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Wynne-Ellis MM, Mursu JJ, Tuomainen TP, Bertone-Johnson E, Salonen JT, Virtanen JK. Dietary fat quality and serum androgen concentrations in middle-aged men. Eur J Clin Nutr 2024; 78:99-106. [PMID: 37891228 PMCID: PMC10853065 DOI: 10.1038/s41430-023-01358-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Revised: 10/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES Average testosterone concentrations in men have declined over the last few decades. The reasons for this are not fully known, but changes in dietary fat quality have been suggested to have a role. This study aimed to investigate the associations of different dietary fatty acids with serum androgen concentrations. SUBJECTS/METHODS A total of 2546 men with a mean age of 53 from the Kuopio Ischaemic Heart Disease Risk Factor Study were included in this cross-sectional study. Associations between dietary saturated (SFA), monounsaturated (MUFA), polyunsaturated (PUFA) and trans (TFA) fatty acids and concentrations of serum total and free testosterone and steroid hormone binding globulin (SHBG) were analyzed with analysis of covariance and linear regression analysis. Associations of isocaloric replacement of nutrients and androgen concentrations were analyzed with multivariate nutrient-density models. RESULTS After adjustment for age, examination year and energy intake, higher SFA intake was associated with higher serum total and free testosterone and SHBG concentrations, and higher PUFA intake with lower concentrations. However, the associations were attenuated and not statistically significant after further adjustments for potential confounders. MUFA and TFA intakes were not associated with androgen concentrations. In isocaloric substitution models, replacing dietary protein with SFA was associated with higher serum total testosterone and SHBG concentrations. After excluding men with history of CVD or diabetes (n = 1021), no statistically significant associations were found. CONCLUSIONS Dietary fat quality was not independently associated with serum androgen concentrations in middle-aged men. However, replacing protein with SFA may be associated with higher serum androgen concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miika M Wynne-Ellis
- University of Eastern Finland, Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Jaakko J Mursu
- University of Jyväskylä, Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Tomi-Pekka Tuomainen
- University of Eastern Finland, Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, Kuopio, Finland
| | | | - Jukka T Salonen
- University of Helsinki, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Public Health, Helsinki, Finland
- Metabolic Analytical Services Oy, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jyrki K Virtanen
- University of Eastern Finland, Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, Kuopio, Finland.
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Abstract
In the absence of obesity, adverse lifestyle behaviours, and use of medication such as opioids serum testosterone concentrations decrease by only a minimal amount at least until very advanced age in most men. Obesity is heterogeneous in its phenotype, and it is the accumulation of excess adipose tissue viscerally associated with insulin resistance, dyslipidaemia, inflammation, hypothalamic leptin resistance and gliosis that underpins the functional hypogonadism of obesity. Both central (hypothalamic) and peripheral mechanisms are involved resulting in a low serum total testosterone concentration, while LH and FSH are typically in the normal range. Peripherally a decrease in serum sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG) concentration only partially explains the decrease in testosterone and there is increasing evidence for direct effects in the testis. Men with obesity associated functional hypogonadism and serum testosterone concentrations below 16 nmol/L are at increased risk of incident type 2 diabetes (T2D); high testosterone concentrations are protective. The magnitude of weight loss is linearly associated with an increase in serum testosterone concentration and with the likelihood of preventing T2D or reverting newly diagnosed disease; treatment with testosterone for 2 years increases the probability of a positive outcome from a lifestyle intervention alone by approximately 40%. Whether the additional favourable benefits of testosterone treatment on muscle mass and strength and bone density and quality in the long-term remains to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary Wittert
- University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia.
- Freemasons Centre for Male Health and Wellbeing, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia.
- South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute North Terrace Adelaide, 5000, SA, Adelaide, Australia.
