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Abidin SW, Citrakesumasari C, Bahar B, Jafar N, Hidayanti H, Hadju V. The effect of extra virgin olive oil (EVOO) on fat mass and fat-free mass for breastfeeding mothers (0-24 months) in Makassar City, Indonesia. JOURNAL OF EDUCATION AND HEALTH PROMOTION 2024; 13:127. [PMID: 38784279 PMCID: PMC11114483 DOI: 10.4103/jehp.jehp_907_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Extra Virgin Olive Oil (EVOO) is a fat source classified as monounsaturated fatty acid. Previous studies have shown that 47.5% of breastfeeding mothers have less fat intake when compared to the Adequacy of Nutrition Rate (RDA). EVOO consumption can improve the composition of breast milk. However, no research has been found regarding the body composition of breastfeeding mothers after consuming EVOO. This study aims to determine the effect of EVOO on the body composition of breastfeeding mothers 0-24 months. MATERIALS AND METHODS The study was conducted at the Sudiang Raya and Tamalanrea Health Centers in Makassar City with a randomized clinical trial design from January to February 2023. The sample was breastfeeding mothers 0-24 months divided into the intervention group (EVOO and Nutrition Education, n = 17) and the control (Nutrition Education, n = 17). Instruments with Bioelectrical Impedence Analysis tools. Data analysis using t-test. RESULTS The sample is breastfeeding mothers aged between ≤19 and >35 years. The results of the analysis showed that the average pre-post test, % fat mass (FM) P = 0.426 and % fat free mass (FFM) P = 0.508 (P > 0.05), meant that there was no significant difference. Between the two groups there was no significant difference at the end of the study, %FM P = 0.469 and %FFM P = 0.529 (P > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS In the intervention group that was given EVOO, it was possible to maintain%FM and%FFM in the normal percentage range, while in the control group, there was a decrease from the normal to less/low range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sri W. Abidin
- Master Program in Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Public Health, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia
| | | | - Burhanuddin Bahar
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Public Health, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia
| | - Nurhaedar Jafar
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Public Health, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia
| | - Healthy Hidayanti
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Public Health, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia
| | - Veni Hadju
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Public Health, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia
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Purkiewicz A, Pietrzak-Fiećko R. Determination of the Fatty Acid Profile and Lipid Quality Indices in Selected Infant Formulas. Molecules 2024; 29:2044. [PMID: 38731536 PMCID: PMC11085564 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29092044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2024] [Revised: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/28/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
The quality of fat in infant milk is determined by the fatty acid profile and selected indices describing nutritional value. The aim of this study was to analyze the fatty acid profile and lipid quality indices of infant formulas and compare these data with breast milk. The study material included seven types of cow's milk-based follow-on infant formulas and samples of mature breast milk. The determination of fatty acids was performed using the gas chromatography (GC) technique. Lipid quality indices were calculated based on the relevant equations. Infant formulas contained more medium-chain fatty acids (MCFAs) and oleic acid. Moreover, they contained more than 30% more linoleic acid and more than twice as much α-linolenic acid and docosahexaenoic acid. In contrast, significant amounts of trans fatty acids (TFAs) were noted in breast milk, while infant formulas contained trace amounts. Infant formulas were characterized by a lower AI (Index of Atherogenicity) (0.49-0.98) and TI (Index of Thrombogenicity) (0.48-0.60) and a higher H/H (hypocholesterolemic/hypercholesterolemic) ratio (1.93-2.30) compared with breast milk (1.47, 1.60, and 1.21, respectively). The composition of infant formulas depended on the type of fat added at the production stage and differed significantly from breast milk, particularly in terms of polyunsaturated fatty acids and lipid quality indices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Purkiewicz
- Department of Commodity Science and Food Analysis, Faculty of Food Science, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Plac Cieszynski 1, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland;
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Ni X, Zhang Z, Deng Z, Li J. Optimizing ARA and DHA in infant formula: A systematic review of global trends, regional disparities, and considerations for precision nutrition. Food Res Int 2024; 182:114049. [PMID: 38519198 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2024.114049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Revised: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 03/24/2024]
Abstract
In the context of precision nutrition, the addition of ARA and DHA in infant formula needs to consider more factors. This study conducted a comprehensive literature review, including 112 relevant Chinese and English articles, to summarize and analyze the global levels of ARA, DHA, and the ARA/DHA ratio in breast milk. The data were correlated with local aquatic products intake and children's IQ. The results indicated that the average level of DHA in breast milk across regions is lower than that of ARA. Variations in DHA content were identified as a primary factor influencing ARA/DHA ratio fluctuations. Breast milk ARA and DHA levels decrease with prolonged lactation periods but increase over the past 22 years. Correlation analysis revealed a significant positive relationship between aquatic products intake and breast milk DHA levels (r = 0.64, p < 0.05). Breast milk DHA levels also showed a significant positive correlation with children's IQ (r = 0.67, p < 0.01). Stable breast milk ARA content did not exhibit significant correlations with aquatic products intake or children's IQ (r = 0, p > 0.05). Among 22 infant formula products available in China, only 5 had ARA levels within the range of breast milk. Most formula products had higher ARA levels than DHA, resulting in ARA/DHA ratios generally exceeding 1. The temporal and spatial variability in breast milk ARA and DHA levels may lead to diverse health outcomes in infants. Therefore, the addition of ARA and DHA in infant formula should consider this variability, including the molecular forms and positional isomerism of the added ARA and DHA. Additionally, considering the impact of different cognitive development tests and infant's gene expression on formula assessment results, there is a need to establish a more comprehensive infant health assessment system to guide the addition of ARA and DHA in formula.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinggang Ni
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330047, China
| | - Zhiyi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330047, China
| | - Zeyuan Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330047, China
| | - Jing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330047, China.
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Hatem O, Kaçar ÖF, Kaçar HK, Szentpéteri JL, Marosvölgyi T, Szabó É. Trans isomeric fatty acids in human milk and their role in infant health and development. Front Nutr 2024; 11:1379772. [PMID: 38515522 PMCID: PMC10954868 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2024.1379772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024] Open
Abstract
It is well known that long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFAs) play an important role in neurodevelopment in the perinatal life. The most important source of these fatty acids is the diet, however, they can also be formed in the human body from their shorter chain precursors, the essential fatty acids. Since the WHO recommends exclusive breastfeeding for the first six months after birth, the exclusive source of these fatty acids for breastfed infants is human milk, which can be influenced by the mother's diet. Unsaturated fatty acids can have either cis or trans configuration double bond in their chain with distinct physiological effects. Cis isomeric unsaturated fatty acids have several beneficial effects, while trans isomers are mostly detrimental, because of their similar structure to saturated fatty acids. Trans fatty acids (TFAs) can be further subdivided into industrial (iTFA) and ruminant-derived trans fatty acids (rTFA). However, the physiological effects of these two TFA subgroups may differ. In adults, dietary intake of iTFA has been linked to atherosclerosis, insulin resistance, obesity, chronic inflammation, and increased development of certain cancers, among other diseases. However, iTFAs can have a negative impact on health not only in adulthood but in childhood too. Results from previous studies have shown that iTFAs have a significant negative effect on LCPUFA levels in the blood of newborns and infants. In addition, iTFAs can affect the growth and development of infants, and animal studies suggest that they might even have lasting negative effects later in life. Since the only source of TFAs in the human body is the diet, the TFA content of breast milk may determine the TFA supply of breastfed infants and thus affect the levels of LCPUFAs important for neurodevelopment and the health of infants. In this review, we aim to provide an overview of the TFA content in human milk available in the literature and their potential effects on infant health and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Okba Hatem
- Doctoral School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Ömer Furkan Kaçar
- Doctoral School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Hüsna Kaya Kaçar
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Amasya University, Amasya, Türkiye
| | - József L. Szentpéteri
- Institute of Transdisciplinary Discoveries, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Tamás Marosvölgyi
- Institute of Bioanalysis, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Éva Szabó
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
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Kozhakhmetov S, Meiirmanova Z, Mukhanbetzhanov N, Jarmukhanov Z, Vinogradova E, Mureyev S, Kozhakhmetova S, Morenko M, Shnaider K, Duisbayeva A, Kushugulova A. Compositional and functional variability of the gut microbiome in children with infantile colic. Sci Rep 2023; 13:9530. [PMID: 37308527 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-36641-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The inconsolable crying of a child for no apparent reason at an early age is a source of excitement and anxiety for parents. Previous studies have reported that crying may be caused by discomfort associated with the occupation of the intestines of the newborn by microbiota and its vital activity. We conducted a prospective observational study in which 62 newborns and their mothers were recruited. The study comprised two groups, each consisting of 15 infants with colic and 21 controls. Colic and control groups were vaginally born and exclusively breastfed. Fecal samples from children were collected over time from day 1 to 12 months. Full metagenomic sequencing of fecal samples from children and their mothers was carried out. It was determined that the trajectory of the development of the intestinal microbiome of children with colic was different from the group without colic. In the colic group, a depleted relative abundance of Bifidobacterium and enrichment of Bacteroides Clostridiales was found, while the microbial biodiversity in this group was enriched. Metabolic pathway profiling showed that the non-colic group was enriched by amino acid biosynthetic pathways, while the feces microbiome of the colic group was enriched by glycolysis metabolic pathways that correlated with the Bacteroides taxon. This study shows that infantile colic has a definite relationship with the microbiome structure of infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samat Kozhakhmetov
- Laboratory of Microbiome, Center for Life Sciences, National Laboratory Astana, Nazarbayev University, 53 Kabanbay batyr ave., Block S1, Nur-Sultan, Z05H0P9, Republic of Kazakhstan.
