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Font-I-Furnols M, Guerrero L. An overview of drivers and emotions of meat consumption. Meat Sci 2024:109619. [PMID: 39181809 DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2024.109619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2024] [Revised: 07/26/2024] [Accepted: 07/29/2024] [Indexed: 08/27/2024]
Abstract
Emotions are present in almost everything we do, including meat procurement, preparation and consumption. This paper examines the main drivers of this consumption, including sensory and hedonic properties, physiological needs, historical reasons and habits, social influence, ethical motives, practical aspects and other determinants, exploring the meat-related emotions as both an outcome of consumption and as consumption drivers. Emotions are affected by multiple factors relating to the context, the information provided, and the type of product. Positive emotions such as pleasure, satisfaction, proudness and joyfulness have been described in relation to meat, as well as some neutral or negative ones. To enhance positive emotions and increase meat liking, it is essential to improve animal welfare and promote a more sustainable production, focusing on nutritional and sensory quality and providing consumers with reliable information.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Luis Guerrero
- IRTA-Food Quality and Technology, Finca Camps i Armet, Monells, Girona, Spain
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Białek-Dratwa A, Stoń W, Staśkiewicz-Bartecka W, Grajek M, Krupa-Kotara K, Kowalski O. The Psychosocial Aspects of Vegetarian Diets: A Cross-Sectional Study of the Motivations, Risks, and Limitations in Daily Life. Nutrients 2024; 16:2504. [PMID: 39125383 PMCID: PMC11314235 DOI: 10.3390/nu16152504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2024] [Revised: 07/28/2024] [Accepted: 07/29/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The popularity of vegetarian and vegan diets is linked to various motivations, such as health, ethics, ecology, and social and religious influence. India has the highest proportion of vegetarians and vegans. The practise of these diets is linked to moral and health reasons and environmental concerns. Vegetarianism may also be associated with eating disorders such as orthorexia (ON). AIM The main aim of this study was to determine the psychosocial aspects of vegetarian diets. Understanding these aspects is crucial for identifying potential risks and developing effective interventions. This study investigated the reasons for following vegetarian diets, the duration of dietary adherence, the occurrence of feelings of restriction in selected situations, and the risk of orthorexia and other eating disorders. METHODS A questionnaire survey was conducted among 186 individuals (82 vegetarians and 104 traditional dieters) between October 2023 and April 2024. The survey was administered via a Computer-Assisted Web Interview (CAWI) using Google Forms, distributed through social media, forums, and private messages. The inclusion criteria for the study group included consent, an age over 18, and a vegetarian diet, excluding those with eating disorders or diseases requiring strict diet therapy. The control group criteria were similar, excluding vegetarians and those requiring special diets. Four unreliable questionnaires were excluded from the analysis. The survey consisted of four sections: metric data, the ORTO-15 questionnaire, the EAT-26 questionnaire, and the TFEQ-13 questionnaire. RESULTS The main motivations for following vegetarian diets were ethical and environmental (86.9%) and health (32.1%) reasons. Over half of the vegetarians had been following a plant-based diet for over five years. Vegetarians were more likely to feel restricted in restaurants and when grocery shopping. The ORTO-15 results indicate a higher risk of orthorexia among vegetarians (48.8% vs. 29.4% in the control group; p = 0.00673). The EAT-26 questionnaire showed a higher, but not statistically significant, risk of eating disorders among vegetarians (23.8% vs. 14.7%; p = 0.11391). The TFEQ-13 showed no significant differences between groups (Subscale 1: food restriction, p = 0.77279; Subscale 2: lack of control in overeating, p = 0.91935; Subscale 3: