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Antonio J, Newmire DE, Stout JR, Antonio B, Gibbons M, Lowery LM, Harper J, Willoughby D, Evans C, Anderson D, Goldstein E, Rojas J, Monsalves-Álvarez M, Forbes SC, Gomez Lopez J, Ziegenfuss T, Moulding BD, Candow D, Sagner M, Arent SM. Common questions and misconceptions about caffeine supplementation: what does the scientific evidence really show? J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2024; 21:2323919. [PMID: 38466174 DOI: 10.1080/15502783.2024.2323919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Caffeine is a popular ergogenic aid that has a plethora of evidence highlighting its positive effects. A Google Scholar search using the keywords "caffeine" and "exercise" yields over 200,000 results, emphasizing the extensive research on this topic. However, despite the vast amount of available data, it is intriguing that uncertainties persist regarding the effectiveness and safety of caffeine. These include but are not limited to: 1. Does caffeine dehydrate you at rest? 2. Does caffeine dehydrate you during exercise? 3. Does caffeine promote the loss of body fat? 4. Does habitual caffeine consumption influence the performance response to acute caffeine supplementation? 5. Does caffeine affect upper vs. lower body performance/strength differently? 6. Is there a relationship between caffeine and depression? 7. Can too much caffeine kill you? 8. Are there sex differences regarding caffeine's effects? 9. Does caffeine work for everyone? 10. Does caffeine cause heart problems? 11. Does caffeine promote the loss of bone mineral? 12. Should pregnant women avoid caffeine? 13. Is caffeine addictive? 14. Does waiting 1.5-2.0 hours after waking to consume caffeine help you avoid the afternoon "crash?" To answer these questions, we performed an evidence-based scientific evaluation of the literature regarding caffeine supplementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose Antonio
- Nova Southeastern University, Department of Health and Human Performance, Davie, FL, USA
| | - Daniel E Newmire
- Texas Woman's University, Exercise Physiology and Biochemistry Laboratory, School of Health Promotion and Kinesiology, Denton, TX, USA
| | - Jeffrey R Stout
- University of Central Florida, College of Health Professions and Sciences, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Brandi Antonio
- University of Central Florida, College of Health Professions and Sciences, Orlando, FL, USA
| | | | - Lonnie M Lowery
- Nutrition, Exercise and Wellness Associates, Cuyahoga Falls, OH, USA
- Walsh University, Department of Exercise Science, North Canton, OH, USA
| | - Joseph Harper
- Walsh University, Department of Exercise Science, North Canton, OH, USA
| | - Darryn Willoughby
- School of Exercise and Sport Science, University of Mary Hardin-Baylor, Belton, TX, USA
| | - Cassandra Evans
- Nova Southeastern University, Department of Health and Human Performance, Davie, FL, USA
| | - Dawn Anderson
- Indiana Tech, Exercise and Sport Performance Laboratory, Fort Wayne, IN, USA
| | - Erica Goldstein
- Stetson University, Department of Health Sciences, Deland, FL, USA
| | - Jose Rojas
- Keiser University, Fort Lauderdale, FL, USA
- Rocky Mountain University of Health Professions, Provo, UT, USA
| | - Matías Monsalves-Álvarez
- Universidad de O´Higgins, Exercise Metabolism and Nutrition Laboratory. Instituto de Ciencias de la Salud, Rancagua, Chile
- Motion Human Performance Laboratory, Lo Barnechea, Chile
| | - Scott C Forbes
- Brandon University, Department of Physical Education Studies, CBrandon, MB, Canada
| | | | - Tim Ziegenfuss
- The Center for Applied Health Sciences, Canfield, OH, USA
| | - Blake D Moulding
- University of Regina, Faculty of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Regina, SK, Canada
| | - Darren Candow
- University of Regina, Faculty of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Regina, SK, Canada
| | | | - Shawn M Arent
- University of South Carolina, Arnold School of Public Health, Columbia, SC, USA
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Pstras L. The Impact of Energy Drink Consumption on Heart Rate Variability after Exercise. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN NUTRITION ASSOCIATION 2023; 42:311-313. [PMID: 36454579 DOI: 10.1080/07315724.2022.2035848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
The effects of caffeine or caffeine-based energy drinks on the recovery of autonomic nervous system balance after exercise have been the subject of several studies which yielded inconclusive results. In a recent study by Porto et al., the impact of a caffeine-based energy drink on heart rate variability (HRV) before and after a moderate aerobic exercise (running on a treadmill) has been studied in a randomized, crossover trial on healthy and active young males. It was concluded that an energy drink consumed before exercise did not affect HRV indices during post-exercise recovery. However, this conclusion is somewhat inconsistent with the reported data and hence may be misleading. Here, I discuss the shortcomings of that study and point out some inaccuracies in the reported results. Considering the above, it appears that energy drink consumption may affect some HRV indices after exercise, at least those related to high frequency changes in the autonomic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leszek Pstras
- Nalecz Institute of Biocybernetics and Biomedical Engineering, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