| | - Zarina Meiirmanova
- Department of Children's Diseases with Courses in Allergology, Hematology and Endocrinology, NJSC "Astana Medical University", Astana, Z01G6C5, Kazakhstan
| | - Nurislam Mukhanbetzhanov
- Laboratory of Microbiome, Center for Life Sciences, National Laboratory Astana, Nazarbayev University, 53 Kabanbay batyr ave., Block S1, Nur-Sultan, Z05H0P9, Republic of Kazakhstan
| | - Zharkyn Jarmukhanov
- Laboratory of Microbiome, Center for Life Sciences, National Laboratory Astana, Nazarbayev University, 53 Kabanbay batyr ave., Block S1, Nur-Sultan, Z05H0P9, Republic of Kazakhstan
| | - Elizaveta Vinogradova
- Laboratory of Microbiome, Center for Life Sciences, National Laboratory Astana, Nazarbayev University, 53 Kabanbay batyr ave., Block S1, Nur-Sultan, Z05H0P9, Republic of Kazakhstan
| | - Shamil Mureyev
- Laboratory of Microbiome, Center for Life Sciences, National Laboratory Astana, Nazarbayev University, 53 Kabanbay batyr ave., Block S1, Nur-Sultan, Z05H0P9, Republic of Kazakhstan
| | | | - Marina Morenko
- Department of Children's Diseases with Courses in Allergology, Hematology and Endocrinology, NJSC "Astana Medical University", Astana, Z01G6C5, Kazakhstan
| | - Kseniya Shnaider
- Department of Children's Diseases with Courses in Allergology, Hematology and Endocrinology, NJSC "Astana Medical University", Astana, Z01G6C5, Kazakhstan
| | - Arailym Duisbayeva
- Department of Children's Diseases with Courses in Allergology, Hematology and Endocrinology, NJSC "Astana Medical University", Astana, Z01G6C5, Kazakhstan
| | - Almagul Kushugulova
- Laboratory of Microbiome, Center for Life Sciences, National Laboratory Astana, Nazarbayev University, 53 Kabanbay batyr ave., Block S1, Nur-Sultan, Z05H0P9, Republic of Kazakhstan.
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Marosvölgyi T, Dergez T, Szentpéteri JL, Szabó É, Decsi T. Higher Availability of Long-Chain Monounsaturated Fatty Acids in Preterm than in Full-Term Human Milk. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:life13051205. [PMID: 37240850 DOI: 10.3390/life13051205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 05/06/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
While the role of n-3 and n-6 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFAs) in the maturation of the infantile nervous system is extensively studied and relatively well-characterized, data on the potential developmental importance of the n-9 long-chain monounsaturated fatty acid (LCMUFA), nervonic acid (NA, C24:1n-9) are scarce and ambiguous. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to reanalyze our available data on the contribution of NA and its LCMUFA precursors, gondoic acid (C20:1n-9) and erucic acid (EA, C22:1n-9) to the fatty acid composition of human milk (HM) during the first month of lactation in mothers of both preterm (PT) and full-term (FT) infants. HM samples were obtained daily during the first week of lactation, and then on the 14th, 21st, and 28th days. Values of the LCMUFAs, C20:1n-9, EA, and NA were significantly higher in colostrum than in transient and mature HM. Consequently, there were highly significant inverse associations between LCMUFA values and the duration of lactation. Moreover, C20:1n-9, EA, and NA values were monotonously, considerably, and at many timepoints significantly higher in PT than in FT HM samples. By the 28th day of lactation, summarized LCMUFA values in PT HM samples declined to the level measured in FT HM samples on the first day of lactation; however, EA and NA values were still significantly higher in PT than in FT HM on the 28th day. Significantly higher availability of LCMUFAs in PT than in FT HM underpins the potential biological role of this hitherto somewhat neglected group of fatty acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamás Marosvölgyi
- Institute of Bioanalysis, Medical School, University of Pécs, 7624 Pécs, Hungary
- Department of Paediatrics, Medical School, University of Pécs, 7623 Pécs, Hungary
| | - Timea Dergez
- Institute of Bioanalysis, Medical School, University of Pécs, 7624 Pécs, Hungary
| | - József L Szentpéteri
- Institute of Transdisciplinary Discoveries, Medical School, University of Pécs, 7624 Pécs, Hungary
| | - Éva Szabó
- Department of Paediatrics, Medical School, University of Pécs, 7623 Pécs, Hungary
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, Medical School, University of Pécs, 7624 Pécs, Hungary
| | - Tamás Decsi
- Department of Paediatrics, Medical School, University of Pécs, 7623 Pécs, Hungary
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Meng F, Uniacke-Lowe T, Lanfranchi E, Meehan G, O'Shea CA, Dennehy T, Ryan AC, Stanton C, Kelly AL. A longitudinal study of fatty acid profiles, macronutrient levels, and plasmin activity in human milk. Front Nutr 2023; 10:1172613. [PMID: 37229467 PMCID: PMC10203173 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2023.1172613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Human milk provides nutrients essential for infant growth and health, levels of which are dynamic during lactation. Methods In this study, changes in macronutrients, fatty acids, and plasmin activities over the first six months of lactation in term milk were studied. Results There was a significant influence of lactation stage on levels of protein and plasmin activities, but not on levels of fat and carbohydrate in term milk. Concerning fatty acids in term milk, levels of caproic acid and α-linolenic acid increased significantly (p < 0.05), whereas those of arachidonic acid and docosahexaenoic acid decreased, in the six months after birth. Significant impacts of maternal pre-pregnancy BMI and infant gender on fatty acid profiles were also found. Multivariate statistical analysis showed that protein level, plasmin activity, and several fatty acids (α-linolenic acid, lignoceric acid, and docasadienoic acid) contributed strongly to discrimination of milk from different lactational stages. Discussion The study demonstrates that not all but some fatty acids were influenced by lactation, whereas protein and protease levels showed clear decreasing trends during lactation, which may help in understanding the nutritional requirements of infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanyu Meng
- School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | | | - Elisa Lanfranchi
- School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Grainne Meehan
- Department of Neonatology, Cork University Maternity Hospital, Cork, Ireland
| | - Carol-Anne O'Shea
- Department of Neonatology, Cork University Maternity Hospital, Cork, Ireland
| | - Theresa Dennehy
- School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Anthony C. Ryan
- Brookfield School of Medicine and Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Catherine Stanton
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Cork, Ireland
- APC Microbiome, Cork, Ireland
| | - Alan L. Kelly
- School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
