Characteristics and Glucose Uptake Promoting Effect of Chrysin-Loaded Phytosomes Prepared with Different Phospholipid Matrices

Pulmonary delivery of icariin-phospholipid complex prolongs lung retention and improves therapeutic efficacy in mice with acute lung injury/ARDS

Icariin has been shown the promising therapeutic potential to treat inflammatory airway diseases, yet its poor lung distribution and retention restrict the clinical applications. To this end, this work aimed to prepare an icariin-phospholipid complex (IPC) formulation for sustained nebulization delivery that enabled excellent inhalability, improved lung exposure and prolonged duration of action. Icariin was found to react with soybean phospholipid to form supramolecular IPC, which was able to self-assemble into nanoparticle suspension. The suspension was stable during steam sterilization and nebulization processes, and its aerosols generated by a commercial nebulizer exhibited excellent aerodynamic properties and delivery efficiency. In vitro studies showed that the formation of complex sustained drug release, enhanced lung affinity and slowed lung clearance. The drug distribution in lung epithelial lining fluid (ELF) also demonstrated in vivo sustained release after intratracheal administration to mice. In addition, compared to free icariin, IPC improved the drug exposure to lung tissues and immune cells in the ELF by 4.61-fold and 39.5-fold, respectively. This resulted in improved and prolonged local anti-inflammatory effects up to 24 h in mice with lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced acute lung injury. Moreover, IPC improved survival rate of mice with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Overall, the present phospholipid complex represented a promising formulation of icariin for the treatment of acute lung injury/ARDS by nebulization delivery.

Encapsulation of chrysin and rutin using self-assembled nanoparticles of debranched quinoa, maize, and waxy maize starches

Chrysin and rutin are natural polyphenols with multifaceted biological activities but their applications face challenges in bioavailability. Encapsulation using starch nanoparticles (SNPs) presents a promising approach to overcome the limitations. In this study, chrysin and rutin were encapsulated into self-assembled SNPs derived from quinoa (Q), maize (M), and waxy maize (WM) starches using enzyme-hydrolysis. Encapsulation efficiencies ranged from 74.3 % to 79.1 %, with QSNPs showing superior performance. Simulated in vitro digestion revealed sustained release and higher antioxidant activity in QSNPs compared to MSNPs and WMSNPs. Variations in encapsulation properties among SNPs from different sources were attributed to the differences in the structural properties of the starches. The encapsulated SNPs exhibited excellent stability, retaining over 90 % of chrysin and 85 % of rutin after 15 days of storage. These findings underscore the potential of SNP encapsulation to enhance the functionalities of chrysin and rutin, facilitating the development of fortified functional foods with enhanced bioavailability and health benefits.

Self-Nanoemulsion Intrigues the Gold Phytopharmaceutical Chrysin: In Vitro Assessment and Intrinsic Analgesic Effect

Chrysin is a natural flavonoid with a wide range of bioactivities. Only a few investigations have assessed the analgesic activity of chrysin. The lipophilicity of chrysin reduces its aqueous solubility and bioavailability. Hence, self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery systems (SNEDDS) were designed to overcome this problem. Kollisolv GTA, Tween 80, and Transcutol HP were selected as oil, surfactant, and cosurfactant, respectively. SNEDDS A, B, and C were prepared, loaded with chrysin (0.1%w/w), and extensively evaluated. The optimized formula (B) encompasses 25% Kollisolv GTA, 18.75% Tween 80, and 56.25% Transcutol HP was further assessed. TEM, in vitro release, and biocompatibility towards the normal oral epithelial cell line (OEC) were estimated. Brain targeting and acetic acid-induced writhing in a mouse model were studied. After testing several adsorbents, powdered SNEDDS B was formulated and evaluated. The surfactant/cosurfactant (S/CoS) ratio of 1:3 w/w was appropriate for the preparation of SNEDDS. Formula B exhibited instant self-emulsification, spherical nanoscaled droplets of 155.4 ± 32.02 nm, and a zeta potential of - 12.5 ± 3.40 mV. The in vitro release proved the superiority of formula B over chrysin suspension (56.16 ± 10.23 and 9.26 ± 1.67%, respectively). The biocompatibility of formula B towards OEC was duplicated (5.69 ± 0.03 µg/mL). The nociceptive pain was mitigated by formula B more efficiently than chrysin suspension as the writhing numbers reduced from 8.33 ± 0.96 to 0 after 60 min of oral administration. Aerosil R972 was selected as an adsorbent, and its chemical compatibility was confirmed. In conclusion, our findings prove the therapeutic efficacy of chrysin self-nanoemulsion as a potential targeting platform to combat pain.

