (H.N.W.); (J.C.); (J.-P.K.)
| | - Jianhong Ching
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders Programme, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore 169609, Singapore; (H.N.W.); (J.C.); (J.-P.K.)
| | - Jean-Paul Kovalik
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders Programme, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore 169609, Singapore; (H.N.W.); (J.C.); (J.-P.K.)
| | - Man Si Cheng
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117593, Singapore; (M.S.C.); (H.S.)
| | - Herbert Schwarz
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117593, Singapore; (M.S.C.); (H.S.)
| | - Tong Boon Tang
- Centre for Intelligent Signal and Imaging Research (CISIR), University Teknologi PETRONAS, Bandar Seri Iskandar 32610, Perak, Malaysia;
| | - Cyrus S. Ho
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119228, Singapore
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +65-67795555
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Nutraceuticals for Peripheral Vestibular Pathology: Properties, Usefulness, Future Perspectives and Medico-Legal Aspects. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13103646. [PMID: 34684646 PMCID: PMC8538675 DOI: 10.3390/nu13103646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Revised: 10/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Vestibular disorders may generate complex signs and symptoms, which may alter patients' balance and the quality of life. Dizziness and vertigo can strongly affect daily activities and relations. Despite the presence of conventional drugs, maneuvers, and surgery, another interesting therapeutic opportunity is offered by nutraceuticals. These molecules are often used in the treatment of dizziness and vertigo, but the rationale of their application is not always solidly demonstrated by the scientific evidence. Several substances have shown a variable level of efficacy/usefulness in this field, but there is lack of important evidence for most of them. From a medico-legal point of view, specific information must be provided to the patient regarding the efficacy and possibilities that the use of these preparations can allow. Administering the right nutraceutical to the proper patient is a fundamental clinical skill. Integrating conventional drug treatment with nutraceutical administration seems to be easy, but it may be difficult considering the (in part unexplored) pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of nutraceuticals. The aim of the scientific community should be to elevate nutraceuticals to the same law and technical dignity of conventional drugs.
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Stevens BR, Pepine CJ, Richards EM, Kim S, Raizada MK. Depressive hypertension: A proposed human endotype of brain/gut microbiome dysbiosis. Am Heart J 2021; 239:27-37. [PMID: 33984318 DOI: 10.1016/j.ahj.2021.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hypertension (HTN) is frequently linked with depression (DEP) in adults with cardiovascular disease (CVD), yet the underlying mechanism and successful management remain elusive. We approached this knowledge gap through the lens that humans are eukaryote-prokaryote "meta-organisms," such that cardiovascular disease dysregulation is a mosaic disorder involving dysbiosis of the gut. We hypothesized that patients diagnosed with hypertension plus depression harbor a unique gut microbial ecology with attending functional genomics engaged with their hosts' gut/brain axis physiology. METHODS Stool microbiome DNA was analyzed by whole metagenome shotgun sequencing in 54 subjects parsed into cohorts diagnosed with HTN only (N = 18), DEP only (N = 7), DEP plus HTN (DEP-HTN) (N = 8), or reference subjects with neither HTN nor DEP (N = 21). A novel battery of machine-learning multivariate analyses of de-noised data yielded effect sizes and permutational covariance-based dissimilarities that significantly differentiated the cohorts (false discovery rate (FDR)-adjusted P ≤ .05); data clustering within 95% confidence interval). RESULTS Metagenomic significant differences extricated the four cohorts. Data of the cohort exhibiting DEP-HTN were germane to the interplay of central control of blood pressure concomitant with the neuropathology of depressive disorders. DEP-HTN gut bacterial community ecology was defined by co-occurrence of Eubacterium siraeum, Alistipes obesi, Holdemania filiformis, and Lachnospiraceae bacterium 1.1.57FAA with Streptococcus salivariu. The corresponding microbial functional genomics of DEP-HTN engaged pathways degrading GABA and beneficial short chain fatty acids (SCFA), and are associated with enhanced sodium absorption and inflammasome induction. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest a new putative endotype of hypertension, which we denote "depressive-hypertension" (DEP-HTN), for which we posit a model that is distinctive from either HTN alone or DEP alone. An "endotype" is a subtype of a heterogeneous pathophysiological mechanism. The DEP-HTN model incorporates a unique signature of microbial taxa and functional genomics with crosstalk that putatively intertwines host pathophysiology involving the gastrointestinal tract with disruptions in central control of blood pressure and mood. The DEP-HTN endotype model engages cardiology with gastroenterology and psychiatry, providing a proof-of-concept foundation to explore future treatments, diagnosis, and prevention of HTN-coupled mood disorders.
