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Rodríguez RM, Colom-Pellicer M, Hernández-Baixauli J, Calvo E, Suárez M, Arola-Arnal A, Torres-Fuentes C, Aragonès G, Mulero M. Grape Seed Proanthocyanidin Extract Attenuates Cafeteria-Diet-Induced Liver Metabolic Disturbances in Rats: Influence of Photoperiod. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:7713. [PMID: 39062955 PMCID: PMC11276873 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25147713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2024] [Revised: 07/04/2024] [Accepted: 07/11/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the influence of photoperiod (day length) on the efficacy of grape seed proanthocyanidin extract (GSPE) in mitigating metabolic disorders in obese rats fed a cafeteria diet. Rats were exposed to standard (L12), long (L18), or short (L6) photoperiods and treated with GSPE or vehicle. In the standard photoperiod, GSPE reduced body weight gain (50.5%), total cholesterol (37%), and triglycerides (34.8%), while increasing the expression of hepatic metabolic genes. In the long photoperiod, GSPE tended to decrease body weight gain, increased testosterone levels (68.3%), decreased liver weight (12.4%), and decreased reverse serum amino acids. In the short photoperiod, GSPE reduced glycemia (~10%) and lowered triglyceride levels (38.5%), with effects modified by diet. The standard photoperiod showed the greatest efficacy against metabolic syndrome-associated diseases. The study showed how day length affects GSPE's benefits and underscores considering biological rhythms in metabolic disease therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romina M. Rodríguez
- Nutrigenomics Research Group, Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Universitat Rovira i Virgili (URV), Campus de Sescelades, 43007 Tarragona, Spain; (R.M.R.); (M.C.-P.); (E.C.); (M.S.); (A.A.-A.); (C.T.-F.); (G.A.)
| | - Marina Colom-Pellicer
- Nutrigenomics Research Group, Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Universitat Rovira i Virgili (URV), Campus de Sescelades, 43007 Tarragona, Spain; (R.M.R.); (M.C.-P.); (E.C.); (M.S.); (A.A.-A.); (C.T.-F.); (G.A.)
| | - Julia Hernández-Baixauli
- Laboratory of Metabolism and Obesity, Vall d’Hebron-Institut de Recerca, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08035 Barcelona, Spain;
| | - Enrique Calvo
- Nutrigenomics Research Group, Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Universitat Rovira i Virgili (URV), Campus de Sescelades, 43007 Tarragona, Spain; (R.M.R.); (M.C.-P.); (E.C.); (M.S.); (A.A.-A.); (C.T.-F.); (G.A.)
- Center of Environmental, Food and Toxicological Technology-TecnATox, Rovira i Virgili University, 43201 Reus, Spain
| | - Manuel Suárez
- Nutrigenomics Research Group, Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Universitat Rovira i Virgili (URV), Campus de Sescelades, 43007 Tarragona, Spain; (R.M.R.); (M.C.-P.); (E.C.); (M.S.); (A.A.-A.); (C.T.-F.); (G.A.)
- Center of Environmental, Food and Toxicological Technology-TecnATox, Rovira i Virgili University, 43201 Reus, Spain
| | - Anna Arola-Arnal
- Nutrigenomics Research Group, Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Universitat Rovira i Virgili (URV), Campus de Sescelades, 43007 Tarragona, Spain; (R.M.R.); (M.C.-P.); (E.C.); (M.S.); (A.A.-A.); (C.T.-F.); (G.A.)
- Center of Environmental, Food and Toxicological Technology-TecnATox, Rovira i Virgili University, 43201 Reus, Spain
| | - Cristina Torres-Fuentes
- Nutrigenomics Research Group, Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Universitat Rovira i Virgili (URV), Campus de Sescelades, 43007 Tarragona, Spain; (R.M.R.); (M.C.-P.); (E.C.); (M.S.); (A.A.-A.); (C.T.-F.); (G.A.)
- Center of Environmental, Food and Toxicological Technology-TecnATox, Rovira i Virgili University, 43201 Reus, Spain
| | - Gerard Aragonès
- Nutrigenomics Research Group, Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Universitat Rovira i Virgili (URV), Campus de Sescelades, 43007 Tarragona, Spain; (R.M.R.); (M.C.-P.); (E.C.); (M.S.); (A.A.-A.); (C.T.-F.); (G.A.)
- Center of Environmental, Food and Toxicological Technology-TecnATox, Rovira i Virgili University, 43201 Reus, Spain
| | - Miquel Mulero
- Nutrigenomics Research Group, Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Universitat Rovira i Virgili (URV), Campus de Sescelades, 43007 Tarragona, Spain; (R.M.R.); (M.C.-P.); (E.C.); (M.S.); (A.A.-A.); (C.T.-F.); (G.A.)