Advances in Nanoarchitectonics: A Review of "Static" and "Dynamic" Particle Assembly Methods

Particle assembly is a promising technique to create functional materials and devices from nanoscale building blocks. However, the control of particle arrangement and orientation is challenging and requires careful design of the assembly methods and conditions. In this study, the static and dynamic methods of particle assembly are reviewed, focusing on their applications in biomaterial sciences. Static methods rely on the equilibrium interactions between particles and substrates, such as electrostatic, magnetic, or capillary forces. Dynamic methods can be associated with the application of external stimuli, such as electric fields, magnetic fields, light, or sound, to manipulate the particles in a non-equilibrium state. This study discusses the advantages and limitations of such methods as well as nanoarchitectonic principles that guide the formation of desired structures and functions. It also highlights some examples of biomaterials and devices that have been fabricated by particle assembly, such as biosensors, drug delivery systems, tissue engineering scaffolds, and artificial organs. It concludes by outlining the future challenges and opportunities of particle assembly for biomaterial sciences. This review stands as a crucial guide for scholars and professionals in the field, fostering further investigation and innovation. It also highlights the necessity for continuous research to refine these methodologies and devise more efficient techniques for nanomaterial synthesis. The potential ramifications on healthcare and technology are substantial, with implications for drug delivery systems, diagnostic tools, disease treatments, energy storage, environmental science, and electronics.

Crocin-Phospholipid Complex: Molecular Docking, Molecular Dynamics Simulation, Preparation, Characterization, and Antioxidant Activity

Background

Crocin is a water-soluble carotenoid compound present in saffron (Crocus sativus L.), known for its wide range of pharmacological activities, including cardioprotective, hepatoprotective, anti-tumorigenic, anti-atherosclerosis, and anti-inflammatory effects.

Objectives

The instability of crocin, its low miscibility with oils, and poor bioavailability pose challenges for its pharmaceutical applications. This study aimed to design and prepare a crocin-phospholipid complex (CPC) and assess its physicochemical properties.

Methods

The study investigated the formation of the complex and its binding affinity through molecular docking. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations were conducted to find the optimal molar ratio of crocin to phospholipid for the complex's preparation. The CPC was produced using the solvent evaporation method. Techniques such as X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), and solubility studies were utilized to characterize and confirm the formation of CPC. Additionally, the in vitro antioxidant activity of crocin and CPC was evaluated.

Results

Molecular dynamic simulations explored molar ratios of 1: 1, 1: 1.5, and 1: 2 for crocin to phospholipid. The ratio of 1: 2 was found to be the most stable, exhibiting the highest probability of hydrogen bond formation. Molecular docking, FTIR, and NMR studies indicated hydrogen bond interactions between crocin and phospholipid, confirming CPC's formation. XRD and FE-SEM analyses showed a decrease in crocin's crystallinity within the phospholipid complex. Furthermore, the solubility of crocin in n-octanol was enhanced post-complexation, indicating an increase in crocin's lipophilic nature.

Conclusions

Phospholipid complexation emerges as a promising technique for enhancing the physicochemical characteristics of crocin.

The Amorphous Solid Dispersion of Chrysin in Plasdone® S630 Demonstrates Improved Oral Bioavailability and Antihyperlipidemic Performance in Rats