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Qi B, Wang J, Hu M, Ma Y, Wu S, Qi G, Qiu K, Zhang H. Influences of Beta-Alanine and l-Histidine Supplementation on Growth Performance, Meat Quality, Carnosine Content, and mRNA Expression of Carnosine-Related Enzymes in Broilers. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11082265. [PMID: 34438723 PMCID: PMC8388462 DOI: 10.3390/ani11082265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary In recent years, much attention has been paid to developing functional meat, which contains more functional peptides to impart health benefits. Poultry meat is a good source of imidazole dipeptides (carnosine and its derivative anserine), which are active endogenous constituents and may convey versatile physiological functions to promote health conditions. Carnosine is synthesized from l-histidine and beta-alanine. Dietary addition of histidine and/or beta-alanine may elevate the carnosine content in broiler meat. The current study further investigated the interaction of l-histidine and beta-alanine supplementation on carnosine content, meat quality, and gene expression of carnosine-related enzymes in broilers, which can facilitate a better understanding of the relationship between l-histidine and beta-alanine in carnosine synthesis. Abstract The current study investigated the effect of dietary l-histidine and beta-alanine supplementation on growth performance, meat quality, carnosine content, and gene expression of carnosine-related enzymes in broilers. A two-factor design was adopted in this study. A total of 640 1-day-old male broilers were assigned to eight treatments with factorial arrangement containing four levels of l-histidine (0, 650, 1300, or 1950 mg/kg) and two levels of beta-alanine (0 or 1200 mg/kg) supplementation; 0 mg/kg histidine and/or 0 mg/kg were treated as control groups. Each treatment including eight replicates with 10 birds each and the feeding trial lasted for 42 days. Dietary supplementation with l-histidine and beta-alanine did not affect average daily gain (ADG), average daily feed intake (ADFI), and feed conversion ratio (FCR) of broilers during the grower (22–42 days) and the entire phase (1–42 days), compared with the control group (p > 0.05). The only exception was a significantly reduced ADG in the 1950 mg/kg l-histidine group in the starter period (1–21 days, p < 0.05). l-Histidine at 1950 mg/kg significantly decreased redness (a*) and yellowness (b*) values of the meat at 45 min postmortem (p < 0.05), whereas it increased b* value and pH in breast muscle at 24 h postmortem. Moreover, dietary supplementation with beta-alanine alone or combination with l-histidine significantly increased ΔpH in breast muscle (p < 0.01). Dietary l-histidine markedly increased total superoxide dismutase activity and total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) both in breast muscle (p < 0.01) and in plasma (p < 0.01), and it decreased malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration in breast muscle (p < 0.01). Dietary addition of beta-alanine, alone or combination, significantly increased T-AOC in breast muscle (p < 0.01) and markedly decreased MDA content both in breast muscle and in plasma (p < 0.01). Addition of l-histidine and beta-alanine significantly increased muscle peptide (carnosine and anserine) content (p < 0.05) and upregulated the expression of carnosine synthase, transporter of carnosine/ l-histidine, and l-histidine decarboxylase genes (p < 0.05), with greater change occurring in the combination group of 1300 mg/kg l-histidine and 1200 mg/kg beta-alanine. Overall, dietary l-histidine and beta-alanine could improve meat quality and antioxidant capacity, enhance the carnosine and anserine content, and upregulate the gene expression of carnosine synthesis-related enzymes in broilers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Qi
- Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, National Engineering Research Center of Biological Feed, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; (B.Q.); (J.W.); (M.H.); (Y.M.); (S.W.); (G.Q.); (K.Q.)