- Center of Environmental, Food and Toxicological Technology-TecnATox, Rovira i Virgili University, 43201 Reus, Spain
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Walker CD, Delorme TC, Kiessling S, Long H, Cermakian N. Peripheral clock gene oscillations are perturbed in neonatal and adult rat offspring raised under adverse limited bedding conditions. Sci Rep 2023; 13:22886. [PMID: 38129480 PMCID: PMC10739797 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-47968-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Circadian (24-h) rhythms in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) are established in utero in rodents, but rhythmicity of peripheral circadian clocks appears later in postnatal development. Since peripheral oscillators can be influenced by maternal feeding and behavior, we investigated whether exposure to the adverse environmental conditions of limited bedding (LB) during postnatal life would alter rhythmicity in the SCN, adrenal gland and liver in neonatal (postnatal day PND10), juvenile (PND28) and adult rats. We also examined locomotor activity in adults. Limited bedding increased nursing time and slightly increased fragmentation of maternal behavior. Exposure to LB reduced the amplitude of Per2 in the SCN on PND10. Adrenal clock gene expression (Bmal1, Per2, Cry1, Rev-erbα, Dbp) and corticosterone secretion were rhythmic at all ages in NB offspring, whereas rhythmicity of Bmal1, Cry1 and corticosterone was abolished in neonatal LB pups. Circadian gene expression in the adrenal and liver was well established by PND28. In adults, liver expression of several circadian genes was increased at specific daytimes by LB and the microstructure of locomotor behavior was altered. Thus, changes in maternal care and behavior might provide important signals to the maturing peripheral oscillators and modify, in particular their output functions in the long-term.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire-Dominique Walker
- Douglas Mental Health University Institute, 6875 Lasalle Blvd, Montreal, QC, H4H 1R3, Canada.
- Dept of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.
| | - Tara C Delorme
- Douglas Mental Health University Institute, 6875 Lasalle Blvd, Montreal, QC, H4H 1R3, Canada
| | - Silke Kiessling
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Stag Hill Campus, Guildford, GU27XH, UK
| | - Hong Long
- Douglas Mental Health University Institute, 6875 Lasalle Blvd, Montreal, QC, H4H 1R3, Canada
| | - Nicolas Cermakian
- Douglas Mental Health University Institute, 6875 Lasalle Blvd, Montreal, QC, H4H 1R3, Canada
- Dept of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
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Cortés-Espinar AJ, Ibarz-Blanch N, Soliz-Rueda JR, Calvo E, Bravo FI, Mulero M, Ávila-Román J. Abrupt Photoperiod Changes Differentially Modulate Hepatic Antioxidant Response in Healthy and Obese Rats: Effects of Grape Seed Proanthocyanidin Extract (GSPE). Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:17057. [PMID: 38069379 PMCID: PMC10707189 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242317057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Revised: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Disruptions of the light/dark cycle and unhealthy diets can promote misalignment of biological rhythms and metabolic alterations, ultimately leading to an oxidative stress condition. Grape seed proanthocyanidin extract (GSPE), which possesses antioxidant properties, has demonstrated its beneficial effects in metabolic-associated diseases and its potential role in modulating circadian disruptions. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the impact of GSPE administration on the liver oxidant system of healthy and diet-induced obese rats undergoing a sudden photoperiod shift. To this end, forty-eight photoperiod-sensitive Fischer 344/IcoCrl rats were fed either a standard (STD) or a cafeteria diet (CAF) for 6 weeks. A week before euthanizing, rats were abruptly transferred from a standard photoperiod of 12 h of light/day (L12) to either a short (6 h light/day, L6) or a long photoperiod (18 h light/day, L18) while receiving a daily oral dose of vehicle (VH) or GSPE (25 mg/kg). Alterations in body weight gain, serum and liver biochemical parameters, antioxidant gene and protein expression, and antioxidant metabolites were observed. Interestingly, GSPE partially ameliorated these effects by reducing the oxidative stress status in L6 through an increase in GPx1 expression and in hepatic antioxidant metabolites and in L18 by increasing the NRF2/KEAP1/ARE pathway, thereby showing potential in the treatment of circadian-related disorders by increasing the hepatic antioxidant response in a photoperiod-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio J. Cortés-Espinar
- Nutrigenomics Research Group, Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 43007 Tarragona, Spain; (A.J.C.-E.); (N.I.-B.); (J.R.S.-R.); (E.C.); (F.I.B.)
- Nutrigenomics Research Group, Institut d’Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Néstor Ibarz-Blanch
- Nutrigenomics Research Group, Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 43007 Tarragona, Spain; (A.J.C.-E.); (N.I.-B.); (J.R.S.-R.); (E.C.); (F.I.B.)
- Nutrigenomics Research Group, Institut d’Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Jorge R. Soliz-Rueda
- Nutrigenomics Research Group, Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 43007 Tarragona, Spain; (A.J.C.-E.); (N.I.-B.); (J.R.S.-R.); (E.C.); (F.I.B.)
- Nutrigenomics Research Group, Institut d’Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Enrique Calvo
- Nutrigenomics Research Group, Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 43007 Tarragona, Spain; (A.J.C.-E.); (N.I.-B.); (J.R.S.-R.); (E.C.); (F.I.B.)