eating under the influence of emotions, p = 0.16612). CONCLUSIONS This study concluded that ethical and environmental considerations and a belief in health benefits mainly drive vegetarians. An analysis of BMI revealed no significant differences between groups. The ORTO-15 results suggest a higher risk of orthorexia among vegetarians. The EAT-26 indicated a higher, but not statistically significant, risk of eating disorders among vegetarians and vegans. The TFEQ-13 showed no significant differences in restrictive eating, lack of control in overeating, and emotional eating. Vegetarians were likelier to encounter dietary difficulties in restaurants and shopping but less likely to feel socially excluded.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Białek-Dratwa
- Department of Human Nutrition, Department of Dietetics, Faculty of Public Health in Bytom, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, ul. Jordana 19, 41-808 Zabrze, Poland
| | - Wiktoria Stoń
- Department of Human Nutrition, Department of Dietetics, Faculty of Public Health in Bytom, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, ul. Jordana 19, 41-808 Zabrze, Poland
| | - Wiktoria Staśkiewicz-Bartecka
- Department of Food Technology and Quality Assessment, School of Public Health in Bytom, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, ul. Jordana 19, 41-808 Zabrze, Poland;
| | - Mateusz Grajek
- Department of Public Health, School of Public Health in Bytom, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, ul. Piekarska 18, 41-902 Bytom, Poland
| | - Karolina Krupa-Kotara
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health in Bytom, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, ul. Piekarska 18, 41-902 Bytom, Poland
| | - Oskar Kowalski
- Department of Human Nutrition, Department of Dietetics, Faculty of Public Health in Bytom, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, ul. Jordana 19, 41-808 Zabrze, Poland
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Saintila J, Ruiz Mamani PG, Ramos-Vera C, Serpa-Barrientos A, Oblitas-Guerrero SM, Lizarraga-De-Maguiña IG, Calizaya-Milla YE. Intake of foods high in saturated fats, vegetarian dietary pattern, and sociodemographic characteristics associated with body weight in Peruvian university students. Front Nutr 2024; 11:1361091. [PMID: 38571749 PMCID: PMC10987770 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2024.1361091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Background The prevalence of obesity continues to increase among university students and the general population. Consumption of a diet high in saturated fats could be one of the risk factors. Objective The consumption of foods high in saturated fats, the vegetarian diet pattern, and sociodemographic characteristics associated with excess body weight (overweight/obesity) were evaluated in Peruvian university students. Methods A cross-sectional study was carried out selecting 5,608 Peruvian university students through no probabilistic convenience sampling. The survey was carried out during the months of February and April 2022. The Chi-square test and binary logistic regression analysis were used to evaluate the association between diet (saturated fats intake and dietary pattern) and sociodemographic factors with excess body weight in a cross-sectional analysis. Results It was observed that students who reported high consumption of foods high in saturated fats (ORB = 1.14) and those who had a non-vegetarian dietary pattern (ORB = 2.76) were found to be more likely to have excess body weight. On the contrary, students who reported adherence to the vegetarian diet pattern for more than 5 years were less likely to be overweight or obese (ORB = 0.84). Being ≥26 years of age (ORB = 3.28), living in urban areas (ORB = 1.68) and coastal areas of the country (ORB = 1.17), and enrolled in the engineering faculty (ORB = 1.19), were significantly associated with excess body weight. Conclusion The findings of the current study evidenced several factors associated with excess body weight in university students. Therefore, it is necessary to promote and implement healthy lifestyle programs, considering sociodemographic and dietary aspects such as age and dietary intake to control and prevent obesity in university students.