- College of Health and Biomedicine, Victoria University, Footscray, Victoria 3011, Australia
| | - Jing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, National Engineering Research Center of Biological Feed, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; (B.Q.); (J.W.); (M.H.); (Y.M.); (S.W.); (G.Q.); (K.Q.)
| | - Meng Hu
- Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, National Engineering Research Center of Biological Feed, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; (B.Q.); (J.W.); (M.H.); (Y.M.); (S.W.); (G.Q.); (K.Q.)
| | - Youbiao Ma
- Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, National Engineering Research Center of Biological Feed, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; (B.Q.); (J.W.); (M.H.); (Y.M.); (S.W.); (G.Q.); (K.Q.)
| | - Shugeng Wu
- Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, National Engineering Research Center of Biological Feed, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; (B.Q.); (J.W.); (M.H.); (Y.M.); (S.W.); (G.Q.); (K.Q.)
| | - Guanghai Qi
- Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, National Engineering Research Center of Biological Feed, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; (B.Q.); (J.W.); (M.H.); (Y.M.); (S.W.); (G.Q.); (K.Q.)
| | - Kai Qiu
- Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, National Engineering Research Center of Biological Feed, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; (B.Q.); (J.W.); (M.H.); (Y.M.); (S.W.); (G.Q.); (K.Q.)
| | - Haijun Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, National Engineering Research Center of Biological Feed, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; (B.Q.); (J.W.); (M.H.); (Y.M.); (S.W.); (G.Q.); (K.Q.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-138-1136-4279
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Grasso M, Caruso G, Godos J, Bonaccorso A, Carbone C, Castellano S, Currenti W, Grosso G, Musumeci T, Caraci F. Improving Cognition with Nutraceuticals Targeting TGF-β1 Signaling. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:1075. [PMID: 34356309 PMCID: PMC8301008 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10071075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Revised: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Rescue of cognitive function represents an unmet need in the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's disease (AD). Nutraceuticals deliver a concentrated form of a presumed bioactive(s) agent(s) that can improve cognitive function alone or in combination with current approved drugs for the treatment of cognitive disorders. Nutraceuticals include different natural compounds such as flavonoids and their subclasses (flavan-3-ols, catechins, anthocyanins, and flavonols), omega-3, and carnosine that can improve synaptic plasticity and rescue cognitive deficits through multiple molecular mechanisms. A deficit of transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) pathway is an early event in the pathophysiology of cognitive impairment in different neuropsychiatric disorders, from depression to AD. In the present review, we provide evidence that different nutraceuticals, such as Hypericum perforatum (hypericin and hyperforin), flavonoids such as hesperidin, omega-3, and carnosine, can target TGF-β1 signaling and increase TGF-β1 production in the central nervous system as well as cognitive function. The bioavailability of these nutraceuticals, in particular carnosine, can be significantly improved with novel formulations (nanoparticulate systems, nanoliposomes) that increase the efficacy and stability of this peptide. Overall, these studies suggest that the synergism between nutraceuticals targeting the TGF-β1 pathway and current approved drugs might represent a novel pharmacological approach for reverting cognitive deficits in AD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margherita Grasso
- Department of Drug and Health Sciences, University of Catania, 95125 Catania, Italy; (M.G.); (G.C.); (A.B.); (C.C.); (T.M.); (F.C.)
- Oasi Research Institute—IRCCS, 94018 Troina, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Caruso
- Department of Drug and Health Sciences, University of Catania, 95125 Catania, Italy; (M.G.); (G.C.); (A.B.); (C.C.); (T.M.); (F.C.)
| | - Justyna Godos
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy; (J.G.); (W.C.)
| | - Angela Bonaccorso
- Department of Drug and Health Sciences, University of Catania, 95125 Catania, Italy; (M.G.); (G.C.); (A.B.); (C.C.); (T.M.); (F.C.)
| | - Claudia Carbone
- Department of Drug and Health Sciences, University of Catania, 95125 Catania, Italy; (M.G.); (G.C.); (A.B.); (C.C.); (T.M.); (F.C.)
| | - Sabrina Castellano
- Department of Educational Sciences, University of Catania, 95124 Catania, Italy;
| | - Walter Currenti
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy; (J.G.); (W.C.)
| | - Giuseppe Grosso
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy; (J.G.); (W.C.)
| | - Teresa Musumeci
- Department of Drug and Health Sciences, University of Catania, 95125 Catania, Italy; (M.G.); (G.C.); (A.B.); (C.C.); (T.M.); (F.C.)
| | - Filippo Caraci
- Department of Drug and Health Sciences, University of Catania, 95125 Catania, Italy; (M.G.); (G.C.); (A.B.); (C.C.); (T.M.); (F.C.)