| | - Mathis Grossmann
- Department of Medicine (Austin Health), The University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, Victoria4, Germany
- Department of Endocrinology, Austin Health, Heidelberg, VIC, Germany
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Louters M, Pearlman M, Solsrud E, Pearlman A. Functional hypogonadism among patients with obesity, diabetes, and metabolic syndrome. Int J Impot Res 2022; 34:714-720. [PMID: 34775481 DOI: 10.1038/s41443-021-00496-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2021] [Revised: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Testosterone deficiency, defined as low total testosterone combined with physical, cognitive, and sexual signs and/or symptoms, is a common finding in adult men. Functional hypogonadism (FH) is defined as borderline low testosterone (T) secondary to aging and/or comorbid conditions such as diabetes, obesity, and/or metabolic syndrome. The relationship between FH and metabolic disorders is multifactorial and bidirectional, and associated with a disruption of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis. Resolution of FH requires the correct diagnosis and treatment of the underlying condition(s) with lifestyle modifications considered first-line therapy. Normalization of T levels through dietary modifications such as caloric restriction and restructuring of macronutrients have recently been explored. Exercise and sleep quality have been associated with T levels, and patients should be encouraged to practice resistance training and sleep seven to nine hours per night. Supplementation with vitamin D and Trigonella foenum-graecum may also be considered when optimizing T levels. Ultimately, treatment of FH requires a multidisciplinary approach and personalized patient care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marne Louters
- Department of Urology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
| | - Michelle Pearlman
- Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Emily Solsrud
- Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Amy Pearlman
- Department of Urology, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, IA, USA
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Matsushita M, Fujita K, Motooka D, Hatano K, Hata J, Nishimoto M, Banno E, Takezawa K, Fukuhara S, Kiuchi H, Pan Y, Takao T, Tsujimura A, Yachida S, Nakamura S, Obara W, Uemura H, Nonomura N. Firmicutes in Gut Microbiota Correlate with Blood Testosterone Levels in Elderly Men. World J Mens Health 2022; 40:517-525. [PMID: 35274505 PMCID: PMC9253793 DOI: 10.5534/wjmh.210190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Revised: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE In males, testosterone levels have been implicated in various diseases. Recently, the influence of gut microbial-derived compounds on host metabolism has become evident, and it has been suggested that some gut bacteria may be involved in testosterone metabolism. In the present study, we examined the relationship between testosterone levels and gut microbiota in elderly Japanese men. MATERIALS AND METHODS We collected samples from Japanese male subjects suspected of having prostate cancer and underwent prostate biopsies and excluded patients with positive biopsies to avoid the effect of prostate cancer on the gut microbiota. In total, 54 Japanese males with negative biopsy results were included in our study. The gut microbiota was analyzed by 16S rRNA gene sequencing of bacterial DNA extracted from rectal swabs. Gut microbiota compositions were compared between the two groups according to the level of serum testosterone (above or below 3.5 ng /mL). RESULTS The median age of the cohort was 71 years, and the quartile range was 67 to 73 years. We observed no significant difference in alpha or beta diversity, but some bacteria belonging to the phylum Firmicutes (Clostridiales, Turicibacter, and Gemella) were increased in the high testosterone group. Serum testosterone levels positively correlated with the relative amount of Firmicutes (rS=0.3323, p=0.0141), and the amount of Firmicutes affected serum testosterone levels independent of host factors (age, body mass index, triglyceride, and total cholesterol; β=0.770, p=0.0396). CONCLUSIONS Some intestinal bacteria belonging to the phylum Firmicutes were associated with testosterone levels in elderly males. Therefore, the gut microbiota could affect testosterone metabolism in elderly males.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Matsushita
- Department of Urology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
| | - Kazutoshi Fujita
- Department of Urology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
- Department of Urology, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osakasayama, Japan.
| | - Daisuke Motooka
- Department of Infection Metagenomics, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Koji Hatano
- Department of Urology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
| | - Junya Hata
- Department of Urology, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Mitsuhisa Nishimoto
- Department of Urology, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osakasayama, Japan
| | - Eri Banno
- Department of Urology, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osakasayama, Japan
| | - Kentaro Takezawa
- Department of Urology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
| | - Shinichiro Fukuhara
- Department of Urology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kiuchi
- Department of Urology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
| | - Yue Pan
- Laboratory of Protein Profiling and Functional Proteomics, Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Toshifumi Takao
- Laboratory of Protein Profiling and Functional Proteomics, Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Akira Tsujimura
- Department of Urology, Juntendo University Urayasu Hospital, Urayasu, Japan
| | - Shinichi Yachida
- Department of Cancer Genome Informatics, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
| | - Shota Nakamura
- Department of Infection Metagenomics, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Wataru Obara
- Department of Urology, Iwate Medical University, Morioka, Japan
| | - Hirotsugu Uemura
- Department of Urology, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osakasayama, Japan
| | - Norio Nonomura
- Department of Urology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