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Gaździńska A, Jagielski P, Baran P. The Risk of Orthorexia and the Prevalence of Emotional Eating Behaviours among Polish Military Flying Personnel in Relation to Body Mass Index (BMI) and Sociodemographic Factors. Nutrients 2024; 16:682. [PMID: 38474809 PMCID: PMC10934470 DOI: 10.3390/nu16050682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2024] [Revised: 02/24/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Proper nutrition has a positive impact on health. Paradoxically, excessive preoccupation with healthy eating may lead to the emergence of abnormal eating behaviours and increase the risk of developing disorders. The aim of this study was to assess the risk of orthorexia (ON) and the prevalence of emotional eating (EE) in military flying personnel of the Polish Air Force in relation to BMI and sociodemographic factors. METHODS This study included 760 soldiers (including 60 females) taking part in the National Health Programme 2021-2025. The ORTO-15 questionnaire and EEQ were used to assess the risk of ON and EE. RESULTS The risk of ON occurred in 28.9% of military flying personnel and was significantly more frequent in soldiers with a normal weight (46.4%), under 40 years of age (42.7%), and with higher education (42.7%). The prevalence of EE was found in approximately 12.3% of the respondents and was significantly more common in soldiers with diagnosed obesity (17.5%), women (21.7%), and soldiers with higher education (13.6). Other sociodemographic variables did not differentiate the results of the ORTO-15 questionnaire and EEQ. CONCLUSIONS The obtained results indicate that the problem of eating disorders also occurs in military populations. The necessity of continuing research in this area is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agata Gaździńska
- Laboratory of Dietetics and Obesity Treatment, Department of Psychophysiological Measurements and Human Factor Research, Military Institute of Aviation Medicine, Krasińskiego 54/56, 01-755 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Paweł Jagielski
- Faculty of Health Science, Department of Nutrition and Drug Research, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Skawińska 8, 31-066 Cracow, Poland;
| | - Paulina Baran
- Department of Psychophysiological Measurements and Human Factor Research, Military Institute of Aviation Medicine, Krasińskiego 54/56, 01-755 Warsaw, Poland;
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Saintila J, Rojas-Humpire R, Newball-Noriega EE, Huancahuire-Vega S, Ignacio-Cconchoy FL, Calizaya-Milla YE. Analysis of adherence to a healthy lifestyle among vegetarian and non-vegetarian Peruvian university students: A cross-sectional survey. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0299317. [PMID: 38394083 PMCID: PMC10889614 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0299317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Evidence shows that a healthy lifestyle can promote physical and mental well-being in the general population. However, there are few studies that assess the adherence to a healthy lifestyle in vegetarian and non-vegetarian university students. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the differences in adherence to a healthy lifestyle between vegetarian and non-vegetarian university students in Peru. METHODS A cross-sectional study was carried out considering data from 6,846 students selected by non-probabilistic convenience sampling. The Diet and Healthy Lifestyle Scale (DEVS), the Peruvian validation of the Vegetarian Lifestyle Index (VLI), was used. In addition, sociodemographic and anthropometric data such as weight and height were collected. Body mass index (BMI) was also calculated. RESULTS Semi-vegetarian and vegetarian students had a high healthy lifestyle score compared to non-vegetarians. In addition, vegetarian diets showed a significantly higher proportion among students with a lower BMI (normal and underweight). Students with excess body weight (overweight and obesity) were less likely to report healthy lifestyle. In the overall population analyzed, it was observed that the levels of health and lifestyle behaviors, such as daily exercise and sunlight exposure, were mostly moderate and low. Additionally, sweets intake was high, while healthy food consumption such as fruits, vegetables, legumes, and whole grains was low. CONCLUSION The current findings show that although vegetarians had better adherence to a healthy lifestyle, interventions in the university setting are needed to improve healthy lifestyle in university students.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacksaint Saintila
- Doctorado en Nutrición y Alimentos, Escuela de Posgrado, Universidad San Ignacio De Loyola, Lima, Perú
| | | | | | | | | | - Yaquelin E. Calizaya-Milla
- Research Group for Nutrition and Lifestyle, School of Human Nutrition, Universidad Peruana Unión, Lima, Perú