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Porto AA, Gonzaga LA, Benjamim CJR, Bueno CR, Garner DM, Vanderlei LCM, Ferreira C, Valenti VE. Acute Effects of Energy Drink on Autonomic and Cardiovascular Parameters Recovery in Individuals with Different Cardiorespiratory Fitness: A Randomized, Crossover, Double-Blind and Placebo-Controlled Trial. Arq Bras Cardiol 2022; 119:553-561. [PMID: 35946753 PMCID: PMC9563894 DOI: 10.36660/abc.20210625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Fundamento Tem-se sugerido que o consumo de bebidas energéticas (BEs) possa afetar a atividade cardiovascular. Objetivos Investigar os efeitos agudos da ingestão de BE sobre a variabilidade da frequência cardíaca (VFC) recuperação cardiovascular após exercício aeróbico moderado em homens de diferentes capacidades cardiorrespiratórias. Métodos Este é um estudo randomizado, duplo cego, crossover, controlado por placebo. Vinte e oito jovens adultos foram divididos em dois grupos de acordo com o pico de consumo de oxigênio (pico de VO2): (1) pico de VO2 alto (AO) – pico de VO2 > 52,15 mL/Kg/min, e (2) pico de VO2 baixo (BO) - pico de VO2 <52,15 mL/Kg/min. Os indivíduos de ambos os grupos foram submetidos a dois protocolos de exercícios em ordem aleatória: exercício moderado aeróbico (60% de pico de VO2) após a ingestão de 250 mL de água (protocolo placebo) ou 250 mL de BE (protocolo BE). Durante os testes de exercício, foram registrados valores de parâmetros cardiorrespiratórios e de VFC. Resultados Foram observadas diferenças significativas para o índice de LF (unidades normalizadas) entre “repouso” e “Rec1” nos grupos de AO e BO durante o protocolo BE. Para a razão LF/HF, foram observadas diferenças significativas entre “repouso” e Rec1 nos grupos AO e BO nos protocolos BE. Conclusão A ingestão aguda de BE retardou a recuperação da frequência cardíaca após o exercício em indivíduos com capacidade cardiorrespiratória baixa e indivíduos com capacidade cardiorrespiratória alta.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrey Alves Porto
- Departamento de Fisioterapia - Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologias, UNESP, Presidente Prudente, SP - Brasil.,Centro de Estudos do Sistema Nervoso Autônomo (CESNA), UNESP, Marília, SP - Brasil
| | - Luana Almeida Gonzaga
- Departamento de Fisioterapia - Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologias, UNESP, Presidente Prudente, SP - Brasil.,Centro de Estudos do Sistema Nervoso Autônomo (CESNA), UNESP, Marília, SP - Brasil
| | - Cicero Jonas R Benjamim
- Centro de Estudos do Sistema Nervoso Autônomo (CESNA), UNESP, Marília, SP - Brasil.,Departamento de Medicina Interna, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP - Brasil
| | - Carlos Roberto Bueno
- Escola de Educação Física de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo (EEFERP/USP), Ribeirão Preto, SP - Brasil
| | - David M Garner
- Grupo de Pesquisa Cardiorrespiratória, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas e Médicas, Faculdade de Saúde e Ciências da Vida, Oxford Brookes University, Headington Campus, Oxford - Reino Unido
| | - Luiz C M Vanderlei
- Departamento de Fisioterapia - Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologias, UNESP, Presidente Prudente, SP - Brasil
| | - Celso Ferreira
- Departamento de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, UNIFESP, São Paulo, SP - Brasil
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Santos WLMD, Eustáquio JMJ, Ferreira ICR, Perez JO, Policarpo RP, Chriguer RS, Barbosa Neto O. DOES GREEN TEA ENHANCE THE EFFECTS OF PHYSICAL TRAINING ON HEART RATE VARIABILITY? REV BRAS MED ESPORTE 2022. [DOI: 10.1590/1517-8692202228042021_0065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT Introduction: Green tea is associated with a series of health benefits, as is physical training. However, in combination they present little known chronotropic and autonomic cardiac effects. Objective: To evaluate the effect of the association of chronic administration of green tea and physical training on basal heart rate (HR) and heart rate variability (HRV) in Wistar rats. Methods: Forty-three Wistar rats (Rattus norvegicus, var. albinus), paired by weight and age, were distributed among four experimental groups, titled sedentary control (CONsed, n = 10), trained control (CONtre, n = 08), sedentary tea (CHÁsed, n = 16) and trained tea (CHÁtre, n = 09). Ingestion of the tea was ad libitum. The physical training protocol lasted for eight weeks and consisted of sessions of swimming with incremental loads. At the end of the training, basal heart rate and heart rate variability (HRV) in both time and frequency domains were determined. The level of significance adopted was 5% (p < 0.05). Results: Both physical training and consumption of green tea caused higher resting bradycardia than that of the CONsed group animals. Regarding HRV, the CONtre, CHÁsed, and CHÁtre groups presented significantly higher values than the CONsed group. Supplementation with green tea caused an increase in the variance, high frequency (HF) component, and sympathovagal balance as compared to the CONsed group. Physical training (PT) did not enhance any of the parameters evaluated. Conclusions: There was no significant optimization of the hemodynamic or autonomic cardiovascular parameters resulting from the association between the administration of green tea and physical training in Wistar rats. Level of Evidence IV; Case Series.