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Qin Z, Liu N, Liao R, Jiang L, Su B. The Association Between Dietary Inflammatory Potential and Sex Hormones in Male Children and Adolescents Aged 6-19 Years. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:722941. [PMID: 34413832 PMCID: PMC8370775 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.722941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Aims This study aimed to assess the relationship between dietary inflammatory index (DII) and sex hormones in male children and adolescents aged 6-19 years. Methods We obtained data from the 2013-2016 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Male participants aged 6-19 years old with the complete data of DII and sex hormones were included. Weighted multiple regression analysis and subgroup analysis were preformed to estimate the independent relationship between DII and sex hormones. Results A total of 1717 male participants with the average age of 13.02 ± 3.82 years were enrolled, of whom 41.3% (n=713) were children and 58.47% (n=1004) were adolescents. In children, mean DII was 0.18 ± 1.67, with scores ranging from -4.53 to 4.08. As for adolescents, the mean DII was 0.36 ± 1.98, mean total testosterone (TT) was 376.94 ± 206.69 ng/dl overall. A negative association between DII with TT and estradiol (E2) was observed (TT: β=-11.97, P=0.0006; E2: β=-0.45, P=0.0108) in male adolescent. Subgroup analysis and interaction test results indicated that this association was similar in male adolescents with different body mass index. No statistically significant association was observed in children. Conclusions Pro-inflammatory diet was associated with lower TT and E2 level in male adolescent, while no association with statistical significance between them was observed in male children. However, more studies are still needed to validate the causal relationship between DII and sex hormones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Qin
- Department of Nephrology, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Med+ Biomaterial Institute of West China Hospital/West China School of Medicine of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Med-X Center for Materials, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Nuozhou Liu
- West China School of Medicine, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ruoxi Liao
- Department of Nephrology, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Med+ Biomaterial Institute of West China Hospital/West China School of Medicine of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Med-X Center for Materials, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Luojia Jiang
- Department of Nephrology, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Med+ Biomaterial Institute of West China Hospital/West China School of Medicine of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Med-X Center for Materials, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Baihai Su
- Department of Nephrology, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Med+ Biomaterial Institute of West China Hospital/West China School of Medicine of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Med-X Center for Materials, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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Kao CC, Yang ZY, Cheng YW, Chen WL. Examining the association between serum free fatty acids and blood levels of testosterone. J Hum Nutr Diet 2020; 34:334-344. [PMID: 33089908 DOI: 10.1111/jhn.12828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Revised: 09/26/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multiple studies have uncovered the effects that ingested fat has on human blood levels of testosterone. Yet, few reports have discussed the effect of circulating serum free fatty acids (FFAs). The present study aimed to explore the relationship between serum free fatty acids and blood levels of testosterone. METHODS In total, 5719 adults were pooled from the database of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) from 2011 to 2012. Based on multivariable-linear regression models, we employed a total of 30 FFAs to interpret the relationship of FFAs with blood levels of testosterone. Two models with covariate adjustments were designated for further evaluation and analysis. RESULTS Capric acid [β = -0.014, 95% confidence interval (CI) = -0.023, -0.004, P = 0.005], myristic acid (β = -0.001, 95% CI = -0.001, 0.000, P ≤ 0.001), pentadecanoic acid (β = -0.013, 95% CI = -0.018, -0.008, P ≤ 0.001), margaric acid (β = -0.011, 95% CI = -0.017, -0.005, P ≤ 0.001) and alpha-linolenic acid (β = -0.001, 95% CI = -0.002, 0.000, P = 0.004) in the fully adjusted model were significantly negatively correlated with the testosterone level inh obese men. In the fully adjusted model for the female analysis, myristic acid, pentadecanoic acid, palmitic acid, margaric acid, stearic acid, myristoleic acid, oleic acid, nervonic acid and alpha-linolenic acid were found significantly associated with the testosterone level. CONCLUSIONS Our findings indicate a significant negative correlation between serum FFAs and blood levels of testosterone. Furthermore, we reveal the essentiality of serum FFAs and their potential effects on the reduction of testosterone levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- C-C Kao
- Division of Family Medicine, Department of Family and Community Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, Taiwan, Republic of China.,School of Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Z-Y Yang
- Division of Family Medicine, Department of Family and Community Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, Taiwan, Republic of China.,School of Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Y-W Cheng
- Division of Family Medicine, Department of Family and Community Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, Taiwan, Republic of China.,School of Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - W-L Chen
- Division of Family Medicine, Department of Family and Community Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, Taiwan, Republic of China.,School of Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Taiwan, Republic of China.,Division of Geriatric Medicine, Department of Family and Community Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, Taiwan, Republic of China.,Department of Biochemistry, National Defense Medical Center, Taiwan, Republic of China
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