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Reynolds R, McGowan A, Smith S, Rawstorne P. Vegan and vegetarian males and females have higher orthorexic traits than omnivores, and are motivated in their food choice by factors including ethics and weight control. Nutr Health 2023:2601060231187924. [PMID: 37464872 DOI: 10.1177/02601060231187924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Evidence associating plant-based diets with the proposed 'obsessively healthy eating' eating disorder, orthorexia nervosa, has mostly focused on females. Diet motivations have seldom been assessed. AIM To compare orthorexic tendencies between vegans/vegetarians and omnivores of both sexes, and reasons behind food choice with an English-validated Food Choice Questionnaire. METHODS A cross-sectional survey of 444 males and females were recruited via social media, email, and Amazon MTurk; to investigate eating patterns, orthorexic tendencies using the ORTO-15 questionnaire, and eating motivations using the Food Choice Questionnaire. RESULTS Over half of the participants were male (53.4%), younger adults (mean ± SD 37.2 ± 11.2 years), and mostly from the United States (89%). Vegan and vegetarian eating habits were reported by 15.8% of people. Vegans/vegetarians had significantly higher orthorexic tendencies than omnivores, and chose food significantly more often for Weight Control, Ethical Concern, Natural Content, and Mood reasons. People with greater orthorexic tendencies (ORTO-15 score<35) chose food significantly more often for Weight Control and Ethical Concern reasons than those with less orthorexic tendencies (ORTO-15 score 35+). CONCLUSION This study's results are in line with the majority of the evidence that shows an association between vegan/vegetarian diets and orthorexic tendencies, but strengthens the evidence base by including more male participants. Additionally, this is the first study to use an English-validated motivation-based questionnaire that explored diet motivators in vegans/vegetarians compared to omnivories, and in those with orthorexic tendencies vs. those without orthorexic tendencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Reynolds
- School of Population Health, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Andrea McGowan
- School of Population Health, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Sophie Smith
- School of Population Health, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Patrick Rawstorne
- School of Population Health, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Mazzolani BC, Smaira FI, Esteves GP, Santini MH, Leitão AE, Santo André HC, Gualano B, Roschel H. Disordered Eating Attitudes and Food Choice Motives Among Individuals Who Follow a Vegan Diet in Brazil. JAMA Netw Open 2023; 6:e2321065. [PMID: 37382953 PMCID: PMC10311387 DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2023.21065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Importance It remains controversial whether adhering to a vegan diet may be associated with a higher prevalence of disordered eating. Also, main food choice motives and their association with disordered eating in this population are still unknown. Objective To determine the association between disordered eating attitudes and food choice motives of individuals who follow a vegan diet. Design, Setting, and Participants This is a cross-sectional online survey conducted between September 2021 and January 2023. Individuals of both sexes, aged 18 years or older, following a vegan diet for at least 6 months, currently living in Brazil were recruited through advertisements on social media. Exposure Adherence to a vegan diet and food choice motives. Main Outcomes and Measures Disordered eating attitudes and food choice motives. Results Nine hundred seventy-one participants completed the online survey. Median (IQR) age and BMI of participants was 29 (24-36) years and 22.6 (20.3-24.9), respectively, and 800 participants (82.4%) were female. Most participants (908 respondents [94%]) were categorized with the lowest level of disturbed eating attitudes. "Need and hunger," "liking," "health," "habits," and "natural concerns" were the most important food choice motives in this population, while "affect regulation," "social norms," and "social image" were the less important ones. Adjusted models showed that "liking," "need and hunger," and "health" were associated with lower levels of disordered eating attitudes, while "price," "pleasure," "sociability," "traditional eating," "visual appeal," "social norms," "social image," "weight control," and "affect regulation" were associated with higher levels of disordered eating attitudes. Conclusions and Relevance In this cross-sectional study, as opposed to previous suggestions, levels of disordered eating were very low among vegans, although certain food choice motives were associated with disordered eating attitudes. Understanding the motivations of adhering to diets that may impose restrictions, which include vegan diets, may help tailor interventions focused on promoting healthy eating and preventing or treating disordered eating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruna Caruso Mazzolani
- Applied Physiology and Nutrition Research Group, University of São Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
- Food Research Center, University of São Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fabiana Infante Smaira
- Applied Physiology and Nutrition Research Group, University of São Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
- Food Research Center, University of São Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gabriel P. Esteves
- Applied Physiology and Nutrition Research Group, University of São Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
- Food Research Center, University of São Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Martin Hindermann Santini
- Applied Physiology and Nutrition Research Group, University of São Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
- Food Research Center, University of São Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Alice Erwig Leitão
- Applied Physiology and Nutrition Research Group, University of São Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
- Food Research Center, University of São Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Bruno Gualano