- Oasi Research Institute—IRCCS, 94018 Troina, Italy
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Jukić I, Kolobarić N, Stupin A, Matić A, Kozina N, Mihaljević Z, Mihalj M, Šušnjara P, Stupin M, Ćurić ŽB, Selthofer-Relatić K, Kibel A, Lukinac A, Kolar L, Kralik G, Kralik Z, Széchenyi A, Jozanović M, Galović O, Medvidović-Kosanović M, Drenjančević I. Carnosine, Small but Mighty-Prospect of Use as Functional Ingredient for Functional Food Formulation. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:1037. [PMID: 34203479 PMCID: PMC8300828 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10071037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Carnosine is a dipeptide synthesized in the body from β-alanine and L-histidine. It is found in high concentrations in the brain, muscle, and gastrointestinal tissues of humans and is present in all vertebrates. Carnosine has a number of beneficial antioxidant properties. For example, carnosine scavenges reactive oxygen species (ROS) as well as alpha-beta unsaturated aldehydes created by peroxidation of fatty acid cell membranes during oxidative stress. Carnosine can oppose glycation, and it can chelate divalent metal ions. Carnosine alleviates diabetic nephropathy by protecting podocyte and mesangial cells, and can slow down aging. Its component, the amino acid beta-alanine, is particularly interesting as a dietary supplement for athletes because it increases muscle carnosine, and improves effectiveness of exercise and stimulation and contraction in muscles. Carnosine is widely used among athletes in the form of supplements, but rarely in the population of cardiovascular or diabetic patients. Much less is known, if any, about its potential use in enriched food. In the present review, we aimed to provide recent knowledge on carnosine properties and distribution, its metabolism (synthesis and degradation), and analytical methods for carnosine determination, since one of the difficulties is the measurement of carnosine concentration in human samples. Furthermore, the potential mechanisms of carnosine's biological effects in musculature, metabolism and on immunomodulation are discussed. Finally, this review provides a section on carnosine supplementation in the form of functional food and potential health benefits and up to the present, neglected clinical use of carnosine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivana Jukić
- Department of Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, J. Huttlera 4, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia; (I.J.); (N.K.); (A.S.); (A.M.); (N.K.); (Z.M.); (M.M.); (P.Š.); (M.S.); (A.K.)
- Scientific Center of Excellence for Personalized Health Care, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Trg Svetog Trojstva 3, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia; (Ž.B.Ć.); (K.S.-R.); (A.L.); (L.K.); (G.K.); (Z.K.); (A.S.); (M.J.); (O.G.); (M.M.-K.)
| | - Nikolina Kolobarić
- Department of Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, J. Huttlera 4, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia; (I.J.); (N.K.); (A.S.); (A.M.); (N.K.); (Z.M.); (M.M.); (P.Š.); (M.S.); (A.K.)
- Scientific Center of Excellence for Personalized Health Care, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Trg Svetog Trojstva 3, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia; (Ž.B.Ć.); (K.S.-R.); (A.L.); (L.K.); (G.K.); (Z.K.); (A.S.); (M.J.); (O.G.); (M.M.-K.)
| | - Ana Stupin
- Department of Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, J. Huttlera 4, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia; (I.J.); (N.K.); (A.S.); (A.M.); (N.K.); (Z.M.); (M.M.); (P.Š.); (M.S.); (A.K.)
- Scientific Center of Excellence for Personalized Health Care, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Trg Svetog Trojstva 3, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia; (Ž.B.Ć.); (K.S.-R.); (A.L.); (L.K.); (G.K.); (Z.K.); (A.S.); (M.J.); (O.G.); (M.M.-K.)
- Department of Pathophysiology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Dental Medicine and Health, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Cara Hadrijana 10E, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia
| | - Anita Matić
- Department of Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, J. Huttlera 4, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia; (I.J.); (N.K.); (A.S.); (A.M.); (N.K.); (Z.M.); (M.M.); (P.Š.); (M.S.); (A.K.)
- Scientific Center of Excellence for Personalized Health Care, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Trg Svetog Trojstva 3, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia; (Ž.B.Ć.); (K.S.-R.); (A.L.); (L.K.); (G.K.); (Z.K.); (A.S.); (M.J.); (O.G.); (M.M.-K.)
| | - Nataša Kozina
- Department of Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, J. Huttlera 4, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia; (I.J.); (N.K.); (A.S.); (A.M.); (N.K.); (Z.M.); (M.M.); (P.Š.); (M.S.); (A.K.)