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Einerhand AWC, Mi W, Haandrikman A, Sheng XY, Calder PC. The Impact of Linoleic Acid on Infant Health in the Absence or Presence of DHA in Infant Formulas. Nutrients 2023; 15:2187. [PMID: 37432333 DOI: 10.3390/nu15092187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Revised: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/01/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Both linoleic acid (LA) and α-linolenic acid (ALA) are essential dietary fatty acids, and a balanced dietary supply of these is of the utmost importance for health. In many countries across the globe, the LA level and LA/ALA ratio in breast milk (BM) are high. For infant formula (IF), the maximum LA level set by authorities (e.g., Codex or China) is 1400 mg LA/100 kcal ≈ 28% of total fatty acid (FA) ≈ 12.6% of energy. The aims of this study are: (1) to provide an overview of polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) levels in BM across the world, and (2) to determine the health impact of different LA levels and LA/ALA ratios in IF by reviewing the published literature in the context of the current regulatory framework. The lipid composition of BM from mothers living in 31 different countries was determined based on a literature review. This review also includes data from infant studies (intervention/cohort) on nutritional needs regarding LA and ALA, safety, and biological effects. The impact of various LA/ALA ratios in IF on DHA status was assessed within the context of the current worldwide regulatory framework including China and the EU. Country averages of LA and ALA in BM range from 8.5-26.9% FA and 0.3-2.65% FA, respectively. The average BM LA level across the world, including mainland China, is below the maximum 28% FA, and no toxicological or long-term safety data are available on LA levels > 28% FA. Although recommended IF LA/ALA ratios range from 5:1 to 15:1, ratios closer to 5:1 seem to promote a higher endogenous synthesis of DHA. However, even those infants fed IF with more optimal LA/ALA ratios do not reach the DHA levels observed in breastfed infants, and the levels of DHA present are not sufficient to have positive effects on vision. Current evidence suggests that there is no benefit to going beyond the maximum LA level of 28% FA in IF. To achieve the DHA levels found in BM, the addition of DHA to IF is necessary, which is in line with regulations in China and the EU. Virtually all intervention studies investigating LA levels and safety were conducted in Western countries in the absence of added DHA. Therefore, well-designed intervention trials in infants across the globe are required to obtain clarity about optimal and safe levels of LA and LA/ALA ratios in IF.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Wiola Mi
- Bunge Loders Croklaan Nutrition, Shanghai 200051, China
| | | | - Xiao-Yang Sheng
- Department of Developmental Behavioral Pediatric & Children Healthcare, Xinhua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200051, China
| | - Philip C Calder
- School of Human Development and Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
- NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust and University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
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Xiong L, Pei J, Bao P, Wang X, Guo S, Cao M, Kang Y, Yan P, Guo X. The Study of Yak Colostrum Nutritional Content Based on Foodomics. Foods 2023; 12:foods12081707. [PMID: 37107501 PMCID: PMC10137867 DOI: 10.3390/foods12081707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The utilization of yak milk is still in a primary stage, and the nutrition composition of yak colostrum is not systematically characterized at present. In this study, the lipids, fatty acids, amino acids and their derivatives, metabolites in yak colostrum, and mature milk were detected by the non-targeted lipidomics based on (ultra high performance liquid chromatography tandem quadrupole mass spectrometer) UHPLC-MS, the targeted metabolome based on gas chromatography-mass spectrometer (GC-MS), the targeted metabolome analysis based on UHPLC-MS, and the non-targeted metabolome based on ultra high performance liquid chromatography tandem quadrupole time of flight mass spectrometer (UHPLC-TOF-MS), respectively. Meanwhile, the nutrition composition of yak colostrum was compared with the data of cow mature milk in the literatures. The results showed that the nutritive value of yak colostrum was higher by contrast with yak and cow mature milk from the perspective of the fatty acid composition and the content of Σpolyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), Σn-3PUFAs; the content of essential amino acid (EAA) and the ratio of EAA/total amino acid (TAA) in yak colostrum were higher than the value in yak mature milk; and the content of functional active lipids including phosphatidylcholines (PC), phosphatidylglycerol (PG), phosphatidylserine (PS), lyso-phosphatidylcholine (LPC), lyso-phosphatidylglycerol (LPG), lyso-phosphatidylinositol (LPI), sphingomyelin (SM), ganglioside M3 (GM3), ganglioside T3 (GT3), and hexaglycosylceramide (Hex1Cer) in yak colostrum, was higher than the value of yak mature milk. Moreover, the differences of nutritive value between yak colostrum and mature milk were generated by the fat, amino acids and carbohydrate metabolism that were regulated by the ovarian hormone and referencesrenin-angiotensin-aldosterone system in yaks. These research results can provide a theoretical basis for the commercial product development of yak colostrum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Xiong
- Animal Science Department, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730050, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding on Tibetan Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou 730050, China
- Key Laboratory of Yak Breeding Engineering in Gansu Province, Lanzhou 730050, China
| | - Jie Pei
- Animal Science Department, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730050, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding on Tibetan Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou 730050, China
- Key Laboratory of Yak Breeding Engineering in Gansu Province, Lanzhou 730050, China
| | - Pengjia Bao
- Animal Science Department, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730050, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding on Tibetan Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou 730050, China
- Key Laboratory of Yak Breeding Engineering in Gansu Province, Lanzhou 730050, China
| | - Xingdong Wang
- Animal Science Department, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730050, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding on Tibetan Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou 730050, China
- Key Laboratory of Yak Breeding Engineering in Gansu Province, Lanzhou 730050, China
| | - Shaoke Guo
- Animal Science Department, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730050, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding on Tibetan Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou 730050, China
- Key Laboratory of Yak Breeding Engineering in Gansu Province, Lanzhou 730050, China
| | - Mengli Cao
- Animal Science Department, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730050, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding on Tibetan Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou 730050, China
- Key Laboratory of Yak Breeding Engineering in Gansu Province, Lanzhou 730050, China
| | - Yandong Kang
- Animal Science Department, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730050, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding on Tibetan Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou 730050, China
- Key Laboratory of Yak Breeding Engineering in Gansu Province, Lanzhou 730050, China
| | - Ping Yan
- Animal Science Department, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730050, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding on Tibetan Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou 730050, China
- Key Laboratory of Yak Breeding Engineering in Gansu Province, Lanzhou 730050, China
| | - Xian Guo
- Animal Science Department, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730050, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding on Tibetan Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou 730050, China
- Key Laboratory of Yak Breeding Engineering in Gansu Province, Lanzhou 730050, China