- Applied Physiology and Nutrition Research Group, University of São Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
- Food Research Center, University of São Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Hamilton Roschel
- Applied Physiology and Nutrition Research Group, University of São Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
- Food Research Center, University of São Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
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Sifakaki M, Gkiouras K, Lindqvist HM, Marakis G, Petropoulou A, Donini LM, Bogdanos DP, Grammatikopoulou MG. Orthorexia Nervosa Practices in Rheumatoid Arthritis: The DORA Study. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15030713. [PMID: 36771419 PMCID: PMC9919523 DOI: 10.3390/nu15030713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/28/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Medical nutrition therapy (MNT) is an indisputable component of the multidisciplinary therapeutic approach in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Previous research has suggested that in chronic disease where nutrition is an important effector of prognosis, healthy dietary choices might take an unhealthy turn, with patients developing disordered eating in the form of orthorexia nervosa (ON). ON is characterized by a pathological preoccupation with "healthy", "pure" eating, associated with restrictive dietary patterns, nutrient deficiencies and worsening disease outcomes. The aim of the present cross-sectional study was to evaluate ON tendencies in a sample of adult patients with RA. A total of 133 patients with RA were recruited, and completed the ORTO-15 questionnaire for the assessment of ON tendencies. Most of the patients were overweight/obese (53.4%). The results revealed ON tendencies in the sample, with the median ORTO-15 score reaching 36 (IQR: 33-39). Greater ON tendencies were associated with the female gender, and lowered ON tendencies with increasing age and body mass index. The present findings highlight the need for health professional awareness regarding the problem of ON in patients with RA and the importance of screening patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Sifakaki
- Department of Nutritional Sciences & Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, International Hellenic University, Alexander Campus, P.O. Box 141, GR-57400 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Konstantinos Gkiouras
- Unit of Immunonutrition and Clinical Nutrition, Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, Biopolis, GR-41110 Larissa, Greece
| | - Helen M. Lindqvist
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical nutrition, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, 40530 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Georgios Marakis
- Nutrition and Food Standards Unit, Hellenic Food Authority, 124 Kifisias Avenue & Iatridou 2, GR-11526 Athens, Greece
| | - Anastasia Petropoulou
- Department of Nutritional Sciences & Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, International Hellenic University, Alexander Campus, P.O. Box 141, GR-57400 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Lorenzo M. Donini
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Dimitrios P. Bogdanos
- Unit of Immunonutrition and Clinical Nutrition, Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, Biopolis, GR-41110 Larissa, Greece
| | - Maria G. Grammatikopoulou
- Unit of Immunonutrition and Clinical Nutrition, Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, Biopolis, GR-41110 Larissa, Greece
- Correspondence:
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Vasiliu O. An integrative model as a step toward increasing the awareness of eating disorders in the general population. Front Psychiatry 2023; 14:1184932. [PMID: 37205977 PMCID: PMC10188970 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1184932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Eating disorders (EDs) represent a contradictory chapter of clinical psychiatry, i.e., although they are associated with significant prevalence and risks in the long term (including vital risk, especially for anorexia nervosa), the therapeutic resources are minimal and based on low-quality data. Another contradiction arose in the last few decades, i.e., a variety of new EDs have been described, either by clinicians or signaled by mass media, but their systematic exploration is progressing very slowly. Entities like "food addiction," "orthorexia nervosa," or "emotional eating disorder" still require intensive exploration in order to find the most accurate diagnostic instruments, diagnosis criteria, prevalence data, vulnerability factors, and therapeutic approaches. This article is focused on integrating into a comprehensive model a variety of EDs not specified or loosely defined by the current international classifications of psychiatric disorders. This framework is intended as an instrument for stimulating clinical and epidemiological research, with potential favorable consequences for therapeutic research. The dimensional model suggested here includes four main categories that accommodate the already recognized EDs (i.e., anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, and binge eating disorder) as well as ten EDs that still need intensive research to find their clinical and pathophysiological characteristics. More good-quality studies are urgently required regarding this topic, based on the mental and physical negative impact these EDs may have in the short and long term, especially in vulnerable populations (e.g., pregnant women, athletes, adolescents, etc.).