- Nutrigenomics Research Group, Institut d’Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Francisca Isabel Bravo
- Nutrigenomics Research Group, Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 43007 Tarragona, Spain; (A.J.C.-E.); (N.I.-B.); (J.R.S.-R.); (E.C.); (F.I.B.)
- Nutrigenomics Research Group, Institut d’Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Miquel Mulero
- Nutrigenomics Research Group, Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 43007 Tarragona, Spain; (A.J.C.-E.); (N.I.-B.); (J.R.S.-R.); (E.C.); (F.I.B.)
- Nutrigenomics Research Group, Institut d’Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Javier Ávila-Román
- Molecular and Applied Pharmacology Group (FARMOLAP), Department of Pharmacology, Universidad de Sevilla, 41012 Sevilla, Spain
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Soliz-Rueda JR, López-Fernández-Sobrino R, Torres-Fuentes C, Bravo FI, Suárez M, Mulero M, Muguerza B. Metabolism disturbance by light/dark cycle switching depends on the rat health status: the role of grape seed flavanols. Food Funct 2023; 14:6443-6454. [PMID: 37377055 DOI: 10.1039/d3fo00260h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
Changes in light/dark cycles and obesogenic diets are related to the disruption of circadian rhythms and metabolic disorders. Grape seed flavanols have shown beneficial effects on metabolic diseases and, recently, a circadian system modulation has been suggested to mediate their health-enhancing properties. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the grape seed (poly)phenol extract (GSPE) effects in healthy and obese rats after a light/dark cycle disruption. Forty-eight rats were fed a standard (STD) or cafeteria (CAF) diet for 6 weeks under STD conditions of a light/dark cycle (12 h light per day, L12). Then, animals were switched to a long (18 h light per day, L18) or short (6 h light per day, L6) photoperiod and administered a vehicle (VH) or GSPE (25 mg kg-1) for 1 week. The results showed changes in serum lipids and insulin and metabolomic profiles dependent on the photoperiod and animal health status. GSPE administration improved serum parameters and increased the Nampt gene expression in CAF rats and modified the metabolomic profile in a photoperiod-dependent manner. Metabolic effects of light/dark disturbance depend on the health status of the rats, with diet-induced CAF-induced obese rats being more affected. Grape seed flavanols improve the metabolic status in a photoperiod-dependent manner and their effects on the circadian system suggest that part of their metabolic effects could be mediated by their action on biological rhythms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge R Soliz-Rueda
- University Rovira i Virgili, Biochemistry and Biotechnology Department, Nutrigenomics Research Group, Tarragona, 43007, Spain.
- Pere Virgili Institute for Health Research (IISPV), Tarragona, 43007, Spain
- Center of Environmental, Food and Toxicological Technology (TecnATox), University Rovira i Virgili, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Raúl López-Fernández-Sobrino
- University Rovira i Virgili, Biochemistry and Biotechnology Department, Nutrigenomics Research Group, Tarragona, 43007, Spain.
| | - Cristina Torres-Fuentes
- University Rovira i Virgili, Biochemistry and Biotechnology Department, Nutrigenomics Research Group, Tarragona, 43007, Spain.
- Pere Virgili Institute for Health Research (IISPV), Tarragona, 43007, Spain
- Center of Environmental, Food and Toxicological Technology (TecnATox), University Rovira i Virgili, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Francisca I Bravo
- University Rovira i Virgili, Biochemistry and Biotechnology Department, Nutrigenomics Research Group, Tarragona, 43007, Spain.
- Pere Virgili Institute for Health Research (IISPV), Tarragona, 43007, Spain
- Center of Environmental, Food and Toxicological Technology (TecnATox), University Rovira i Virgili, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Manuel Suárez
- University Rovira i Virgili, Biochemistry and Biotechnology Department, Nutrigenomics Research Group, Tarragona, 43007, Spain.
- Pere Virgili Institute for Health Research (IISPV), Tarragona, 43007, Spain
- Center of Environmental, Food and Toxicological Technology (TecnATox), University Rovira i Virgili, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Miquel Mulero
- University Rovira i Virgili, Biochemistry and Biotechnology Department, Nutrigenomics Research Group, Tarragona, 43007, Spain.
- Pere Virgili Institute for Health Research (IISPV), Tarragona, 43007, Spain
- Center of Environmental, Food and Toxicological Technology (TecnATox), University Rovira i Virgili, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Begoña Muguerza
- University Rovira i Virgili, Biochemistry and Biotechnology Department, Nutrigenomics Research Group, Tarragona, 43007, Spain.