Chrysin is a flavonoid with various biological activities. However, its low water solubility and strong metabolism render its oral bioavailability rather poor. This study aimed to develop a stable solid dispersion formulation of chrysin to improve the dissolution of chrysin, so as to increase its oral bioavailability and improve its antihyperlipidemic activities. A solid dispersion of chrysin was prepared using a solvent evaporation method, with Plasdone® S630 as the hydrophilic carrier. The formulations were characterized via X-ray diffraction, in vitro dissolution studies, and stability studies. An in-situ perfusion model was used to evaluate the absorption rates. Plasma pharmacokinetics and antihyperlipidemic performance after the oral administration of the chrysin formulations were investigated in rats. It was found that the solid dispersion of chrysin prepared using the drug-polymer mass ratio of 1:6 can form the optimized formulation. X-ray diffraction results showed that the chrysin was in an amorphous state in this optimized formulation. The cumulative release percentage of the optimized solid dispersion of chrysin at pH 1.2 and pH 6.8 was elevated to above 90% within 24 h, indicating that the formulation could enhance the dissolution rates of chrysin. Stability studies showed that the optimized formulation presented acceptable long-term storage stability, but it was susceptible to high temperature and humidity. The solid dispersion of chrysin showed higher absorption rates in the in-situ perfusion model. Pharmacokinetic studies revealed that Cmax and AUC after the intragastric administration of solid dispersion of chrysin were appreciably higher than those resulting from chrysin suspension. The oral bioavailability of the solid dispersion of chrysin was 41 times higher than that of chrysin suspension. Pharmacological studies suggested that the solid dispersion of chrysin was more powerful than chrysin raw material in improving biochemical indicators in the hyperlipidemic model in rats. This study reveals the potential use of a novel oral formulation of chrysin to reduce the currently required high dose.

Chrysin-phospholipid complex-based solid dispersion for improved anti-aging and neuroprotective effects in mice

The present study aimed to improve the neuroprotective effect of chrysin (CHR) by combining two formulation techniques, phospholipid (PL) complexation and solid dispersion (SD). CHR-phospholipid complex (CHR-PLC) was prepared through solvent evaporation. The molar ratio CHR/PL (1:3), which exhibited the highest complexation efficiency, was selected for the preparation of CHR-PLC loaded SD (CHR-PLC-SD) with 2-hydroxypropyl β cyclodextrin (2-HPβCD) and polyvinylpyrrolidone 8000. CHR-PLC/2-HPβCD (1:2, w/w) displayed the highest aqueous solubility of CHR (5.86 times more than that of plain CHR). CHR-SD was also prepared using 2-HPβCD for comparison. The in vitro dissolution of CHR-PLC-SD4 revealed an enhancement in the dissolution rate over CHR-PLC (1:3), CHR-SD, and plain CHR by six times. The optimum formulations and plain CHR were evaluated for their neuroprotective effect on brain aging induced by D-galactose in mice. The results demonstrated a behavioral activity elevation, an increase of AMPK, LKB1, and PGC1α brain contents as well as a reduction of AGEs, GFAP, NT-3, TNF-α, and NF-κβ brain contents when compared with those of the D-galactose control group. Thus, the developed formulations stimulated neurogenesis and mitochondrial biogenesis as well as suppressed neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration. The order of activity was as follows: CHR-PLC-SD4 > CHR-PLC (1:3) > CHR-SD > plain CHR.

Evaluation of anthoxanthins and their actions on digestive enzyme inhibition when used independently and in combination

Carbohydrate digestibility is a key determinant for elevated postprandial hyperglycemia (PPHG). Apart from dietary restrictions, one of the strategies to reduce PPHG is to limit the activity of carbohydrate digestive enzymes within the gastrointestinal tract in order to reduce monosaccharide absorption rates. The present work aimed to assess the inhibitory capabilities of digestive enzymes (e.g., α-glucosidase and α-amylase) by anthoxanthins when used independently, in combination with acarbose, or with a different anthoxanthin. Our results showed that quercetin, myricetin, and luteolin presented lower IC₅₀ values than acarbose and inhibited α-glucosidase through mixed-type inhibition. On the other hand, acarbose when compared with these anthoxanthins, remained the most potent inhibitor of α-amylase. Combinatorial treatment (i) acarbose-quercetin and (ii) myricetin-luteolin showed synergistic activity (CI value less than 0.9) in α-glucosidase inhibition. An additive effect (CI value between 0.9 and 1.1) in α-glucosidase inhibition was observed when acarbose-myricetin, acarbose-luteolin or when a combination of two different anthoxanthins (quercetin-myricetin and quercetin-luteolin) was used. This study suggests the potential use of anthoxanthins as functional food ingredients to mitigate PPHG towards the management of T2DM.