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Aiello P, Toti E, Villaño D, Raguzzini A, Peluso I. Overlap of orthorexia, eating attitude and psychological distress in some Italian and Spanish university students. World J Psychiatry 2022; 12:1298-1312. [PMID: 36389086 PMCID: PMC9641377 DOI: 10.5498/wjp.v12.i10.1298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Orthorexia nervosa (ON) is the persistent concern of maintaining the self-imposed diet to improve one's health. Many factors have been associated to ON in univ-ersity students.
AIM To assess the prevalence of ON in Italian and Spanish university students in relation to eating attitude and psychological distress, and the possible overlaps between ON (evaluated with different scored questionnaires from the originally proposed ORTO-15), distress and risk of eating disorders.
METHODS This study was carried out on 160 students recruited at La Sapienza University of Rome and at the Catholic University of Murcia. Questionnaires were administered to evaluate ON (ORTO-15 and sub-scores), body concerns (Multidimensional Body-Self Relations Questionnaire, MBSRQ, and Body Uneasiness test, BUT), psychological distress (Kessler Psychological Distress Scale, K10), physical activity (International Physical Activity Questionnaire, IPAQ), eating attitude (Eating Attitudes Test, EAT-26) and malnutrition (Starvation Symptom Inventory, SSI). Sex differences, within the same country, and differences between Italian and Spanish students, within the same sex, were evaluated.
RESULTS The ORTO-15 positive subjects, assessed with the originally proposed cut-off, were above 70% in both Italian and Spanish students, with a higher prevalence in the Spanish sample (Italian females 76.3%, Italian males 70.7%; Spanish females 97.0%, Spanish males 96.3%). According to ORTO-7, about 30% of Italian and 48% of Spanish students were positive to ON with no significant sex differences. When excluding students underweight (UW), overweight (OW) or obese (OB), as well as those potentially at risk of eating disorders or presenting mild, moderate and severe distress, in the resultant normal weight (NW)-K10neg-EAT-26neg subgroup, we did not find many correlations observed in the whole sample, including those between ORTO scores and BUT, SSI, Total MBSRQ and some of its components. Moreover, ORTO-7 resulted in the only ON score unrelated with Body Mass Index, MBSRQ components and IPAQ-assessed intense activity, in the NW-K10neg-EAT-26neg subgroup. After this sort of “exclusion diagnosis”, the prevalence of ON of these students on the overall sample resulted in 16.9%, 12.2%, 15.2% and 25.9% for Italian females, Italian males, Spanish females and Spanish males, respectively.
CONCLUSION In some university students ON could be a symptom of other conditions related to body image concerns and distress, as well as to high physical activity and appearance, fitness, health or illness orientation (from MBSRQ). However, ORTO-7 became independent from these confounding variables, after the exclusion of UW, OW, OB and students positive to EAT-26 and K10, suggesting the possibility of identifying orthorexic subjects with this specific questionnaire.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Aiello
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology “V. Erspamer”, Sapienza University, Rome 00185, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Toti
- Research Centre for Food and Nutrition, Council for Agricultural Research and Economics, Rome 00178, Italy
| | - Débora Villaño
- Food Science and Technology Department, UCAM, Murcia 30107, Spain
| | - Anna Raguzzini
- Research Centre for Food and Nutrition, Council for Agricultural Research and Economics, Rome 00178, Italy
| | - Ilaria Peluso
- Research Centre for Food and Nutrition, Council for Agricultural Research and Economics, Rome 00178, Italy
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Reuber H, Muschalla B. Dietary identity and embitterment among vegans, vegetarians and omnivores. Health Psychol Behav Med 2022; 10:1038-1055. [PMID: 36299771 PMCID: PMC9590425 DOI: 10.1080/21642850.2022.2134870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Although vegetarian and vegan dietary can positively contribute to animal welfare, the environment and health, they also entail social costs for the people following them. These costs may be an increased risk of stigmatization and, presumably, feelings of embitterment. Methods In this study, we investigated for the first time the association between feelings of embitterment and dietary identity centrality and motivation. Dietary motivation, dietary pattern centrality for identity (DIQ-D), and embitterment (PTED scale) were assessed in and compared between people with vegan (n = 489), vegetarian (n = 339) and omnivorous (n = 319) dietary pattern. Results The vegan group reported higher embitterment and discrimination perception than the vegetarian and omnivorous groups. High (vegan) dietary centrality, eating disorder, moral motivation, discrimination perception was associated with embitterment. Conclusions The association between vegan dietary centrality and moral motivation with embitterment is relevant for actions in dietary education and counseling in clinical and public health settings. When dietary pattern becomes relevant for identity building this may come along with problems when it makes the person prone for discrimination perception.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heike Reuber