- Pere Virgili Institute for Health Research (IISPV), Tarragona, 43007, Spain
- Center of Environmental, Food and Toxicological Technology (TecnATox), University Rovira i Virgili, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
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Shift work and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease incidence among Chinese rail workers: a 4-year longitudinal cohort study. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 2023; 96:179-190. [PMID: 35989361 DOI: 10.1007/s00420-022-01913-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Occupational harmful factors, such as shift work, are attracting increasing attention as a potential cause of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). In this study, we aimed to identify the association between shift work and NAFLD incidence in Chinese rail population. METHODS A cohort study was conducted among 14,112 rail workers for 4-year follow-up. Shift work frequency and other potential variables were recorded by questionnaires, including demographic, lifestyle, and occupation information. Besides, body mass index, blood pressure, fasting blood glucose, total cholesterol, triglyceride, alanine aminotransferase, and aspartate aminotransferase were measured by anthropometric measurement and blood test. Diagnosis of new NAFLD case was based on abdominal ultrasonography. Cox proportional hazards regression model was used to determine whether shift work has effect on occurrence of NAFLD. RESULTS The incidence of NAFLD was 30.43% in total subjects. After adjustment for possible confounders, the RRs of NAFLD were 1.069 (95% CI 0.998-1.146) and 1.179 (95% CI 1.059-1.312) in occasionally shift work group and frequently shift work group respectively, compared to the seldom shift work group. In stratified analyses, the RRs of NAFLD incidence linked to shift work exposure seems increase among female and elder. The results of three sensitivity analyses were similar with main analysis. CONCLUSIONS This research provided further evidence of positive harmful effect of shift work on NAFLD incidence in Chinese rail workers, particularly in frequently shift work population. The risk estimate of shift work on NAFLD was higher in female and elder.
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Martín-Reyes F, Ho-Plagaro A, Rodríguez-Díaz C, Lopez-Gómez C, Garcia-Serrano S, de Los Reyes DR, Gonzalo M, Fernández-Garcia JC, Montiel-Casado C, Fernández-Aguilar JL, Fernández JR, García-Fuentes E, Rodríguez-Pacheco F. Oleic acid regulates the circadian rhythm of adipose tissue in obesity. Pharmacol Res 2023; 187:106579. [PMID: 36435269 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2022.106579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2022] [Revised: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The effect of oleic acid (OA) on the regulation of the circadian rhythm present in human visceral (VAT) and subcutaneous (SAT) adipose tissue from patients with morbid obesity has not been analyzed yet. VAT and SAT explants from patients with morbid obesity were incubated with OA to analyze the circadian regulation of clock and other genes related to lipid metabolism (SREBP-1c, FAS, LPL and CPT1), and their association with baseline variables and the improvement of these patients after bariatric surgery. There were significant differences in amplitude and acrophase in VAT with respect to SAT. In VAT, body weight negatively correlated with BMAL1 and CRY1 amplitude, and REVERBα acrophase; body mass index (BMI) negatively correlated with REVERBα acrophase; and waist circumference negatively correlated with PER3 acrophase. In SAT, BMI negatively correlated with CLOCK amplitude, and CLOCK, REVERBα and CRY2 MESOR; and waist circumference negatively correlated with PER3 amplitude and acrophase. A greater short-term improvement of body weight, BMI and waist circumference in patients with morbid obesity after bariatric surgery was associated with a lower CRY1 and CRY2 amplitude and an earlier PER1 and PER3 acrophase in SAT. OA produced a more relevant circadian rhythm and increased the amplitude of most clock genes and lipid metabolism-related genes. OA regulated the acrophase of most clock genes in VAT and SAT, placing CLOCK/BMAL1 in antiphase with regard to the other genes. OA increased the circadian rhythmicity, although with slight differences between adipose tissues. These differences could determine its different behavior in obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flores Martín-Reyes
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga y Plataforma en Nanomedicina-IBIMA Plataforma BIONAND, Málaga, Spain; Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Aparato Digestivo, Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Victoria, Málaga, Spain
| | - Ailec Ho-Plagaro
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga y Plataforma en Nanomedicina-IBIMA Plataforma BIONAND, Málaga, Spain; Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Aparato Digestivo, Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Victoria, Málaga, Spain
| | - Cristina Rodríguez-Díaz
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga y Plataforma en Nanomedicina-IBIMA Plataforma BIONAND, Málaga, Spain; Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Aparato Digestivo, Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Victoria, Málaga, Spain
| | - Carlos Lopez-Gómez
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga y Plataforma en Nanomedicina-IBIMA Plataforma BIONAND, Málaga, Spain; Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Aparato Digestivo, Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Victoria, Málaga, Spain
| | - Sara Garcia-Serrano
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga y Plataforma en Nanomedicina-IBIMA Plataforma BIONAND, Málaga, Spain; Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Endocrinología y Nutrición, Hospital Regional Universitario, Málaga, Spain; CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas-CIBERDEM, Málaga, Spain
| | - Dámaris Rodriguez de Los Reyes
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga y Plataforma en Nanomedicina-IBIMA Plataforma BIONAND, Málaga, Spain; Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Aparato Digestivo, Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Victoria, Málaga, Spain
| | - Montserrat Gonzalo
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga y Plataforma en Nanomedicina-IBIMA Plataforma BIONAND, Málaga, Spain; Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Endocrinología y Nutrición, Hospital Regional Universitario, Málaga, Spain
| | - Jose C Fernández-Garcia
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga y Plataforma en Nanomedicina-IBIMA Plataforma BIONAND, Málaga, Spain; Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Endocrinología y Nutrición, Hospital Regional Universitario, Málaga, Spain
| | - Custodia Montiel-Casado
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Cirugía General, Digestiva y Trasplantes, Hospital Regional Universitario, Málaga, Spain
| | - Jose L Fernández-Aguilar
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Cirugía General, Digestiva y Trasplantes, Hospital Regional Universitario, Málaga, Spain
| | - José R Fernández
- Bioengeneering & Chronobiology Labs, atlanTTic Research Center, University of Vigo, Spain
| | - Eduardo García-Fuentes
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga y Plataforma en Nanomedicina-IBIMA Plataforma BIONAND, Málaga, Spain; Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Aparato Digestivo, Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Victoria, Málaga, Spain; CIBER de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas-CIBEREHD, Málaga, Spain.