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Awan I, Schultz E, Sterrett JD, Dawud LM, Kessler LR, Schoch D, Lowry CA, Feldman-Winter L, Phadtare S. A Pilot Study Exploring Temporal Development of Gut Microbiome/Metabolome in Breastfed Neonates during the First Week of Life. Pediatr Gastroenterol Hepatol Nutr 2023; 26:99-115. [PMID: 36950061 PMCID: PMC10025571 DOI: 10.5223/pghn.2023.26.2.99] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Revised: 10/08/2022] [Accepted: 01/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Exclusive breastfeeding promotes gut microbial compositions associated with lower rates of metabolic and autoimmune diseases. Its cessation is implicated in increased microbiome-metabolome discordance, suggesting a vulnerability to dietary changes. Formula supplementation is common within our low-income, ethnic-minority community. We studied exclusively breastfed (EBF) neonates' early microbiome-metabolome coupling in efforts to build foundational knowledge needed to target this inequality. Methods Maternal surveys and stool samples from seven EBF neonates at first transitional stool (0-24 hours), discharge (30-48 hours), and at first appointment (days 3-5) were collected. Survey included demographics, feeding method, medications, medical history and tobacco and alcohol use. Stool samples were processed for 16S rRNA gene sequencing and lipid analysis by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Alpha and beta diversity analyses and Procrustes randomization for associations were carried out. Results Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes and Actinobacteria were the most abundant taxa. Variation in microbiome composition was greater between individuals than within (p=0.001). Palmitic, oleic, stearic, and linoleic acids were the most abundant lipids. Variation in lipid composition was greater between individuals than within (p=0.040). Multivariate composition of the metabolome, but not microbiome, correlated with time (p=0.030). Total lipids, saturated lipids, and unsaturated lipids concentrations increased over time (p=0.012, p=0.008, p=0.023). Alpha diversity did not correlate with time (p=0.403). Microbiome composition was not associated with each samples' metabolome (p=0.450). Conclusion Neonate gut microbiomes were unique to each neonate; respective metabolome profiles demonstrated generalizable temporal developments. The overall variability suggests potential interplay between influences including maternal breastmilk composition, amount consumed and living environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imad Awan
- Department of Medicine, Loma Linda University Medical Center, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - Emily Schultz
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cooper Medical School of Rowan University, Camden, NJ, USA
| | - John D. Sterrett
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Lamya’a M. Dawud
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Lyanna R. Kessler
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Deborah Schoch
- Cooper Medical School of Rowan University and Cooper University Hospital, Camden, NJ, USA
| | - Christopher A. Lowry
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Lori Feldman-Winter
- Cooper Medical School of Rowan University and Cooper University Hospital, Camden, NJ, USA
| | - Sangita Phadtare
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cooper Medical School of Rowan University, Camden, NJ, USA
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Hoteit M, Ibrahim C, Nohra J, Sacre Y, Hanna-Wakim L, Al-Jawaldeh A. Assessment of the Composition of Breastmilk Substitutes, Commercial Complementary Foods, and Commercial Snack Products Commonly Fed to Infant and Young Children in Lebanon: A Call to Action. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15051200. [PMID: 36904200 PMCID: PMC10005724 DOI: 10.3390/nu15051200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: Nutrition for optimum growth and physical development is acquired by adequate infant feeding practices. (2) Methods: One hundred seventeen different brands of infant formulas (n = 41) and baby food products (n = 76) were selected from the Lebanese market and were analyzed for their nutritional content. (3) Results: Saturated fatty acid content was detected to be the highest in follow-up formulas (79.85 g/100 g) and milky cereals (75.38 g/100 g). Among all saturated fatty acids, palmitic acid (C16:0) accounted for the greatest proportion. Moreover, glucose and sucrose were the predominant added sugars in infant formulas, while sucrose was the main added sugar in baby food products. Our data showed that the majority of the products were non-compliant to the regulations and the manufacturers' nutrition facts labels. Our results stated also that the contribution to the daily value for the saturated fatty acids, added sugars, and protein exceeded the daily recommended intake for most infant formulas and baby food products. (4) Conclusions: This requires careful evaluation from policymakers in order to improve the infant and young children feeding practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maha Hoteit
- Food Sciences Unit, National Council For Scientific Research (CNRS), Beirut P.O. Box 11-8281, Lebanon
- PHENOL Research Group (Public HEalth Nutrition prOgram Lebanon), Faculty of Public Health, Lebanese University, Beirut 6573, Lebanon
- Lebanese University Nutrition Surveillance Center (LUNSC), Lebanese Food Drugs and Chemical Administrations, Lebanese University, Beirut 6573, Lebanon
| | - Carla Ibrahim
- PHENOL Research Group (Public HEalth Nutrition prOgram Lebanon), Faculty of Public Health, Lebanese University, Beirut 6573, Lebanon
- Lebanese University Nutrition Surveillance Center (LUNSC), Lebanese Food Drugs and Chemical Administrations, Lebanese University, Beirut 6573, Lebanon
- Doctoral School of Sciences and Technology (DSST), Lebanese University, Hadath 1533, Lebanon
- Department of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Holy Spirit University of Kaslik (USEK), Jounieh P.O. Box 446, Lebanon
| | - Joanna Nohra
- PHENOL Research Group (Public HEalth Nutrition prOgram Lebanon), Faculty of Public Health, Lebanese University, Beirut 6573, Lebanon
- Lebanese University Nutrition Surveillance Center (LUNSC), Lebanese Food Drugs and Chemical Administrations, Lebanese University, Beirut 6573, Lebanon
- Doctoral School of Sciences and Technology (DSST), Lebanese University, Hadath 1533, Lebanon
- Department of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Holy Spirit University of Kaslik (USEK), Jounieh P.O. Box 446, Lebanon
| | - Yonna Sacre
- Department of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Holy Spirit University of Kaslik (USEK), Jounieh P.O. Box 446, Lebanon
| | - Lara Hanna-Wakim
- Department of Agricultural and Food Engineering, School of Engineering, Holy Spirit University of Kaslik (USEK), Jounieh P.O. Box 446, Lebanon
| | - Ayoub Al-Jawaldeh
- World Health Organization Regional Office for the Eastern Mediterranean, Cairo 11371, Egypt
- Correspondence:
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12
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Assessment of Fatty Acid Content in the Milk of Women from the West Pomeranian Region of Poland with Regard to Supplementation and the Amount of Adipose Tissue. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15051110. [PMID: 36904110 PMCID: PMC10005485 DOI: 10.3390/nu15051110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Revised: 02/18/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The total amount of fat in the milk of nursing mothers depends on maternal reserves, as well as food intake and its synthesis in the mammary glands. The aim of this study was to assess the contents of fatty acids in the milk of women from the West Pomeranian region of Poland with regards to supplementation and the amount of adipose tissue. We also wanted to find out whether these women, who have direct access to the sea and potential access to fresh marine fish, have higher levels of DHA. METHODS We analyzed milk samples obtained 6-7 weeks postpartum from 60 women. The content of fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) in lipids was determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS) using a Clarus 600 device (PerkinElmer). RESULTS Women using dietary supplements had significantly higher levels of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) (C22:6 n-3) (p = 0.000) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) (20:5 n-3) (p = 0.000). The levels of eicosatrienoic acid (ETA) (C20:3 n-3) and γ-linolenic acid (GLA) increased with the amount of body fat, and the level of DHA was lowest in subjects where body fat exceeded 40% (p = 0.036). CONCLUSIONS The contents of fatty acids in the milk of women from the West Pomeranian region of Poland were similar to that reported by other authors. The levels of DHA in women using dietary supplements was also comparable to the values reported worldwide. BMI had an effect on the levels of ETE and GLA acids.