- Scientific Center of Excellence for Personalized Health Care, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Trg Svetog Trojstva 3, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia; (Ž.B.Ć.); (K.S.-R.); (A.L.); (L.K.); (G.K.); (Z.K.); (A.S.); (M.J.); (O.G.); (M.M.-K.)
| | - Zrinka Mihaljević
- Department of Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, J. Huttlera 4, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia; (I.J.); (N.K.); (A.S.); (A.M.); (N.K.); (Z.M.); (M.M.); (P.Š.); (M.S.); (A.K.)
- Scientific Center of Excellence for Personalized Health Care, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Trg Svetog Trojstva 3, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia; (Ž.B.Ć.); (K.S.-R.); (A.L.); (L.K.); (G.K.); (Z.K.); (A.S.); (M.J.); (O.G.); (M.M.-K.)
| | - Martina Mihalj
- Department of Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, J. Huttlera 4, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia; (I.J.); (N.K.); (A.S.); (A.M.); (N.K.); (Z.M.); (M.M.); (P.Š.); (M.S.); (A.K.)
- Scientific Center of Excellence for Personalized Health Care, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Trg Svetog Trojstva 3, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia; (Ž.B.Ć.); (K.S.-R.); (A.L.); (L.K.); (G.K.); (Z.K.); (A.S.); (M.J.); (O.G.); (M.M.-K.)
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, University Hospital Osijek, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia
| | - Petar Šušnjara
- Department of Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, J. Huttlera 4, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia; (I.J.); (N.K.); (A.S.); (A.M.); (N.K.); (Z.M.); (M.M.); (P.Š.); (M.S.); (A.K.)
- Scientific Center of Excellence for Personalized Health Care, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Trg Svetog Trojstva 3, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia; (Ž.B.Ć.); (K.S.-R.); (A.L.); (L.K.); (G.K.); (Z.K.); (A.S.); (M.J.); (O.G.); (M.M.-K.)
| | - Marko Stupin
- Department of Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, J. Huttlera 4, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia; (I.J.); (N.K.); (A.S.); (A.M.); (N.K.); (Z.M.); (M.M.); (P.Š.); (M.S.); (A.K.)
- Scientific Center of Excellence for Personalized Health Care, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Trg Svetog Trojstva 3, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia; (Ž.B.Ć.); (K.S.-R.); (A.L.); (L.K.); (G.K.); (Z.K.); (A.S.); (M.J.); (O.G.); (M.M.-K.)
- Department for Cardiovascular Disease, University Hospital Osijek, J. Huttlera 4, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia
| | - Željka Breškić Ćurić
- Scientific Center of Excellence for Personalized Health Care, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Trg Svetog Trojstva 3, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia; (Ž.B.Ć.); (K.S.-R.); (A.L.); (L.K.); (G.K.); (Z.K.); (A.S.); (M.J.); (O.G.); (M.M.-K.)
- Department of Internal Medicine, General Hospital Vinkovci, Zvonarska 57, HR-32100 Vinkovci, Croatia
| | - Kristina Selthofer-Relatić
- Scientific Center of Excellence for Personalized Health Care, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Trg Svetog Trojstva 3, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia; (Ž.B.Ć.); (K.S.-R.); (A.L.); (L.K.); (G.K.); (Z.K.); (A.S.); (M.J.); (O.G.); (M.M.-K.)
- Department for Cardiovascular Disease, University Hospital Osijek, J. Huttlera 4, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia
- Department for Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, J. Huttlera 4, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia
| | - Aleksandar Kibel
- Department of Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, J. Huttlera 4, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia; (I.J.); (N.K.); (A.S.); (A.M.); (N.K.); (Z.M.); (M.M.); (P.Š.); (M.S.); (A.K.)
- Scientific Center of Excellence for Personalized Health Care, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Trg Svetog Trojstva 3, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia; (Ž.B.Ć.); (K.S.-R.); (A.L.); (L.K.); (G.K.); (Z.K.); (A.S.); (M.J.); (O.G.); (M.M.-K.)
- Department for Cardiovascular Disease, University Hospital Osijek, J. Huttlera 4, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia
| | - Anamarija Lukinac
- Scientific Center of Excellence for Personalized Health Care, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Trg Svetog Trojstva 3, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia; (Ž.B.Ć.); (K.S.-R.); (A.L.); (L.K.); (G.K.); (Z.K.); (A.S.); (M.J.); (O.G.); (M.M.-K.)