- Psychotherapy and Diagnostics, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Beate Muschalla
- Psychotherapy and Diagnostics, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
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Hanras E, Dorard G, Boujut E. Une ou plusieurs orthorexies ? Conceptualisation, évaluation et enjeux sociétaux : une revue critique de la littérature. PSYCHOLOGIE FRANCAISE 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.psfr.2022.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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13
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McLean CP, Kulkarni J, Sharp G. Disordered eating and the meat-avoidance spectrum: a systematic review and clinical implications. Eat Weight Disord 2022; 27:2347-2375. [PMID: 35729472 PMCID: PMC9556390 DOI: 10.1007/s40519-022-01428-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Meat avoidance has long been thought to be related to eating psychopathology; however, research does not necessarily support this notion. Furthermore, commonly used eating disorder scales may be picking up on normal meat-avoiding behaviours in vegetarians and vegans. As such, we systematically reviewed the association between vegetarianism, veganism, and disordered eating, and reviewed the psychometric properties of eating disorder scales for use in these populations. METHODS We searched electronic databases MEDLINE, PsychINFO, and CINAHL for literature published until June 2021. RESULTS Forty-eight studies met eligibility criteria, with no consensus as to whether meat avoidance was associated with higher rates of disordered eating. Most studies reported a significant positive association with both vegetarianism and veganism, and orthorexia nervosa. Six studies provided evidence for the use of eating disorder measures in vegetarians and vegans, reporting poor psychometric fit among all scales. CONCLUSION This systematic review highlights the extent to which vegetarians and vegans have been highly understudied, with limited research suggesting higher levels of orthorexia nervosa behaviours in vegetarians and vegans. Furthermore, our results provide tentative evidence that the factorial validity of commonly used eating disorder scales, such as the EDE-Q, may be poor in vegans. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level I, systematic review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Courtney P McLean
- Monash Alfred Psychiatry research centre, Monash University, 4/607 St Kilda Road, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia.
| | - Jayashri Kulkarni
- Monash Alfred Psychiatry research centre, Monash University, 4/607 St Kilda Road, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia
| | - Gemma Sharp
- Monash Alfred Psychiatry research centre, Monash University, 4/607 St Kilda Road, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia
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14
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Tuck CJ, Sultan N, Tonkovic M, Biesiekierski JR. Orthorexia nervosa is a concern in gastroenterology: A scoping review. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2022; 34:e14427. [PMID: 35811419 PMCID: PMC9541631 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.14427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Revised: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
There is concern that use of restrictive therapeutic diets, such as those used in disorders of the gut-brain interaction (DGBI), may increase disordered eating. In this issue of Neurogastroenterology and Motility, Burton Murray et al. and Peters et al. both demonstrate a high prevalence of disordered eating in patients with gastrointestinal conditions, particularly those with DGBI. Given these findings, it is likely that orthorexia is common in this patient group, although this was not directly examined in these studies. Orthorexia nervosa is described as an obsessive and unsafe focus on eating foods perceived as healthy. This mini-review therefore focuses on orthorexia by conducting a scoping review, as per the PRISMA extension for scoping reviews, aimed to assess the prevalence of orthorexia, and associations between orthorexia and restrictive eating practices. While a wide range of orthorexia prevalence has been reported (0%-97%) across the 57 studies included, no studies assessed prevalence specifically in gastrointestinal conditions. Four of eight studies describing diseases associated with specific dietary patterns suggested that participants who followed a diet for "digestive issues" or "food intolerances" were at higher orthorexia risk. These results suggest that dietary modifications may be a factor contributing to orthorexia. Additionally, we provide a commentary on the clinical implications of the findings for gastrointestinal conditions including a clinical flow chart. Clinicians should consider if a restrictive diet is appropriate for individuals with DGBI and include screening for disordered eating prior to implementation of dietary modifications. Future prospective studies should evaluate orthorexia within this patient group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline J. Tuck