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13
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Xi M, Na X, Ma X, Lan H, Sun T, Liu WH, Hung W, Zhao A. Maternal diet associated with infants' intestinal microbiota mediated by predominant long-chain fatty acid in breast milk. Front Microbiol 2023; 13:1004175. [PMID: 36687649 PMCID: PMC9852834 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1004175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Long-chain fatty acids in breast milk are affected by the mother's diet and play an important role in the growth, development, and immune construction of infants. This study aims to explore the correlation between maternal diet, breast milk fatty acids (FAs), and the infant intestinal flora. Methods We enrolled 56 paired mothers and their infants; both breast milk samples and infants' fecal samples were collected to determine the long-chain FA content of breast milk by ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS), and metagenomic technology was applied to determine the microbial composition of infant feces. The maternal diet was also investigated using a 24-h dietary recall. Results The results indicated that the fat contribution rates of edible oils in the maternal diet are significantly positively correlated with the contents of certain long-chain fatty acids (C16:0, C18:1, C16:1, and C22:4) in breast milk, which mainly regulate the abundance of Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus, Lacticaseibacillus fermentum, and Lacticaseibacillus paracasei in the infant gut. Through KEGG pathway analysis, our data revealed that the long-chain FAs in different groups of breast milk were significantly correlated with the pathways of biotin metabolism, glycerolipid metabolism, and starch and sucrose metabolism. Discussion The results of this study suggest a pathway in which the diets of lactating mothers may affect the composition of the infant intestinal microbiota by influencing breast milk FAs and then further regulating infant health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Menglu Xi
- Vanke School of Public Health, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaona Na
- Vanke School of Public Health, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Xia Ma
- Inner Mongolia Dairy Technology Research Institute Co., Ltd., Hohhot, China,Yili Innovation Center, Inner Mongolia Yili Industrial Group Co., Ltd., Hohhot, China
| | - Hanglian Lan
- Inner Mongolia Dairy Technology Research Institute Co., Ltd., Hohhot, China,Yili Innovation Center, Inner Mongolia Yili Industrial Group Co., Ltd., Hohhot, China
| | - Ting Sun
- Inner Mongolia Dairy Technology Research Institute Co., Ltd., Hohhot, China,Yili Innovation Center, Inner Mongolia Yili Industrial Group Co., Ltd., Hohhot, China
| | - Wei-Hsien Liu
- Inner Mongolia Dairy Technology Research Institute Co., Ltd., Hohhot, China,Yili Innovation Center, Inner Mongolia Yili Industrial Group Co., Ltd., Hohhot, China
| | - Weilian Hung
- Inner Mongolia Dairy Technology Research Institute Co., Ltd., Hohhot, China,Yili Innovation Center, Inner Mongolia Yili Industrial Group Co., Ltd., Hohhot, China,*Correspondence: Weilian Hung,
| | - Ai Zhao
- Vanke School of Public Health, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China,Ai Zhao,
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14
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Evaluation of Fatty Acid Distributions and Triacylglycerol Species in Sow Milk and Commercial Piglet Formulas: A Comparative Study Based on Fat Sources and Lactation Stages. Animals (Basel) 2022; 13:ani13010124. [PMID: 36611734 PMCID: PMC9817896 DOI: 10.3390/ani13010124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2022] [Revised: 12/24/2022] [Accepted: 12/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Total fatty acid and sn-2 fatty acid compositions, and triacylglycerol (TAG) species in 130 sow colostrum, 100 sow milk, and 22 piglet formula samples were analyzed in the present study. Significant differences were found in concentrations of medium chain-saturated fatty acids (MC-SFAs) and distributions of palmitic acid (P) and oleic (O)/linoleic (L) acid. The levels of MC-SFAs in sow colostrum and sow milk fats (2.4-3.1%) were significantly lower than those in piglet formulas (7.9-27.2%). Approximately 63% of palmitic acid was located at the sn-2 position in both sow colostrum and milk fats, which was significantly higher than in piglet formula fats (21.1-39.1%). Correspondingly, only 17.8-28.3% of oleic and linoleic acids were at the sn-2 position in sow milk fats, contributing to their typical triacylglycerol structure in sow colostrum and milk, whose palmitic acid connected to the sn-2 position and unsaturated fatty acids located at the sn-1,3 positions. Sow colostrum, milk, and piglet formulas were notably distinguished into three groups based on their fatty acids and TAGs, among which triacylglycerols were the most differentiated index. A total of 51 TAG species (including their isomers) differed significantly between sow colostrum and milk and piglet formulas. OPL and OPO were the most important differentiating TAGs. The large amount of sn-2 esterified palmitic acid plays a key role in improving the absorption of fat and calcium. The results provide suggestions for design of sow milk fat equivalents.
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15
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Zielinska-Pukos MA, Bryś J, Wesolowska A, Hamulka J. Breastmilk PUFA strongly associated with maternal dietary intake but not anthropometric parameters and breastmilk carotenoids. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2022; 186:102505. [PMID: 36279603 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2022.102505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Revised: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) and the optimal n-6/n-3 fatty acids ratio are essential for proper neurodevelopment in infancy. This study aimed to evaluate the association between breastmilk fatty acid intake and maternal dietary intake, anthropometrics and breastmilk carotenoid levels. METHODS This observational, prospective study included 44 women in the first, third, and sixth month of lactation. At each study visit, maternal anthropometric measures were assessed and breastmilk samples were collected and assessed for fatty acids and carotenoids. At the third and sixth month, maternal diet was evaluated by three-day foods record. RESULTS Mean breastmilk docosahexaenoic (DHA) was 0.58%, 0.47%, and 0.49%, respectively at the 1, 3, and 6 month (p ≤ 0.05). Mean DHA intake were higher in month 3 compared to 6: 357 vs. 169 mg/day. Pre-pregnancy BMI was associated with SFA, PUFA, and n-6 PUFA at 1 month, whereas current BMI to SFA at months 1 and 3. DHA was correlated with lycopene, total carotenoids at 1 month and total carotenoids at month 3, whereas n-3 PUFA to lycopene at 1 month. DHA, n-3 PUFA, n-6 PUFA and saturated (SFA) levels were associated with its dietary intake both at months 3 and 6, AA/DHA and LA/ALA ratios only at month 3. CONCLUSIONS Maternal intake of PUFA and n-6/n-3 ratios were a good predictor of its breastmilk composition, whereas pre-pregnancy and current BMI, as well as breastmilk carotenoids had a limited influence.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Zielinska-Pukos
- Department of Human Nutrition, Institute of Human Nutrition Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences - SGGW, Nowoursynowska St. 159, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - J Bryś
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Food Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences - SGGW, Nowoursynowska St. 159, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - A Wesolowska
- Laboratory of Human Milk and Lactation Research, Regional Human Milk Bank in Holy Family Hospital, Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Science, Medical University of Warsaw, 14/16 Litewska St., 00-575 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - J Hamulka
- Department of Human Nutrition, Institute of Human Nutrition Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences - SGGW, Nowoursynowska St. 159, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland.
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16
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Zhang Z, Wang Y, Yang X, Cheng Y, Zhang H, Xu X, Zhou J, Chen H, Su M, Yang Y, Su Y. Human Milk Lipid Profiles around the World: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Adv Nutr 2022; 13:2519-2536. [PMID: 36083999 PMCID: PMC9776668 DOI: 10.1093/advances/nmac097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Reported breast milk lipid concentrations may vary with geographical region, postnatal age, and year of sample collection. In this review, we summarized data on the concentrations of total fat, total phospholipids, cholesterol, and fatty acids in human milk worldwide and their variation according to lactation stage, study area, and sample collection year. A systematic literature search was performed using the PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and Medline databases for English-language papers and Wanfang and China National Knowledge Infrastructure databases for Chinese-language papers. A total of 186 studies evaluating the human milk lipid profiles were included. According to random-effects models based on worldwide data, the summarized means (95% CIs) as percentages of total fat were 42.2% (41.1%, 43.3%) for SFAs, 36.6% (35.6%, 37.5%) for MUFAs, and 21.0% (19.3%, 22.7%) for PUFAs. However, the study heterogeneity was high for most types of fatty acids (I2 > 99%). Human milk from Western countries had higher concentrations of MUFAs and 18:1n-9 (ω-9), but lower concentrations of PUFAs, 18:2n-6, 20:4n-6, 18:3n-3, 20:5n-3, 22:6n-3, and total n-6 PUFA compared with those from non-Western countries (P < 0.001-0.011). Significant lactation stage differences were observed for total fat and some individual fatty acids. The concentrations of SFAs and 16:0 were significantly negatively correlated with sampling year (P < 0.001-0.028). In contrast, a significant positive correlation between the concentrations of 18:2n-6 and 18:3n-3 and sampling year was observed (P < 0.001-0.035). Our results suggest that the pooling of data on human milk lipid profiles in different studies should be done with caution due to the high between-study heterogeneity. The concentration of lipids, including total fat, cholesterol, and specific fatty acids, differs in human milk according to lactation stage, geographical region, and year of sample collection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheqing Zhang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yingyao Wang
- Chinese Nutrition Society, Beijing, China,CNS Academy of Nutrition and Health (Beijing Zhongyinghui Nutrition and Health Research Institute), Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoguang Yang
- National Institute for Nutrition and Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Yiyong Cheng
- Institute of Health & Environmental Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Hong Zhang
- Wilmar (Shanghai) Biotechnology Research & Development Center Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China
| | - Xuebing Xu
- Wilmar (Shanghai) Biotechnology Research & Development Center Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China
| | - Jin Zhou
- CNS Academy of Nutrition and Health (Beijing Zhongyinghui Nutrition and Health Research Institute), Beijing, China
| | - Hengying Chen
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mengyang Su
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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Simon Sarkadi L, Zhang M, Muránszky G, Vass RA, Matsyura O, Benes E, Vari SG. Fatty Acid Composition of Milk from Mothers with Normal Weight, Obesity, or Gestational Diabetes. Life (Basel) 2022; 12:life12071093. [PMID: 35888181 PMCID: PMC9323340 DOI: 10.3390/life12071093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Revised: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Gestation and the neonatal period are crucial periods in infant development. Many components of breast milk, including fatty acids, play an important role in strengthening the immune system. The aim of our research was to evaluate the fatty acid profiles of milk from 69 mothers, including subjects having a normal weight, obesity, or gestational diabetes. For the analyses, we used gas chromatography (GC) with flame ionization detection (FID) and GC coupled with mass spectrometry (GC/MS). The main fatty acids found in breast milk were palmitic acid (C16:0; 26-28%), linoleic acid (C18:2; 23-28%), and α-linolenic acid linoleic acid (C18:3; 15-17%), followed by myristic acid (C14:0; 5-8%), lauric acid (C12:0; 4-6%) and stearic acid (C18:0; 4-5%). The average breakdown of fatty acids was 50% saturated, 44% polyunsaturated, and 6% monounsaturated. Breast milk samples were classified using principal component analysis and linear discriminant analysis. Results showed that milk from the two major groups of obese and normal body mass index (BMI) could be distinguished with an accuracy of 89.66%. Breast milk samples of Hungarian and Ukrainian mothers showed significant differences based on the fatty acid composition, which variations are attributable to the mothers' dietary habits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Livia Simon Sarkadi
- Department of Nutrition, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, 1118 Budapest, Hungary; (M.Z.); (G.M.)