- Department of Rheumatology, Clinical Immunology and Allergology, Clinical Hospital Center Osijek, J. Huttlera 4, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia
| | - Luka Kolar
- Scientific Center of Excellence for Personalized Health Care, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Trg Svetog Trojstva 3, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia; (Ž.B.Ć.); (K.S.-R.); (A.L.); (L.K.); (G.K.); (Z.K.); (A.S.); (M.J.); (O.G.); (M.M.-K.)
- Department of Internal Medicine, Vukovar General Hospital, HR-32000 Vukovar, Croatia
| | - Gordana Kralik
- Scientific Center of Excellence for Personalized Health Care, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Trg Svetog Trojstva 3, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia; (Ž.B.Ć.); (K.S.-R.); (A.L.); (L.K.); (G.K.); (Z.K.); (A.S.); (M.J.); (O.G.); (M.M.-K.)
- Nutricin j.d.o.o. Darda, HR-31326 Darda, Croatia
| | - Zlata Kralik
- Scientific Center of Excellence for Personalized Health Care, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Trg Svetog Trojstva 3, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia; (Ž.B.Ć.); (K.S.-R.); (A.L.); (L.K.); (G.K.); (Z.K.); (A.S.); (M.J.); (O.G.); (M.M.-K.)
- Department of Animal Production and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agrobiotechnical Sciences, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Vladimira Preloga 1, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia
| | - Aleksandar Széchenyi
- Scientific Center of Excellence for Personalized Health Care, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Trg Svetog Trojstva 3, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia; (Ž.B.Ć.); (K.S.-R.); (A.L.); (L.K.); (G.K.); (Z.K.); (A.S.); (M.J.); (O.G.); (M.M.-K.)
- Department of Chemistry, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Cara Hadrijana 8/A, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia
| | - Marija Jozanović
- Scientific Center of Excellence for Personalized Health Care, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Trg Svetog Trojstva 3, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia; (Ž.B.Ć.); (K.S.-R.); (A.L.); (L.K.); (G.K.); (Z.K.); (A.S.); (M.J.); (O.G.); (M.M.-K.)
- Department of Chemistry, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Cara Hadrijana 8/A, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia
| | - Olivera Galović
- Scientific Center of Excellence for Personalized Health Care, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Trg Svetog Trojstva 3, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia; (Ž.B.Ć.); (K.S.-R.); (A.L.); (L.K.); (G.K.); (Z.K.); (A.S.); (M.J.); (O.G.); (M.M.-K.)
- Department of Chemistry, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Cara Hadrijana 8/A, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia
| | - Martina Medvidović-Kosanović
- Scientific Center of Excellence for Personalized Health Care, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Trg Svetog Trojstva 3, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia; (Ž.B.Ć.); (K.S.-R.); (A.L.); (L.K.); (G.K.); (Z.K.); (A.S.); (M.J.); (O.G.); (M.M.-K.)
- Department of Chemistry, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Cara Hadrijana 8/A, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia
| | - Ines Drenjančević
- Department of Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, J. Huttlera 4, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia; (I.J.); (N.K.); (A.S.); (A.M.); (N.K.); (Z.M.); (M.M.); (P.Š.); (M.S.); (A.K.)
- Scientific Center of Excellence for Personalized Health Care, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Trg Svetog Trojstva 3, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia; (Ž.B.Ć.); (K.S.-R.); (A.L.); (L.K.); (G.K.); (Z.K.); (A.S.); (M.J.); (O.G.); (M.M.-K.)
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Chatterjee S, Bose D, Seth R. Host gut microbiome and potential therapeutics in Gulf War Illness: A short review. Life Sci 2021; 280:119717. [PMID: 34139232 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2021.119717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Revised: 05/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Since our troops had returned from the first Persian Gulf War in 1990-91, the veterans have reported chronic multisymptomatic illness widely referred to as Gulf War Illness (GWI). We aim to review the current directions of GWI pathology research in the context of chronic multisymptomatic illness and its possible gut microbiome targeted therapies. The veterans of Gulf War show symptoms of chronic fatigue, cognitive deficits, and a subsection report of gastrointestinal complications. METHOD Efforts of finding a suitable treatment regimen and clinical management remain a challenge. More recently, we have shown that the pathology is connected to alterations in the gut microbiome, and efforts of finding a suitable regimen for gut-directed therapeutics are underway. We discuss the various clinical interventions and summarize the possible effectiveness of gut-directed therapies such as the use of short-chain fatty acids (SCFA), phenolic compounds, and their metabolites, use of probiotics, and fecal microbiota transfer. SIGNIFICANCE The short review will be helpful to GWI researchers to expand their studies to the gut and find an effective treatment strategy for chronic multisymptomatic illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saurabh Chatterjee
- Environmental Health and Disease Laboratory, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA; Columbia VA Medical Center, Columbia, SC 29205, USA.
