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Energy Imbalance Gap, Anthropometric Measures, Lifestyle, and Sociodemographic Correlates in Latin American Adults-Results from the ELANS Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19031129. [PMID: 35162152 PMCID: PMC8835004 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19031129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2021] [Revised: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Overweight and obesity are often explained by an imbalance between energy intake and expenditure. This, in addition to metabolic effects, makes it difficult to assess the real state of individual energy balance. This study aims to analyze the energy gaps between intake and expenditure in the adult population of Latin America, as well as its relationships with sociodemographic variables and nutrition status, to draw an epidemiological perspective based on the trends observed. The energy imbalance gap was used to this end. The difference between energy intake and expenditure can be applied as a reference to explain whether weight equilibrium can prevent weight gain. Moreover, the energy imbalance gap allows for a better understanding of the design of public health policies. Using data from the Latin American Study of Nutrition and Health, the energy imbalance gap in adult population from eight Latin-American countries was assessed in 5994 subjects aged from 19-65. Usual dietary intake was measured using two non-consecutive 24 h dietary recalls. The sociodemographic questionnaire was supplemented by anthropometric measurements. Physical activity was measured through the long International Physical Activity Questionnaire. Energy expenditure was obtained using the basal metabolic rate. For the overall sample, the mean energy intake was 1939.1 kcal (95% CI: 1926.9; 1951.3), the mean of energy expenditure was 1915.7 kcal (95% CI: 1906.4; 1924.9), and the mean of energy imbalance gap was 23.4 kcal (95% CI: 11.9; 35.0). Results show that energy intake and expenditure were higher in men. Moreover, subjects aged 19-34, of high socioeconomic level, who completed high school, were mestizos and were of normal weight consumed the highest number of calories. Overall, a positive energy imbalance gap was observed. Overweight and obese from Argentina, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Peru, and Venezuela showed a significantly lower energy imbalance gap than underweight subjects. These findings confirm the high variability of energy imbalance gap and the accompanying correlates of energy intake and expenditure. Further research is needed to specifically address interventions in low and middle-income countries such as many in Latin America, to help reduce the prevalence of obesity and eradicate undernutrition.
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Endo A, Watanabe Y, Matsushita T, Okada K, Ohara Y, Iwasaki M, Ito K, Nakajima J, Iwasa Y, Itoda M, Sasaki R, Nishi Y, Furuya J, Watanabe Y, Umemoto G, Kishima M, Hirano H, Sato Y, Yoshida M, Yamazaki Y. Association between Weight Loss and Food Form in Older Individuals Residing in Long-Term Care Facilities: 1-Year Multicenter Longitudinal Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph182010776. [PMID: 34682525 PMCID: PMC8535238 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph182010776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Changing the food form for older adults requiring nursing care from a regular to dysphagia diet is thought to impact their nutritional status. We assessed the association between changes in food form and weight loss over 1 year in older adults. Older adults residing in long-term care facilities in Japan (n = 455) who participated in the baseline (2018) and follow-up (2019) surveys were divided into two groups (regular diet, n = 284; dysphagia diet, n = 171). The regular diet group was further divided into the weight loss (n = 80; weight loss ≥5% over 1 year) and weight maintenance (n = 204; weight loss <5%) groups. After 1 year, the Barthel Index significantly decreased, and the proportion of participants who switched from a regular diet to a dysphagia diet significantly increased in the weight loss group than in the weight maintenance group. Multivariate logistic regression analysis found that Barthel index variation (odds ratio (OR): 0.97, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.94‒0.99), change from a regular diet to a dysphagia diet (OR: 4.41, 95% CI: 1.87‒10.41), and body weight at baseline (OR = 1.06, 95% CI: 1.01‒1.11) were significantly associated with weight loss. Our results suggest that maintaining the food form inhibits weight loss and improves health outcomes in older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akemi Endo
- Gerodontology, Department of Oral Health Science, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Hokkaido University, Hokkaido 060-8586, Japan; (A.E.); (T.M.); (K.O.); (Y.Y.)
| | - Yutaka Watanabe
- Gerodontology, Department of Oral Health Science, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Hokkaido University, Hokkaido 060-8586, Japan; (A.E.); (T.M.); (K.O.); (Y.Y.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel./Fax: +81-11-706-4582
| | - Takae Matsushita
- Gerodontology, Department of Oral Health Science, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Hokkaido University, Hokkaido 060-8586, Japan; (A.E.); (T.M.); (K.O.); (Y.Y.)
| | - Kazutaka Okada
- Gerodontology, Department of Oral Health Science, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Hokkaido University, Hokkaido 060-8586, Japan; (A.E.); (T.M.); (K.O.); (Y.Y.)
| | - Yuki Ohara
- Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo 173-0015, Japan; (Y.O.); (M.I.); (H.H.)
| | - Masanori Iwasaki
- Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo 173-0015, Japan; (Y.O.); (M.I.); (H.H.)
| | - Kayoko Ito
- Oral Rehabilitation, Niigata University Medical and Dental Hospital, Niigata 951-8520, Japan;
| | - Junko Nakajima
- Department of Oral Medicine and Hospital Dentistry, Tokyo Dental College, Chiba 272-8513, Japan;
| | - Yasuyuki Iwasa
- Department of Dentistry, Haradoi Hospital, Fukuoka 813-8588, Japan;
| | - Masataka Itoda
- Department of Oral Rehabilitation, Osaka Dental University Hospital, Osaka 573-1144, Japan;
| | - Rikimaru Sasaki
- Rehabilitation Clinic for Speech and Swallowing Disorders, The Nippon Dental University Hospital, Tokyo 102-8158, Japan;
| | - Yasuhiro Nishi
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Prosthodontics, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima 890-8544, Japan;
| | - Junichi Furuya
- Department of Geriatric Dentistry, Showa University School of Dentistry, Tokyo 145-8515, Japan; (J.F.); sato-@dent.showa-u.ac.jp (Y.S.)
| | - Yoshihiko Watanabe
- Department of Healthcare Management, Tohoku Fukushi University, Miyagi 981-8522, Japan;
| | - George Umemoto
- Swallowing Disorders Center, Fukuoka University Hospital, Fukuoka 814-0180, Japan;
| | - Masako Kishima
- Wakakusa-Tatsuma Rehabilitation Hospital, Osaka 574-0012, Japan;
| | - Hirohiko Hirano
- Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo 173-0015, Japan; (Y.O.); (M.I.); (H.H.)
| | - Yuji Sato
- Department of Geriatric Dentistry, Showa University School of Dentistry, Tokyo 145-8515, Japan; (J.F.); sato-@dent.showa-u.ac.jp (Y.S.)
| | - Mitsuyoshi Yoshida
- Department of Advanced Prosthodontics, Hiroshima University Graduate School of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan;
| | - Yutaka Yamazaki
- Gerodontology, Department of Oral Health Science, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Hokkaido University, Hokkaido 060-8586, Japan; (A.E.); (T.M.); (K.O.); (Y.Y.)
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