| | - Miaomiao Zhang
- Department of Nutrition, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, 1118 Budapest, Hungary; (M.Z.); (G.M.)
| | - Géza Muránszky
- Department of Nutrition, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, 1118 Budapest, Hungary; (M.Z.); (G.M.)
| | - Réka Anna Vass
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Pécs Medical School, 7624 Pecs, Hungary;
- National Laboratory for Human Reproduction, University of Pécs, 7624 Pecs, Hungary
| | - Oksana Matsyura
- Department of Pediatrics No. 2, Danylo Halytsky Lviv National Medical University, 79010 Lviv, Ukraine;
| | - Eszter Benes
- Department of Food and Analytical Chemistry, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, 1118 Budapest, Hungary;
| | - Sandor G. Vari
- International Research and Innovation in Medicine Program, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA;
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Valencia-Naranjo A, Manjarres-Correa LM, Bermúdez-Cardona JA. Pilot study of the effect of EPA + DHA supplementation on the fatty acid profile of erythrocytes and breast milk of lactating women from Sonsón, Colombia. Curr Res Food Sci 2022; 5:789-797. [PMID: 35540308 PMCID: PMC9079638 DOI: 10.1016/j.crfs.2022.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Revised: 04/10/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective The objective of this study was to evaluate changes in the concentrations of EPA and DHA in the erythrocytes and breast milk of a group of lactating women in the municipality of Sonsón (Antioquia) before and after receiving supplementation with these fatty acids for three months. Design In a quasi-experimental study, 11 lactating women were evaluated before and after EPA (100 mg) and DHA (250 mg) supplementation for three months. The consumption of omega-3 food sources was determined by simple frequency, anthropometry (weight, height) was performed, and the fatty acid profiles of erythrocytes and breast milk were determined with gas chromatography. Environment Sonsón, Colombia. Participants A group of lactating women in the municipality of Sonsón (Antioquia). Results Low consumption of foods that are sources of omega-3 fatty acids was found, as was low EPA and DHA content in erythrocytes and breast milk at the beginning of the study period. After supplementation, there was no significant change for EPA, however, there was a significant increase in DHA in both erythrocytes and breast milk; in addition, there was a decrease in the omega-6/omega-3 ratio. Conclusions Supplementation with 250 mg of DHA increased its concentration in the blood and breast milk to levels approaching the recommended average DHA of 0.3%, where benefits have been seen for the mother. A daily intake of DHA in the amounts recommended increases its concentration. The use of DHA supplements helps reduce the w6/w3 ratio in erythrocytes. DHA supplementation is necessary where its availability and access from food is low.
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19
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Martinot P, Adjibade M, Taine M, Davisse-Paturet C, Lioret S, Charles MA, de Lauzon-Guillain B, Bernard JY. LC-PUFA enrichment in infant formula and neurodevelopment up to age 3.5 years in the French nationwide ELFE birth cohort. Eur J Nutr 2022; 61:2979-2991. [PMID: 35318492 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-022-02863-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE For decades, consistent associations between breastfeeding and children's neurodevelopment have been attributed to breastmilk content in long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFAs). However, the beneficial effect of LC-PUFA enrichment of infant formula on neurodevelopment remains controversial. This study examined the association of LC-PUFA enrichment of infant formulas with neurodevelopment up to age 3.5 years. METHODS Analyses were based on 9372 children from the French nationwide ELFE birth cohort. Monthly from 2 to 10 months, parents declared their infant's feeding mode, including breastfeeding and the name of the infant formula, which allowed for identifying formulas enriched in arachidonic (ARA), eicosapentaenoic (EPA) and/or docosahexaenoic (DHA) acids. Neurodevelopment was assessed at age 1 and 3.5 years with the Child Development Inventory (CDI-1 and CDI-3.5); at 2 years with the MacArthur-Bates Communicative Development Inventories (MB-2); and at 3.5 years with the Picture Similarities subtest of the British Ability Scale (BAS-3.5). Associations were assessed by linear regression adjusted for any breastfeeding duration and main confounding factors, including socioeconomic characteristics. RESULTS One-third of formula-fed infants consumed LC-PUFA-enriched formulas. Most of these formulas were enriched in both DHA and ARA, and about 10% of infants consumed formula further enriched in EPA. LC-PUFA enrichment of infant formula was not associated with neurodevelopmental scores at age 1 (CDI-1, - 0.16 [- 0.39, 0.07]), age 2 (MB-2, 0.78 [- 0.33, 1.89]), or age 3.5 (CDI-3.5, - 0.05 [- 0.27, 0.17]; BAS-3.5, - 0.93 [- 2.85, 0.98]). CONCLUSION In the ELFE study, LC-PUFA enrichment of infant formula was not associated with neurodevelopmental scores up to 3.5 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pauline Martinot
- Université de Paris, Centre for Research in Epidemiology and Statistics (CRESS), Inserm, INRAE, 75004, Paris, France
| | - Moufidath Adjibade
- Université de Paris, Centre for Research in Epidemiology and Statistics (CRESS), Inserm, INRAE, 75004, Paris, France
| | - Marion Taine
- Université de Paris, Centre for Research in Epidemiology and Statistics (CRESS), Inserm, INRAE, 75004, Paris, France
| | - Camille Davisse-Paturet
- Université de Paris, Centre for Research in Epidemiology and Statistics (CRESS), Inserm, INRAE, 75004, Paris, France
| | - Sandrine Lioret
- Université de Paris, Centre for Research in Epidemiology and Statistics (CRESS), Inserm, INRAE, 75004, Paris, France
| | - Marie-Aline Charles
- Université de Paris, Centre for Research in Epidemiology and Statistics (CRESS), Inserm, INRAE, 75004, Paris, France.,Unité mixte Inserm-Ined-EFS ELFE, Ined, 93322, Aubervilliers, France
| | - Blandine de Lauzon-Guillain
- Université de Paris, Centre for Research in Epidemiology and Statistics (CRESS), Inserm, INRAE, 75004, Paris, France.