Herbal nanomedicines: Recent advancements, challenges, opportunities and regulatory overview

BACKGROUND

Herbal Nano Medicines (HNMs) are nano-sized medicine containing herbal drugs as extracts, enriched fractions or biomarker constituents. HNMs have certain advantages because of their increased bioavailability and reduced toxicities. There are very few literature reports that address the common challenges of herbal nanoformulations, such as selecting the type/class of nanoformulation for an extract or a phytochemical, selection and optimisation of preparation method and physicochemical parameters. Although researchers have shown more interest in this field in the last decade, there is still an urgent need for systematic analysis of HNMs.

PURPOSE

This review aims to provide the recent advancement in various herbal nanomedicines like polymeric herbal nanoparticles, solid lipid nanoparticles, phytosomes, nano-micelles, self-nano emulsifying drug delivery system, nanofibers, liposomes, dendrimers, ethosomes, nanoemulsion, nanosuspension, and carbon nanotube; their evaluation parameters, challenges, and opportunities. Additionally, regulatory aspects and future perspectives of herbal nanomedicines are also being covered to some extent.

METHODS

The scientific data provided in this review article are retrieved by a thorough analysis of numerous research and review articles, textbooks, and patents searched using the electronic search tools like Sci-Finder, ScienceDirect, PubMed, Elsevier, Google Scholar, ACS, Medline Plus and Web of Science.

RESULTS

In this review, the authors suggested the suitability of nanoformulation for a particular type of extracts or enriched fraction of phytoconstituents based on their solubility and permeability profile (similar to the BCS class of drugs). This review focuses on different strategies for optimising preparation methods for various HNMs to ensure reproducibility in context with all the physicochemical parameters like particle size, surface area, zeta potential, polydispersity index, entrapment efficiency, drug loading, and drug release, along with the consistent therapeutic index.

CONCLUSION

A combination of herbal medicine with nanotechnology can be an essential tool for the advancement of herbal medicine research with enhanced bioavailability and fewer toxicities. Despite the challenges related to traditional medicine's safe and effective use, there is huge scope for nanotechnology-based herbal medicines. Overall, it is well stabilized that herbal nanomedicines are safer, have higher bioavailability, and have enhanced therapeutic value than conventional herbal and synthetic drugs.

Lipid-Based Nanovesicular Drug Delivery Systems

In designing a new drug, considering the preferred route of administration, various requirements must be fulfilled. Active molecules pharmacokinetics should be reliable with a valuable drug profile as well as well-tolerated. Over the past 20 years, nanotechnologies have provided alternative and complementary solutions to those of an exclusively pharmaceutical chemical nature since scientists and clinicians invested in the optimization of materials and methods capable of regulating effective drug delivery at the nanometer scale. Among the many drug delivery carriers, lipid nano vesicular ones successfully support clinical candidates approaching such problems as insolubility, biodegradation, and difficulty in overcoming the skin and biological barriers such as the blood-brain one. In this review, the authors discussed the structure, the biochemical composition, and the drug delivery applications of lipid nanovesicular carriers, namely, niosomes, proniosomes, ethosomes, transferosomes, pharmacosomes, ufasomes, phytosomes, catanionic vesicles, and extracellular vesicles.

Phytosomes as Innovative Delivery Systems for Phytochemicals: A Comprehensive Review of Literature

Nowadays, medicinal herbs and their phytochemicals have emerged as a great therapeutic option for many disorders. However, poor bioavailability and selectivity might limit their clinical application. Therefore, bioavailability is considered a notable challenge to improve bio-efficacy in transporting dietary phytochemicals. Different methods have been proposed for generating effective carrier systems to enhance the bioavailability of phytochemicals. Among them, nano-vesicles have been introduced as promising candidates for the delivery of insoluble phytochemicals. Due to the easy preparation of the bilayer vesicles and their adaptability, they have been widely used and approved by the scientific literature. The first part of the review is focused on introducing phytosome technology as well as its applications, with emphasis on principles of formulations and characterization. The second part provides a wide overview of biological activities of commercial and non-commercial phytosomes, divided by systems and related pathologies. These results confirm the greater effectiveness of phytosomes, both in terms of biological activity or reduced dosage, highlighting curcumin and silymarin as the most formulated compounds. Finally, we describe the promising clinical and experimental findings regarding the applications of phytosomes. The conclusion of this study encourages the researchers to transfer their knowledge from laboratories to market, for a further development of these products.