| | - Francisca Rodríguez-Pacheco
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga y Plataforma en Nanomedicina-IBIMA Plataforma BIONAND, Málaga, Spain; Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Aparato Digestivo, Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Victoria, Málaga, Spain; CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas-CIBERDEM, Málaga, Spain
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Estanyol-Torres N, Domenech-Coca C, González-Domínguez R, Miñarro A, Reverter F, Moreno-Muñoz JA, Jiménez J, Martín-Palomas M, Castellano-Escuder P, Mostafa H, García-Vallvé S, Abasolo N, Rodríguez MA, Torrell H, Del Bas JM, Sanchez-Pla A, Caimari A, Mas-Capdevila A, Andres-Lacueva C, Crescenti A. A mixture of four dietary fibres ameliorates adiposity and improves metabolic profile and intestinal health in cafeteria-fed obese rats: an integrative multi-omics approach. J Nutr Biochem 2023; 111:109184. [PMID: 36265688 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2022.109184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to assess the effects of a mixture of four dietary fibers on obese rats. Four groups of male Wistar rats were fed with either standard chow (STD) or cafeteria diet (CAF) and were orally supplemented with either fibre mixture (2 g kg-1 of body weight) (STD+F or CAF+F groups) or vehicle (STD+VH or CAF+VH groups). We studied a wide number of biometric, biochemical, transcriptomic, metagenomic and metabolomic variables and applied an integrative multivariate approach based on multiple factor analysis and Pearson's correlation analysis. A significant reduction in body weight, adiposity, HbA1c and HDL-cholesterol serum levels, and colon MPO activity was observed, whereas cecal weight and small intestine length:weight ratio were significantly increased in F-treated groups compared to control animals. CAF+F rats displayed a significant enhancement in energy expenditure, fat oxidation and fresh stool weight, and a significant reduction in adiponectin and LPS serum levels, compared to control group. Animals in STD+F group showed reduced serum LDL-cholesterol levels and a significant reduction in total cholesterol levels in the liver compared to STF+VH group. The intervention effect was reflected at the metabolomic (i.e., production of short-chain fatty acids, phenolic acids, and amino acids), metagenomic (i.e., modulation of Ruminococcus and Lactobacillus genus) and transcriptomic (i.e., expression of tight junctions and proteolysis) levels. Altogether, our integrative multi-omics approach highlights the potential of supplementation with a mixture of fibers to ameliorate the impairments triggered by obesity in terms of adiposity, metabolic profile, and intestinal health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Núria Estanyol-Torres
- Biomarkers and Nutrimetabolomics Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, Food Innovation Network (XIA), Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable (CIBERfes), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Raúl González-Domínguez
- Biomarkers and Nutrimetabolomics Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, Food Innovation Network (XIA), Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable (CIBERfes), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonio Miñarro
- CIBER Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable (CIBERfes), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ferran Reverter
- CIBER Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable (CIBERfes), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Jesús Jiménez
- Laboratorios Ordesa, Scientific Department, Parc Científic Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Manel Martín-Palomas
- Laboratorios Ordesa, Scientific Department, Parc Científic Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pol Castellano-Escuder
- Biomarkers and Nutrimetabolomics Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, Food Innovation Network (XIA), Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable (CIBERfes), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Hamza Mostafa
- Biomarkers and Nutrimetabolomics Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, Food Innovation Network (XIA), Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable (CIBERfes), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Santi García-Vallvé
- Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Departament de Bioquímica i Biotecnologia, Research group in Cheminformatics & Nutrition, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Nerea Abasolo
- Eurecat, Technology Centre of Catalunya, Centre for Omic Sciences (COS), Joint Unit Universitat Rovira i Virgili-EURECAT, Unique Scientific and Technical Infrastructures (ICTS), Reus, Spain
| | - Miguel A Rodríguez
- Eurecat, Technology Centre of Catalunya, Centre for Omic Sciences (COS), Joint Unit Universitat Rovira i Virgili-EURECAT, Unique Scientific and Technical Infrastructures (ICTS), Reus, Spain
| | - Helena Torrell
- Eurecat, Technology Centre of Catalunya, Centre for Omic Sciences (COS), Joint Unit Universitat Rovira i Virgili-EURECAT, Unique Scientific and Technical Infrastructures (ICTS), Reus, Spain
| | - Josep M Del Bas
- Eurecat, Technology Centre of Catalunya, Nutrition and Health Unit, Reus, Spain
| | - Alex Sanchez-Pla
- CIBER Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable (CIBERfes), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Antoni Caimari
- Eurecat, Technology Centre of Catalunya, Biotechnology Area and Technological Unit of Nutrition and Health, Reus, Spain
| | - Anna Mas-Capdevila
- Eurecat, Technology Centre of Catalunya, Nutrition and Health Unit, Reus, Spain.