| | - Jonathan Y Bernard
- Université de Paris, Centre for Research in Epidemiology and Statistics (CRESS), Inserm, INRAE, 75004, Paris, France.,Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences (SICS), Singapore, Singapore
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20
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Enespa, Chandra P, Singh DP. Sources, purification, immobilization and industrial applications of microbial lipases: An overview. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2022; 63:6653-6686. [PMID: 35179093 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2022.2038076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Microbial lipase is looking for better attention with the fast growth of enzyme proficiency and other benefits like easy, cost-effective, and reliable manufacturing. Immobilized enzymes can be used repetitively and are incapable to catalyze the reactions in the system continuously. Hydrophobic supports are utilized to immobilize enzymes when the ionic strength is low. This approach allows for the immobilization, purification, stability, and hyperactivation of lipases in a single step. The diffusion of the substrate is more advantageous on hydrophobic supports than on hydrophilic supports in the carrier. These approaches are critical to the immobilization performance of the enzyme. For enzyme immobilization, synthesis provides a higher pH value as well as greater heat stability. Using a mixture of immobilization methods, the binding force between enzymes and the support rises, reducing enzyme leakage. Lipase adsorption produces interfacial activation when it is immobilized on hydrophobic support. As a result, in the immobilization process, this procedure is primarily used for a variety of industrial applications. Microbial sources, immobilization techniques, and industrial applications in the fields of food, flavor, detergent, paper and pulp, pharmaceuticals, biodiesel, derivatives of esters and amino groups, agrochemicals, biosensor applications, cosmetics, perfumery, and bioremediation are all discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enespa
- School for Agriculture, Sri Mahesh Prasad Post Graduate College, University of Lucknow, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Prem Chandra
- Food Microbiology & Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, School for Environmental Sciences, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University (A Central) University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Devendra Pratap Singh
- Department of Environmental Science, School for Environmental Sciences, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University (A Central) University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
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21
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Chiba T, Kooka A, Kowatari K, Yoshizawa M, Chiba N, Takaguri A, Fukushi Y, Hongo F, Sato H, Wada S. Expression profiles of hsa-miR-148a-3p and hsa-miR-125b-5p in human breast milk and infant formulae. Int Breastfeed J 2022; 17:1. [PMID: 34980190 PMCID: PMC8725387 DOI: 10.1186/s13006-021-00436-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Milk-derived microRNAs (miRNAs), including hsa-miR-148a-3p (miR-148a) and hsa-miR-125b-5p (miR-125b), have been shown to be beneficial to the gastrointestinal function in infants. Here, we investigated their expression during lactation in humans and determined whether the infant formulae available in Japan contain these miRNAs. Methods Healthy Japanese women (n = 16) who gave birth vaginally or by cesarean section at the Teine Keijinkai Hospital between 1 September 2020, and 31 April 2021 were included in this study. Breast milk was collected by nurses on days 4 or 5 after delivery (hereinafter, transition milk) and on day 30 of postpartum (hereinafter, mature milk). The levels of miR-148a and miR-125b in breastmilk and six commercially available infant formulae were compared and evaluated using quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. Results In all participants, the miR-148a level in mature breastmilk was significantly lower than that in the transition milk. The changes in miR-125b expression during lactation showed similar trends to the changes in miR-148a expression. The miR-148a and miR-125b levels in all analyzed infant formulae were lower than 1/500th and 1/100th of those in mature breastmilk, respectively. Conclusions The levels of both miR-148a and miR-125b in human breast milk decreased on day 30 postpartum compared with those in the transition milk. Additionally, the expression of these miRNAs in infant formulae available in Japan was very low. Further studies with larger populations are required to understand precisely the lactational changes in the expression of miR148a and miR-125b in breast milk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Chiba
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University of Science, 15-4-1, Maeda 7-jo, Teine-ku, Sapporo-shi, Hokkaido, 006-8565, Japan. .,Creation Research Institute of Life Science in KITA-no-DAICHI, Hokkaido University of Science, Sapporo-shi, Hokkaido, Japan.
| | - Aya Kooka
- Department of Pharmacy, Teine Keijinkai Hospital, Sapporo-shi, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Kiyoko Kowatari
- Department of Nursing, Teine Keijinkai Hospital, Sapporo-shi, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Megumi Yoshizawa
- Department of Nursing, Teine Keijinkai Hospital, Sapporo-shi, Hokkaido, Japan
| | | | - Akira Takaguri
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University of Science, 15-4-1, Maeda 7-jo, Teine-ku, Sapporo-shi, Hokkaido, 006-8565, Japan.,Creation Research Institute of Life Science in KITA-no-DAICHI, Hokkaido University of Science, Sapporo-shi, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Fukushi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Teine Keijinkai Hospital, Sapporo-shi, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Fuminori Hongo
- Department of Pharmacy, Teine Keijinkai Hospital, Sapporo-shi, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Hideki Sato
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University of Science, 15-4-1, Maeda 7-jo, Teine-ku, Sapporo-shi, Hokkaido, 006-8565, Japan
| | - Shinichiro Wada
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Teine Keijinkai Hospital, Sapporo-shi, Hokkaido, Japan
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22
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Samaniego-Sánchez C, Martín-del-Campo ST, Castañeda-Saucedo MC, Blanca-Herrera RM, Quesada-Granados JJ, Ramírez-Anaya JDP. Migration of Avocado Virgin Oil Functional Compounds during Domestic Cooking of Eggplant. Foods 2021; 10:1790. [PMID: 34441567 PMCID: PMC8391506 DOI: 10.3390/foods10081790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Avocado virgin oil (AVO) was used during eggplant deep-frying, boil, and boil in a water-oil mixture (W/O). There were measured the contents of moisture, dry matter, fat, total (TPC) and ten individual phenols, antioxidant activity (ABTS and DPPH), and total sterols; as well as the profiles of eight fatty acids and fourteen sterols/stanols. The values of raw and processed foods were compared and studied with multivariate analysis. The antioxidant capacity of AVO lowered after deep frying but augmented in eggplant and water after all treatments. The TPC was steady in AVO and raised in fried eggplant. Thermal treatments added to the initial profiles of the AVO, eggplant and water, nine, eight, and four phenols, respectively. Percentages of the main fatty acids (oleic, palmitic and linoleic), and sterols (β-sitosterol, campesterol, and Δ5-avenasterol), remained unchanged between the raw and treated AVO; and the lipidic fractions from processed eggplant. Cooking leads to the movement of hydrophilic and lipophilic functional compounds between AVO, eggplant and water. Migration of sterols and unsaturated fatty acids from AVO to eggplant during deep frying and W/O boiling improved the functional properties of eggplant by adding the high biological value lipophilic fraction to the naturally occurring polyphenols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Samaniego-Sánchez
- Department of Nutrition and Bromatology, Pharmacy Faculty UGR, Campus Cartuja s/n, C.P. 10871 Granada, Spain; (C.S.-S.); (R.M.B.-H.); (J.J.Q.-G.)
| | | | - Ma. Claudia Castañeda-Saucedo
- Department of Nature Sciences, Centro Universitario del Sur (UdeG), Av. Enrique Arreola Silva 883, Ciudad Guzmán C.P. 49000, Jalisco, Mexico;
| | - Rosa María Blanca-Herrera
- Department of Nutrition and Bromatology, Pharmacy Faculty UGR, Campus Cartuja s/n, C.P. 10871 Granada, Spain; (C.S.-S.); (R.M.B.-H.); (J.J.Q.-G.)
| | - José Javier Quesada-Granados
- Department of Nutrition and Bromatology, Pharmacy Faculty UGR, Campus Cartuja s/n, C.P. 10871 Granada, Spain; (C.S.-S.); (R.M.B.-H.); (J.J.Q.-G.)