MPEG-PCL Nanomicelles Platform for Synergistic Metformin and Chrysin Delivery to Breast Cancer in Mice

BACKGROUND

Metformin (MET) is a well-known anti-diabetic drug that also has anti-cancer effects. However, high therapeutic doses of MET on cancer cells and the low efficacy of combinatory therapeutic approaches limit its clinical application. Recent studies have shown that chrysin (CHR) can improve the pharmaceutical efficacy of MET by suppressing human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT) and cyclin D1 gene expression.

OBJECTIVE

This study aimed to develop different ratios of methoxy poly(ethylene glycol)-b-poly(e-caprolactone) (MPEG-PCL) micelles for breast cancer to co-deliver a synergistic CHR/MET combination.

METHODS

CHR/MET drug-loaded micelles were prepared by modified thin-film hydration. Fourier infrared spectrum, gel permeation chromatography, transmission electron microscopy, and high-performance liquid chromatography were used to evaluate the physicochemical properties of nanostructures. Cell proliferation and cell apoptosis were assessed by MTT and Annexin V-FITC/PI double staining method. The gene expression of hTERT and cyclin D1 was measured by real-time PCR assay. A subcutaneous mouse T47D xenograft model was established to evaluate the in vivo efficiency.

RESULTS

When the ratio of MPEG-PCL was 1:1.7, the highest drug loading rate and encapsulation efficiency of CHR (11.31±0.37) and MET (12.22±0.44) were observed. Uniform MPEG-PCL micelles of 51.70±1.91 nm allowed MET to incorporate with CHR, which were co-delivered to breast cancer cells. We demonstrated that CHR/MET co-delivery micelles showed a good synergistic effect on inhibiting proliferation in T47D cells (combination index=0.87) by suppressing hTERT and cyclin D1 gene expression. Compared with the free CHR/MET group, the apoptosis rate on T47D cells by CHR/MET nano-micelles significantly improved from 71.33% to 79.25%. The tumour volume and tumour weight of the CHR/MET group increased more slowly than that of the single-drug treatment group (P<0.05). Compared with the CHR/MET group, the tumour volume and tumour weight of the CHR/MET nano-micelle group decreased by 42% and 59%, respectively.

CONCLUSIONS

We demonstrated that ratiometric CHR/MET micelles could provide an effective technique for the treatment of breast cancer.

Fabrication and characterization of Chrysin - A plant polyphenol loaded alginate -chitosan composite for wound healing application

The present study explores the therapeutic efficacy of sodium alginate-chitosan scaffolds loaded with Chrysin (ALG-CS-CHY) for dermal wound management. Scaffolds were prepared by the vacuum freeze-drying method. The physiochemical characterization was done through Fourier Transform Infra-Red Spectroscopy (FTIR), which revealed the interactions between the scaffold's functional groups and the drug. Surface Electron microscopy (SEM) showed a porous architecture varying from 200-400 μm. X-ray Diffraction (XRD) showed an ionic interaction between ALG-CS leading to their excellent compatibility. Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) and Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) results suggest increased ALG-CS scaffold's thermal stability. In-vitro biodegradation behavior demonstrated controlled degradation with lysozyme. The swelling ratio was highest in the first hour and decreased slowly with time, and the porosity analysis showed a high degree of porosity. The ALG-CS scaffold showed sustained drug availability and minimized re-application, which contributes to effective healing and treatment. The blood compatibility and whole blood clotting ability of the scaffold significantly improved after incorporating the drug. Calcein AM, Propidium iodide, was used for live and dead cell staining, which confirmed that fabricated ALG-CS-CHY scaffolds are biocompatible and facilitate cell growth and cell proliferation. In-vivo and in-vitro observations show that the experimental group treated using the ALG-CS-CHY reduces the period of re-epithelization, accelerated fibroblast cell migration, and contracted wound significantly (p < 0.001) compared to other groups. ALG-CS-CHY scaffolds also increased collagen deposition, hexosamine synthesis, accelerates angiogenesis, and recruiting immune cells at the site of a wound. These results suggest ALG-CS-CHY scaffold serves as an effective dressing for dermal wound management.