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Acute effects of energy drink on heart rate variability recovery after exercise: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Sci Sports 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.scispo.2021.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Schüttler D, Rudi WS, Bauer A, Hamm W, Brunner S. Impact of energy drink versus coffee consumption on periodic repolarization dynamics: an interventional study. Eur J Nutr 2022; 61:2847-2851. [PMID: 35266046 PMCID: PMC9279225 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-022-02853-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Purpose Caffeinated beverages are consumed daily throughout the world. Caffeine consumption has been linked to dysfunction of the autonomic nervous system. However, the exact effects are still insufficiently understood. Methods Sixteen healthy individuals were included in the present non-randomized cross-over interventional study. All study subjects consumed a commercial energy drink (containing 240 mg caffeine), and in a second independent session coffee (containing 240 mg caffeine). High-resolution digital ECGs in Frank-lead configuration were recorded at baseline before consumption, and 45 min after consumption of the respective beverage. Using customized software, we assessed ECG-based biomarker periodic repolarization dynamics (PRD), which mirrors the effect of efferent cardiac sympathetic activity on the ventricular myocardium. Results The consumption of energy drinks resulted in an increase in PRD levels (3.64 vs. 5.85 deg2; p < 0.001). In contrast, coffee consumption did not alter PRD levels (3.47 vs 3.16 deg2, p = 0.63). The heart rates remained unchanged both after coffee and after energy drink consumption. Spearman analysis showed no significant correlation between PRD changes and heart rate changes (R = 0.34, p = 0.31 for coffee, R = 0.31, p = 0.24 for energy drink). Conclusion Our data suggests that sympathetic activation after consumption of caffeinated beverages is independent from caffeine and might be mediated by other substances. Trial Number: NCT04886869, 13 May 2021, retrospectively registered
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Schüttler
- Department of Medicine I, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Marchioninistrasse 15, 81377, Munich, Germany.
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Munich, Munich Heart Alliance (MHA), 80802, Munich, Germany.
- Institute of Surgical Research at the Walter-Brendel-Centre of Experimental Medicine, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Marchioninistrasse 27, 81377, Munich, Germany.
| | - Wolf-Stephan Rudi
- Department of Medicine I, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Marchioninistrasse 15, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Axel Bauer
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Munich, Munich Heart Alliance (MHA), 80802, Munich, Germany
- University Hospital for Internal Medicine III, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Hamm
- Department of Medicine I, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Marchioninistrasse 15, 81377, Munich, Germany
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Munich, Munich Heart Alliance (MHA), 80802, Munich, Germany
| | - Stefan Brunner
- Department of Medicine I, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Marchioninistrasse 15, 81377, Munich, Germany
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Effects of Low Dose Caffeine on Post-Exercise Heart Rate Variability: A Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Trial. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXERCISE SCIENCE 2022; 15:103-112. [PMID: 36895796 PMCID: PMC9987438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/11/2023]
Abstract
Caffeine may impact post-exercise heart rate variability (HRV); although, studies have yielded inconsistent findings. We examined the effects of low dose caffeine on post-exercise HRV. Healthy, college-aged adults [n = 18; age: 22.1 ± 2.6 years; BMI: 26.9 ± 4.3 kg/m2; estimated maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max): 45.1 ± 8.3 ml·kg-1·min-1] participated in a repeated-measures, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. During the experimental trials, participants were fitted with a heart rate monitor and a mouthpiece with a one-way nonrebreathing valve and then rested for 10 min during baseline HRV and expired gas assessments. Participants chewed either caffeine (~170mg) or placebo gum for 5 min. Following expectoration and a 5 min warmup, participants walked on a treadmill for 20 min at 60% of estimated VO2max and then rested for 30 min. HRV indices were calculated from 10 min measurements during baseline and post-exercise (post 1, 2, and 3). A main effect of treatment was found for standard deviation of RR intervals (SDNN), absolute power of low frequency band (LF), absolute power of high frequency band (HF), and the standard deviation perpendicular to the line-of-identity in Poincaré plot (SD1) (p < 0.05). Further, a trend for higher root mean square of successive RR interval differences (RMSSD) with caffeine was observed (p = 0.066). Post hoc t-tests revealed that post-exercise SDNN, LF, HF, and SD1 were higher with caffeine compared to placebo (p ≤ 0.012). Results demonstrated that low dose caffeine did not delay the recovery of HRV indices reflective of parasympathetic nervous system activity following an acute bout of moderate exercise.