| | - Dipro Bose
- Environmental Health and Disease Laboratory, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA; Columbia VA Medical Center, Columbia, SC 29205, USA
| | - Ratanesh Seth
- Environmental Health and Disease Laboratory, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA; Columbia VA Medical Center, Columbia, SC 29205, USA
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Menon K, Cameron JD, de Courten M, de Courten B. Use of carnosine in the prevention of cardiometabolic risk factors in overweight and obese individuals: study protocol for a randomised, double-blind placebo-controlled trial. BMJ Open 2021; 11:e043680. [PMID: 33986049 PMCID: PMC8126302 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2020-043680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Carnosine, an over the counter food supplement, has been shown to improve glucose metabolism as well as cardiovascular risk factors in animal and human studies through its anti-inflammatory, antioxidative, antiglycating and chelating properties. The aim of this study is to establish if carnosine supplementation improves obesity, insulin sensitivity, insulin secretion, cardiovascular risk factors including arterial stiffness and endothelial function, and other risk factors related to diabetes and cardiovascular disease in the overweight and obese population. METHODS AND ANALYSIS Fifty participants will be recruited to be enrolled in a double-blind randomised controlled trial. Eligible participants with a body mass index (BMI) between 25 and 40 kg/m2 will be randomly assigned to the intervention or placebo group. Following a medical review and oral glucose tolerance test to check eligibility, participants will then undergo testing. At baseline, participants will have anthropometric measurements (BMI, dual X-ray absorptiometry and peripheral quantitative CT scan), measurements of glucose metabolism (oral glucose tolerance test, intravenous glucose tolerance test and euglycaemic hyperinsulinaemic clamp), cardiovascular measurements (central blood pressure, endothelial function and arterial stiffness), a muscle and fat biopsy, physical activity measurement, liver fibroscan, cognitive function and questionnaires to assess dietary habits, sleep quality, depression, and quality of life. Following baseline assessments, participants will be randomised to either 2 g carnosine or placebo for 15 weeks. In the 15th week, all assessments will be repeated. The preplanned outcome metric is the change between baseline and follow-up measures. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION This study is approved by the Human Research Ethics Committee of Monash Health and Monash University, Australia. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER NCT02686996.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirthi Menon
- School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - James D Cameron
- MonashHeart and Monash Cardiovascular Research Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- School of Clinical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Maximilian de Courten
- School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Mitchell Institute, Victoria University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Barbora de Courten
- School of Clinical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Feehan J, de Courten M, Apostolopoulos V, de Courten B. Nutritional Interventions for COVID-19: A Role for Carnosine? Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13051463. [PMID: 33925783 PMCID: PMC8146193 DOI: 10.3390/nu13051463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Revised: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
As COVID-19 continues to take an enormous toll on global health, the effort to find effective preventive and treatment strategies has been unparalleled in recent history [...].
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack Feehan
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC 3011, Australia;
- Department of Medicine—Western Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3021, Australia
| | - Maximilian de Courten
- Mitchell Institute for Education and Health Policy, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC 3011, Australia;
| | - Vasso Apostolopoulos
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC 3011, Australia;
- Correspondence: (V.A.); (B.d.C.)
| | - Barbora de Courten
- Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia
- Correspondence: (V.A.); (B.d.C.)