| | - Cristina Andres-Lacueva
- Biomarkers and Nutrimetabolomics Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, Food Innovation Network (XIA), Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable (CIBERfes), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Anna Crescenti
- Eurecat, Technology Centre of Catalunya, Nutrition and Health Unit, Reus, Spain.
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8
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Mariné-Casadó R, Domenech-Coca C, Crescenti A, Rodríguez Gómez MÁ, Del Bas JM, Arola L, Boqué N, Caimari A. Maternal Supplementation with a Cocoa Extract during Lactation Deeply Modulates Dams' Metabolism, Increases Adiponectin Circulating Levels and Improves the Inflammatory Profile in Obese Rat Offspring. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14235134. [PMID: 36501173 PMCID: PMC9738144 DOI: 10.3390/nu14235134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Revised: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/07/2022] Open
Abstract
High-flavonoid cocoa consumption has been associated with beneficial properties. However, there are scarce data concerning the effects of maternal cocoa intake on dams and in their progeny. Here, we evaluated in rats whether maternal supplementation with a high-flavan-3-ol cocoa extract (CCX) during lactation (200 mg.kg-1.day-1) produced beneficial effects on dams and in their normoweight (STD-CCX group) and cafeteria-fed obese (CAF-CCX group) adult male offspring. Maternal intake of CCX significantly increased the circulating levels of adiponectin and decreased the mammary gland lipid content of dams. These effects were accompanied by increased energy expenditure and circulating free fatty acids, as well as by a higher expression of lipogenic and adiponectin-related genes in their mammary glands, which could be related to a compensatory mechanism to ensure enough lipid supply to the pups. CCX consumption programmed both offspring groups towards increased plasma total adiponectin levels, and decreased liver weight and lean/fat ratio. Furthermore, CAF-CCX progeny showed an improvement of the inflammatory profile, evidenced by the significant decrease of the monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) circulating levels and the mRNA levels of the gene encoding the major histocompatibility complex, class II invariant chain (Cd74), a marker of M1 macrophage phenotype, in the epididymal white adipose tissue. Although further studies are needed, these findings can pave the way for using CCX as a nutraceutical supplement during lactation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger Mariné-Casadó
- Eurecat, Centre Tecnològic de Catalunya, Technological Unit of Nutrition and Health, 43204 Reus, Spain
| | - Cristina Domenech-Coca
- Eurecat, Centre Tecnològic de Catalunya, Technological Unit of Nutrition and Health, 43204 Reus, Spain
| | - Anna Crescenti
- Eurecat, Centre Tecnològic de Catalunya, Technological Unit of Nutrition and Health, 43204 Reus, Spain
| | - Miguel Ángel Rodríguez Gómez
- Eurecat, Centre Tecnològic de Catalunya, Centre for Omic Sciences (COS), Joint Unit Universitat Rovira i Virgili-EURECAT, 43204 Reus, Spain
| | - Josep Maria Del Bas
- Eurecat, Centre Tecnològic de Catalunya, Biotechnology Area, 43204 Reus, Spain
| | - Lluís Arola
- Nutrigenomics Research Group, Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Noemí Boqué
- Eurecat, Centre Tecnològic de Catalunya, Technological Unit of Nutrition and Health, 43204 Reus, Spain
- Correspondence: (N.B.); (A.C.)
| | - Antoni Caimari
- Eurecat, Centre Tecnològic de Catalunya, Biotechnology Area, 43204 Reus, Spain
- Correspondence: (N.B.); (A.C.)