Critical Review of Lipid-Based Nanoparticles as Carriers of Neuroprotective Drugs and Extracts

The biggest obstacle to the treatment of diseases that affect the central nervous system (CNS) is the passage of drugs across the blood-brain barrier (BBB), a physical barrier that regulates the entry of substances into the brain and ensures the homeostasis of the CNS. This review summarizes current research on lipid-based nanoparticles for the nanoencapsulation of neuroprotective compounds. A survey of studies on nanoemulsions (NEs), nanoliposomes/nanophytosomes and solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs)/nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs) was carried out and is discussed herein, with particular emphasis upon their unique characteristics, the most important parameters influencing the formulation of each one, and examples of neuroprotective compounds/extracts nanoencapsulated using these nanoparticles. Gastrointestinal absorption is also discussed, as it may pose some obstacles for the absorption of free and nanoencapsulated neuroprotective compounds into the bloodstream, consequently hampering drug concentration in the brain. The transport mechanisms through which compounds or nanoparticles may cross BBB into the brain parenchyma, and the potential to increase drug bioavailability, are also discussed. Additionally, factors contributing to BBB disruption and neurodegeneration are described. Finally, the advantages of, and obstacles to, conventional and unconventional routes of administration to deliver nanoencapsulated neuroprotective drugs to the brain are also discussed, taking into account the avoidance of first-pass metabolism, onset of action, ability to bypass the BBB and concentration of the drug in the brain.

Oral Nano Drug Delivery Systems for the Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: An Available Administration Strategy for Antidiabetic Phytocompounds

In view of the worldwide serious health threat of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), natural sources of chemotherapies have been corroborated as the promising alternatives, with the excellent antidiabetic activities, bio-safety, and more cost-effective properties. However, their clinical application is somewhat limited, because of the poor solubility, instability in the gastrointestinal tract (GIT), low bioavailability, and so on. Nowadays, to develop nanoscaled systems has become a prominent strategy to improve the drug delivery of phytochemicals. In this review, we primarily summarized the intervention mechanisms of phytocompounds against T2DM and presented the recent advances in various nanosystems of antidiabetic phytocompounds. Selected nanosystems were grouped depending on their classification and structures, including polymeric NPs, lipid-based nanosystems, vesicular systems, inorganic nanocarriers, and so on. Based on this review, the state-of-the-art nanosystems for phytocompounds in T2DM treatment have been presented, suggesting the preponderance and potential of nanotechnologies.

The Effect of Chrysin-Loaded Phytosomes on Insulin Resistance and Blood Sugar Control in Type 2 Diabetic db/db Mice

Although a variety of beneficial health effects of natural flavonoids, including chrysin, has been suggested, poor solubility and bioavailability limit their practical use. As a promising delivery system, chrysin-loaded phytosomes (CPs) were prepared using egg phospholipid (EPL) at a 1:3 molar ratio and its antidiabetic effects were assessed in db/db diabetic mice. Male C57BLKS/J-db/db mice were fed a normal diet (control), chrysin diet (100 mg chrysin/kg), CP diet (100 mg chrysin equivalent/kg), metformin diet (200 mg/kg) or EPL diet (vehicle, the same amount of EPL used for CP preparation) for 9 weeks. Administration of CP significantly decreased fasting blood glucose and insulin levels in db/db mice compared with the control. An oral glucose tolerance test and homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance were significantly improved in the CP group (p < 0.05). CP treatment suppressed gluconeogenesis via downregulation of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase while it promoted glucose uptake in the skeletal muscle and liver of db/db mice (p < 0.05). The CP-mediated improved glucose utilization in the muscle was confirmed by upregulation of glucose transporter type 4, hexokinase2 and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ during treatment (p < 0.05). The CP-induced promotion of GLUT4 plasma translocation was confirmed in the skeletal muscle of db/db mice (p < 0.05). Based on the results, CP showed greater antidiabetic performance compared to the control by ameliorating insulin resistance in db/db mice and phytosome can be used as an effective antidiabetic agent.