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The Therapeutic Potential of Carnosine/Anserine Supplementation against Cognitive Decline: A Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9030253. [PMID: 33806459 PMCID: PMC7998783 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9030253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Revised: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 02/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Carnosine is a natural occurring endogenous dipeptide that was proposed as an anti-aging agent more than 20 years ago. Carnosine can be found at low millimolar concentrations at brain level and different preclinical studies have demonstrated its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-aggregation activity with neuroprotective effects in animal models of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). A selective deficit of carnosine has also been linked to cognitive decline in AD. Different clinical studies have been conducted to evaluate the impact of carnosine supplementation against cognitive decline in elderly and AD subjects. We conducted a systematic review with meta-analysis, in accordance with the PRISMA guidelines coupled to the PICOS approach, to investigate the therapeutic potential of carnosine against cognitive decline and depressive symptoms in elderly subjects. We found five studies matching the selection criteria. Carnosine/anserine was administered for 12 weeks at a dose of 1 g/day and improved global cognitive function, whereas no effects were detected on depressive symptoms. These data suggest a preliminary evidence of clinical efficacy of carnosine against cognitive decline both in elderly subjects and mild cognitive impairment (MCI) patients, although larger and long-term clinical studies are needed in MCI patients (with or without depression) to confirm the therapeutic potential of carnosine.
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Masuoka N, Lei C, Li H, Hisatsune T. Influence of Imidazole-Dipeptides on Cognitive Status and Preservation in Elders: A Narrative Review. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13020397. [PMID: 33513893 PMCID: PMC7912684 DOI: 10.3390/nu13020397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The worldwide increase in the number of patients with dementia is becoming a growing problem, while Alzheimer’s disease (AD), a primary neurodegenerative disorder, accounts for more than 70% of all dementia cases. Research on the prevention or reduction of AD occurrence through food ingredients has been widely conducted. In particular, histidine-containing dipeptides, also known as imidazole dipeptides derived from meat, have received much attention. Imidazole dipeptides are abundant in meats such as poultry, fish, and pork. As evidenced by data from recent human intervention trials conducted worldwide, daily supplementation of carnosine and anserine, which are both imidazole dipeptides, can improve memory loss in the elderly and reduce the risk of developing AD. This article also summarizes the latest researches on the biochemical properties of imidazole dipeptides and their effects on animal models associated with age-related cognitive decline. In this review, we focus on the results of human intervention studies using supplements of poultry-derived imidazole dipeptides, including anserine and carnosine, affecting the preservation of cognitive function in the elderly, and discuss how imidazole dipeptides act in the brain to prevent age-related cognitive decline and the onset of dementia.
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Bellia F, Grasso GI, Ahmed IMM, Oliveri V, Vecchio G. Carnoquinolines Target Copper Dyshomeostasis, Aberrant Protein-Protein Interactions, and Oxidative Stress. Chemistry 2020; 26:16690-16705. [PMID: 32627921 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202001591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Metal dysregulation, oxidative stress, protein modification, and aggregation are factors strictly interrelated and associated with neurodegenerative pathologies. As such, all of these aspects represent valid targets to counteract neurodegeneration and, therefore, the development of metal-binding compounds with other properties to combat multifactorial disorders is definitely on the rise. Herein, the synthesis and in-depth analysis of the first hybrids of carnosine and 8-hydroxyquinoline, carnoquinolines (CarHQs), which combine the properties of the dipeptide with those of 8-hydroxyquinoline, are reported. CarHQs and their copper complexes were characterized through several techniques, such as ESI-MS and NMR, UV/Vis, and circular dichroism spectroscopy. CarHQs can modulate self- and copper-induced amyloid-β aggregation. These hybrids combine the antioxidant activity of their parent compounds. Therefore, they can simultaneously scavenge free radicals and reactive carbonyl species, thanks to the phenolic group and imidazole ring. These results indicate that CarHQs are promising multifunctional candidates for neurodegenerative disorders and they are worthy of further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Bellia
- Istituto di Cristallografia, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, P. Gaifami 18, 95126, Catania, Italy
| | - Giuseppa Ida Grasso
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli Studi di Catania, Viale A. Doria 6, 95125, Catania, Italy
| | | | - Valentina Oliveri
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli Studi di Catania, Viale A. Doria 6, 95125, Catania, Italy
| | - Graziella Vecchio
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli Studi di Catania, Viale A. Doria 6, 95125, Catania, Italy
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Aldini G, de Courten B, Regazzoni L, Gilardoni E, Ferrario G, Baron G, Altomare A, D’Amato A, Vistoli G, Carini M. Understanding the antioxidant and carbonyl sequestering activity of carnosine: direct and indirect mechanisms. Free Radic Res 2020; 55:321-330. [DOI: 10.1080/10715762.2020.1856830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Giancarlo Aldini
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Barbora de Courten
- Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Luca Regazzoni
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Ettore Gilardoni
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Giulio Ferrario
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Giovanna Baron
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Alfonsina D’Amato
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Giulio Vistoli
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Marina Carini
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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