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9
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Colom-Pellicer M, Rodríguez RM, Soliz-Rueda JR, de Assis LVM, Navarro-Masip È, Quesada-Vázquez S, Escoté X, Oster H, Mulero M, Aragonès G. Proanthocyanidins Restore the Metabolic Diurnal Rhythm of Subcutaneous White Adipose Tissue According to Time-Of-Day Consumption. Nutrients 2022; 14:2246. [PMID: 35684049 PMCID: PMC9182881 DOI: 10.3390/nu14112246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Consumption of grape seed proanthocyanidin extract (GSPE) has beneficial effects on the functionality of white adipose tissue (WAT). However, although WAT metabolism shows a clear diurnal rhythm, whether GSPE consumption could affect WAT rhythmicity in a time-dependent manner has not been studied. Ninety-six male Fischer rats were fed standard (STD, two groups) or cafeteria (CAF, four groups) diet for 9 weeks (n = 16 each group). From week 6 on, CAF diet animals were supplemented with vehicle or 25 mg GSPE/kg of body weight either at the beginning of the light/rest phase (ZT0) or at the beginning of the dark/active phase (ZT12). The two STD groups were also supplemented with vehicle at ZT0 or ZT12. In week 9, animals were sacrificed at 6 h intervals (n = 4) to analyze the diurnal rhythms of subcutaneous WAT metabolites by nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry. A total of 45 metabolites were detected, 19 of which presented diurnal rhythms in the STD groups. Although most metabolites became arrhythmic under CAF diet, GSPE consumption at ZT12, but not at ZT0, restored the rhythmicity of 12 metabolites including compounds involved in alanine, aspartate, and glutamate metabolism. These results demonstrate that timed GSPE supplementation may restore, at least partially, the functional dynamics of WAT when it is consumed at the beginning of the active phase. This study opens an innovative strategy for time-dependent polyphenol treatment in obesity and metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Colom-Pellicer
- Nutrigenomics Research Group, Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 43007 Tarragona, Spain; (M.C.-P.); (R.M.R.); (J.R.S.-R.); (È.N.-M.); (M.M.)
| | - Romina M. Rodríguez
- Nutrigenomics Research Group, Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 43007 Tarragona, Spain; (M.C.-P.); (R.M.R.); (J.R.S.-R.); (È.N.-M.); (M.M.)
| | - Jorge R. Soliz-Rueda
- Nutrigenomics Research Group, Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 43007 Tarragona, Spain; (M.C.-P.); (R.M.R.); (J.R.S.-R.); (È.N.-M.); (M.M.)
| | - Leonardo Vinícius Monteiro de Assis
- Center of Brain, Behavior and Metabolism, Institute of Neurobiology, University of Lübeck, Marie Curie Street, 23562 Lübeck, Germany; (L.V.M.d.A.); (H.O.)
| | - Èlia Navarro-Masip
- Nutrigenomics Research Group, Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 43007 Tarragona, Spain; (M.C.-P.); (R.M.R.); (J.R.S.-R.); (È.N.-M.); (M.M.)
| | - Sergio Quesada-Vázquez
- Unitat de Nutrició i Salut, Centre Tecnològic de Catalunya, Eurecat, 43204 Reus, Spain; (S.Q.-V.); (X.E.)
| | - Xavier Escoté
- Unitat de Nutrició i Salut, Centre Tecnològic de Catalunya, Eurecat, 43204 Reus, Spain; (S.Q.-V.); (X.E.)
| | - Henrik Oster
- Center of Brain, Behavior and Metabolism, Institute of Neurobiology, University of Lübeck, Marie Curie Street, 23562 Lübeck, Germany; (L.V.M.d.A.); (H.O.)
| | - Miquel Mulero
- Nutrigenomics Research Group, Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 43007 Tarragona, Spain; (M.C.-P.); (R.M.R.); (J.R.S.-R.); (È.N.-M.); (M.M.)
| | - Gerard Aragonès
- Nutrigenomics Research Group, Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 43007 Tarragona, Spain; (M.C.-P.); (R.M.R.); (J.R.S.-R.); (È.N.-M.); (M.M.)
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10
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Soliz-Rueda JR, López-Fernández-Sobrino R, Bravo FI, Aragonès G, Suarez M, Muguerza B. Grape Seed Proanthocyanidins Mitigate the Disturbances Caused by an Abrupt Photoperiod Change in Healthy and Obese Rats. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14091834. [PMID: 35565801 PMCID: PMC9100649 DOI: 10.3390/nu14091834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Revised: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Variations in the light/dark cycle and obesogenic diets trigger physiological and behavioral disorders. Proanthocyanidins, in addition to their healthy properties, have recently demonstrated a modulating effect on biological rhythms. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the administration of a grape seed proanthocyanidin-rich extract (GSPE) to mitigate the disruption caused by a sudden photoperiod change in healthy and cafeteria (CAF)-diet obese rats. For this, 48 photoperiod-sensitive Fischer 344 rats were fed standard or CAF diets for 6 weeks under a standard (12 h light/day, L12) conditions. Then, rats were switched to a long (18 h light/day, L18) or short (6 h light/day, L6) photoperiod and administered vehicle or GSPE (25 mg/kg) for 1 week. Body weight (BW) and food intake (FI) were recorded weekly. Animal activity and serum hormone concentrations were studied before and after the photoperiod change. Hormone levels were measured both at 3 h (ZT3) and 15 h (ZT15) after the onset of light. Results showed the impact of the CAF diet and photoperiod on the BW, FI, activity, and hormonal status of the animals. GSPE administration resulted in an attenuation of the changes produced by the photoperiod disruption. Specifically, GSPE in L6 CAF-fed rats reduced serum corticosterone concentration, restoring its circadian rhythm, increased the T3-to-T4 ratio, and increased light phase activity, while under L18, it decreased BW and testosterone concentration and increased the animal activity. These results suggest that GSPE may contribute to the adaptation to the new photoperiods. However, further studies are needed to elucidate the metabolic pathways and processes involved in these events.