| | - Jessica del Pilar Ramírez-Anaya
- Department of Computational Sciences and Technological Innovation, Centro Universitario del Sur (UdeG), Av. Enrique Arreola Silva 883, Ciudad Guzmán C.P. 49000, Jalisco, Mexico
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23
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Bathina S, Das UN. Resolvin D1 Decreases Severity of Streptozotocin-Induced Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus by Enhancing BDNF Levels, Reducing Oxidative Stress, and Suppressing Inflammation. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22041516. [PMID: 33546300 PMCID: PMC7913477 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22041516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes mellitus is an autoimmune disease characterized by increased production of pro-inflammatory cytokines secreted by infiltrating macrophages and T cells that destroy pancreatic β cells in a free radical-dependent manner that causes decrease or absence of insulin secretion and consequent hyperglycemia. Hence, suppression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and oxidative stress may ameliorate or decrease the severity of diabetes mellitus. To investigate the effect and mechanism(s) of action of RVD1, an anti-inflammatory metabolite derived from docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), on STZ-induced type 1 DM in male Wistar rats, type 1 diabetes was induced by single intraperitoneal (i.p) streptozotocin (STZ-65 mg/kg) injection. RVD1 (60 ng/mL, given intraperitoneally) was administered from day 1 along with STZ for five consecutive days. Plasma glucose, IL-6, TNF-α, BDNF (brain-derived neurotrophic factor that has anti-diabetic actions), LXA4 (lipoxin A4), and RVD1 levels and BDNF concentrations in the pancreas, liver, and brain tissues were measured. Apoptotic (Bcl2/Bax), inflammatory (COX-1/COX-2/Nf-κb/iNOS/PPAR-γ) genes and downstream insulin signaling proteins (Gsk-3β/Foxo1) were measured in the pancreatic tissue along with concentrations of various antioxidants and lipid peroxides. RVD1 decreased severity of STZ-induced type 1 DM by restoring altered plasma levels of TNF-α, IL-6, and BDNF (p < 0.001); expression of pancreatic COX-1/COX-2/PPAR-γ genes and downstream insulin signaling proteins (Gsk-3β/Foxo1) and the concentrations of antioxidants and lipid peroxides to near normal. RVD1 treatment restored expression of Bcl2/Pdx genes, plasma LXA4 (p < 0.001) and RVD1 levels and increased brain, pancreatic, intestine, and liver BDNF levels to near normal. The results of the present study suggest that RVD1 can prevent STZ-induced type 1 diabetes by its anti-apoptotic, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant actions and by activating the Pdx gene that is needed for pancreatic β cell proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siresha Bathina
- BioScience Research Centre and Department of Medicine, Gayatri Vidya Parishad Hospital, GVP College of Engineering Campus, Visakhapatnam 530048, India;
- Department of Biotechnology, Gandhi Institute of Science (GIS), GITAM University, Visakhapatnam 530048, India
| | - Undurti N. Das
- BioScience Research Centre and Department of Medicine, Gayatri Vidya Parishad Hospital, GVP College of Engineering Campus, Visakhapatnam 530048, India;
- UND Life Sciences, 2221 NW 5th St, Battle Ground, WA 98604, USA
- International Research Centre, Biotechnologies of the Third Millennium, ITMO University, 191002 Saint-Petersburg, Russia
- Correspondence:
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24
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Sánchez-Hernández S, Esteban-Muñoz A, Samaniego-Sánchez C, Giménez-Martínez R, Miralles B, Olalla-Herrera M. Study of the phenolic compound profile and antioxidant activity of human milk from Spanish women at different stages of lactation: A comparison with infant formulas. Food Res Int 2021; 141:110149. [PMID: 33642015 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2021.110149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Revised: 01/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Human milk (HM) has been proven to have important and essential antioxidant properties to counteract infant susceptibility to oxidative stress. Phenolic compounds are secondary metabolites which come from plants and are potent natural antioxidants. The ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) method used in the present study allowed the quantification of 26 phenolic compounds (ten hydroxybenzoic acids, seven hydroxycinnamic acids, four flavonoids, three hydroxybenzaldehydes and two other polyphenols) in HM samples at different stages of lactation (colostrum, transitional milk and mature milk) and infant formulas (IF). Many of the phenolic compounds identified have been reported to be present in HM for the first time. The total phenolic compound content (TPC) was quantified using the Folin assay and the antioxidant activity (AC) was evaluated with the DPPH, ABTS and FRAP assays. Significant differences were evidenced between HM and IF. HM from mothers with an adherence to a Mediterranean diet contained twice as many individual phenolic compounds as infant formulas, with a higher proportion of hydroxybenzoic acids. Conversely, IF showed a higher proportion of hydroxycinnamic acids. Overall, the antioxidant activity of HM showed small variations during lactation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Sánchez-Hernández
- Departament of Nutrition and Bromatology, University of Granada, Campus de Cartuja, s.n., 18071 Granada, Spain; Ph.D. Programme in Nutrition and Food Science, University of Granada, Spain
| | - Adelaida Esteban-Muñoz
- Departament of Nutrition and Bromatology, University of Granada, Campus de Cartuja, s.n., 18071 Granada, Spain; Ph.D. Programme in Nutrition and Food Science, University of Granada, Spain.
| | - Cristina Samaniego-Sánchez
- Departament of Nutrition and Bromatology, University of Granada, Campus de Cartuja, s.n., 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Rafael Giménez-Martínez
- Departament of Nutrition and Bromatology, University of Granada, Campus de Cartuja, s.n., 18071 Granada, Spain; Institute of Biosanitary Research ibs. University of Granada, Av. del Conocimiento, s/n., 18016 Granada, Spain
| | - Beatriz Miralles
- Institute of Food Science Research (CIAL), CSIC.UAM, Calle Nicolás Cabrera, 9, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Manuel Olalla-Herrera
- Departament of Nutrition and Bromatology, University of Granada, Campus de Cartuja, s.n., 18071 Granada, Spain; Institute of Biosanitary Research ibs. University of Granada, Av. del Conocimiento, s/n., 18016 Granada, Spain
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25
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Comitini F, Peila C, Fanos V, Coscia A. The Docosahexanoic Acid: From the Maternal-Fetal Dyad to Early Life Toward Metabolomics. Front Pediatr 2020; 8:538. [PMID: 33102402 PMCID: PMC7555995 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2020.00538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) is an essential ω-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid (LCPUFA) and represents the dominant structural fatty acid in the retina and in the brain's gray matter. Due to its active participation in the development of the nervous system, DHA is one of the most studied LCPUFA and is currently considered a critical nutrient during pregnancy and breastfeeding. Increasing evidence in literature suggests that an adequate concentration of DHA is required from the fetal stage through to early life to ensure optimal neurological development. Likewise, many studies in literature demonstrated that an adequate supply of DHA during pregnancy and lactation is essential to promote proper brain development in utero and in early life. Daily supplementation of DHA in newborns has potentially stronger effects compared to maternal supplementation during pregnancy. Supplementation initiated in the second year of life in children born preterm did not result in global cognitive development improvements. Preliminary findings arising from metabolomics has reported that mother's milk and infant formula supplementation of Vitamin D associated with DHA results in a higher antioxidant and protective action, with a possible positive influence on renal function and body fat on preterm infants compared to those receiving only vitamin D. Recent applications of metabolomic studies on newborns may lead to a better understanding of the metabolic process linked to early nutrition and, subsequently, to the development of targeted and personalized nutritional strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Comitini
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Department of Surgical Sciences, University Hospital and University of Cagliari, Monserrato, Italy
| | - Chiara Peila
- Complex Structure Neonatology Unit, Department of Public Health and Paediatric, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Vassilios Fanos
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Department of Surgical Sciences, University Hospital and University of Cagliari, Monserrato, Italy
| | - Alessandra Coscia
- Complex Structure Neonatology Unit, Department of Public Health and Paediatric, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
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