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Caffeine increases performance and leads to a cardioprotective effect during intense exercise in cyclists. Sci Rep 2021; 11:24327. [PMID: 34934054 PMCID: PMC8692308 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-03158-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study was designed to investigate the effects of different caffeine dietary strategies to compare the impact on athletic performance and cardiac autonomic response. The order of the supplementation was randomly assigned: placebo(4-day)-placebo(acute)/PP, placebo(4-day)-caffeine(acute)/PC and caffeine(4-day)-caffeine(acute)/CC. Fourteen male recreationally-trained cyclists ingested capsules containing either placebo or caffeine (6 mg kg-1) for 4 days. On day 5 (acute), capsules containing placebo or caffeine (6 mg kg-1) were ingested 60 min before completing a 16 km time-trial (simulated cycling). CC and PC showed improvements in time (CC vs PP, Δ - 39.3 s and PC vs PP, Δ - 43.4 s; P = 0.00; ƞ2 = 0.33) and in output power (CC vs PP, Δ 5.55 w and PC vs PP, Δ 6.17 w; P = 0.00; ƞ2 = 0.30). At the final of the time-trial, CC and PC exhibited greater parasympathetic modulation (vagal tone) when compared to the PP condition (P < 0.00; ƞ2 = 0.92). Our study provided evidence that acute caffeine intake (6 mg∙kg-1) increased performance (time-trial) and demonstrated a relevant cardioprotective effect, through increased vagal tone.
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Clark NW, Panissa VL, Herring CH, Goldstein ER, Stout JR, Wells AJ, Fukuda DH. Energy Drinks May Not Impact Excess Postexercise Oxygen Consumption: Considerations for Pre-exercise Test Recommendations. J Caffeine Adenosine Res 2021. [DOI: 10.1089/caff.2021.0001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas W. Clark
- Physiology of Work and Exercise Response (POWER) Laboratory, Institute of Exercise Physiology and Rehabilitation Science, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida, USA
- Division of Kinesiology, School of Kinesiology and Physical Therapy, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida, USA
| | - Valéria L.G. Panissa
- Department of Sport, School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Chad H. Herring
- Physiology of Work and Exercise Response (POWER) Laboratory, Institute of Exercise Physiology and Rehabilitation Science, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida, USA
- Division of Kinesiology, School of Kinesiology and Physical Therapy, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida, USA
| | - Erica R. Goldstein
- Physiology of Work and Exercise Response (POWER) Laboratory, Institute of Exercise Physiology and Rehabilitation Science, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida, USA
- Division of Kinesiology, School of Kinesiology and Physical Therapy, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida, USA
| | - Jeffrey R. Stout
- Physiology of Work and Exercise Response (POWER) Laboratory, Institute of Exercise Physiology and Rehabilitation Science, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida, USA
- Division of Kinesiology, School of Kinesiology and Physical Therapy, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida, USA
| | - Adam J. Wells
- Division of Kinesiology, School of Kinesiology and Physical Therapy, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida, USA
- Exercise Physiology Intervention and Collaboration (EPIC) Laboratory, Institute of Exercise Physiology and Rehabilitation Science, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida, USA
| | - David H. Fukuda
- Physiology of Work and Exercise Response (POWER) Laboratory, Institute of Exercise Physiology and Rehabilitation Science, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida, USA
- Division of Kinesiology, School of Kinesiology and Physical Therapy, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida, USA
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