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11
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Palacios-Jordan H, Jané-Brunet A, Jané-Brunet E, Puiggròs F, Canela N, Rodríguez MA. Considerations on the Analysis of E-900 Food Additive: An NMR Perspective. Foods 2022; 11:297. [PMID: 35159449 PMCID: PMC8833973 DOI: 10.3390/foods11030297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Food additives are in widespread use in the food industry to extend the shelf life of food, improve its organoleptic characteristics or facilitate industrial processing. Their use is not without controversy, which makes regulation and control crucial for food safety and public health. Among food additives, silicone-based antifoaming agents (polysiloxanes or E900) are difficult to analyze and quantify due to their polymeric nature. Currently, there is no official method of quantifying this additive in foods. In this context, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) is a quantitative method for speciation analysis of silicon compounds almost without known interferents. In this work, we describe the evolution of the regulation of the E900 additive, discuss different analytic methods quantifying polydimethylsiloxanes (PDMS), and propose a new method based on NMR suitable for analyzing the content of E900 in the form of PDMS in various types of food from dietary oils to marmalades and jellies, among others. The proposed method consists of a previous quantitative concentration of PDMS by liquid-liquid extraction and the monitoring of the quantification using a bis(trimethylsilyl)benzene (BTMSB) standard to control the variability, ranging within 2-7%, depending on the food. This simple, direct, and reproducible procedure for aqueous and lipidic foods may help to monitor and fill a gap in regulatory legislation regarding the E900 additive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Héctor Palacios-Jordan
- Eurecat, Centre Tecnològic de Catalunya, Centre for Omic Sciences (COS), Joint Unit URV-EURECAT, Unique Scientific and Technical Infrastructures (ICTS), 43204 Reus, Spain; (H.P.-J.); (N.C.)
| | - Anna Jané-Brunet
- LLUIS JANE BUSQUETS (LJB) Analysis Laboratory S.L., Sant Quirze del Vallés, 08192 Barcelona, Spain; (A.J.-B.); (E.J.-B.)
| | - Eduard Jané-Brunet
- LLUIS JANE BUSQUETS (LJB) Analysis Laboratory S.L., Sant Quirze del Vallés, 08192 Barcelona, Spain; (A.J.-B.); (E.J.-B.)
| | - Francesc Puiggròs
- Eurecat, Centre Tecnològic de Catalunya, Biotechnology Area, 43204 Reus, Spain;
| | - Núria Canela
- Eurecat, Centre Tecnològic de Catalunya, Centre for Omic Sciences (COS), Joint Unit URV-EURECAT, Unique Scientific and Technical Infrastructures (ICTS), 43204 Reus, Spain; (H.P.-J.); (N.C.)
| | - Miguel A. Rodríguez
- Eurecat, Centre Tecnològic de Catalunya, Centre for Omic Sciences (COS), Joint Unit URV-EURECAT, Unique Scientific and Technical Infrastructures (ICTS), 43204 Reus, Spain; (H.P.-J.); (N.C.)
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12
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de Fraga LS, Tassinari ID, Jantsch J, Guedes RP, Bambini-Junior V. 'A picture is worth a thousand words': The use of microscopy for imaging neuroinflammation. Clin Exp Immunol 2021; 206:325-345. [PMID: 34596237 DOI: 10.1111/cei.13669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Revised: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Since the first studies of the nervous system by the Nobel laureates Camillo Golgi and Santiago Ramon y Cajal using simple dyes and conventional light microscopes, microscopy has come a long way to the most recent techniques that make it possible to perform images in live cells and animals in health and disease. Many pathological conditions of the central nervous system have already been linked to inflammatory responses. In this scenario, several available markers and techniques can help imaging and unveil the neuroinflammatory process. Moreover, microscopy imaging techniques have become even more necessary to validate the large quantity of data generated in the era of 'omics'. This review aims to highlight how to assess neuroinflammation by using microscopy as a tool to provide specific details about the cell's architecture during neuroinflammatory conditions. First, we describe specific markers that have been used in light microscopy studies and that are widely applied to unravel and describe neuroinflammatory mechanisms in distinct conditions. Then, we discuss some important methodologies that facilitate the imaging of these markers, such as immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence techniques. Emphasis will be given to studies using two-photon microscopy, an approach that revolutionized the real-time assessment of neuroinflammatory processes. Finally, some studies integrating omics with microscopy will be presented. The fusion of these techniques is developing, but the high amount of data generated from these applications will certainly improve comprehension of the molecular mechanisms involved in neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciano Stürmer de Fraga
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Fisiologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Centro de Pesquisa Experimental, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Isadora D'Ávila Tassinari
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Fisiologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Centro de Pesquisa Experimental, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Jeferson Jantsch
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biociências, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Renata Padilha Guedes
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biociências, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Victorio Bambini-Junior
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Central Lancashire (UCLan), Preston, UK
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