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Nutrition SciencesLa Trobe UniversityBundooraVictoriaAustralia
| | - Nessmah Sultan
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Nutrition SciencesLa Trobe UniversityBundooraVictoriaAustralia
| | - Matilda Tonkovic
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Nutrition SciencesLa Trobe UniversityBundooraVictoriaAustralia
| | - Jessica R. Biesiekierski
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Nutrition SciencesLa Trobe UniversityBundooraVictoriaAustralia,Department of Nutrition, Dietetics and FoodMonash UniversityNotting HillVictoriaAustralia
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15
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Gregson R, Piazza J, Boyd RL. 'Against the cult of veganism': Unpacking the social psychology and ideology of anti-vegans. Appetite 2022; 178:106143. [PMID: 35787403 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2022.106143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2022] [Revised: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Despite the established health and ecological benefits of a plant-based diet, the decision to eschew meat and other animal-derived food products remains controversial. So polarising is this topic that anti-vegan communities - groups of individuals who stand vehemently against veganism - have sprung up across the internet. Much scholarship on veganism characterizes anti-vegans in passing, painting them as ill-informed, uneducated, or simply obstinate. However, little empirical work has investigated these communities and the individuals within them. Accordingly, we conducted a study using social media data from the popular platform, Reddit. Specifically, we collected all available submissions (∼3523) and comments (∼45,528) from r/AntiVegan subreddit users (N = 3819) over a five-year period. Using a battery of computerized text analytic tools, we examined the psychosocial characteristics of Reddit users who publicly identify as anti-vegan, how r/AntiVegan users discuss their beliefs, and how the individual user changes as a function of community membership. Results from our analyses suggest several individual differences that align r/AntiVegan users with the community, including dark entertainment, ex-veganism and science denial. Several topics were extensively discussed by r/AntiVegan members, including nuanced discourse on the ethicality and health implications of vegan diets, and the naturalness of animal death, which ran counter to our expectations and lay stereotypes of r/AntiVegan users. Finally, several longitudinal changes in language use were observed within the community, reflecting enhanced group commitment over time, including an increase in group-focused language and a decrease in cognitive processing. Implications for vegan-nonvegan relations are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Gregson
- Lancaster University, Department of Psychology, Lancaster, LA1 4YF, United Kingdom.
| | - Jared Piazza
- Lancaster University, Department of Psychology, Lancaster, LA1 4YF, United Kingdom
| | - Ryan L Boyd
- Lancaster University, Department of Psychology, Lancaster, LA1 4YF, United Kingdom; Security Lancaster, Lancaster University, United Kingdom; Data Science Institute, Lancaster University, United Kingdom
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16
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Khalil J, Boutros S, Kheir N, Kassem M, Salameh P, Sacre H, Akel M, Obeid S, Hallit S. Eating disorders and their relationship with menopausal phases among a sample of middle-aged Lebanese women. BMC Womens Health 2022; 22:153. [PMID: 35538474 PMCID: PMC9092875 DOI: 10.1186/s12905-022-01738-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The objective of our study was to evaluate the association between the transition to menopause, body dissatisfaction, and abnormal eating habits (restrained eating, binge eating, and orthorexia nervosa) in a sample of middle-aged Lebanese women. METHODS A cross-sectional study conducted between July 2019 and January 2020 enrolled 1001 women aged 40 years and above from all Lebanese governorates. Data were collected by face-to-face interviews with all participants. The Body dissatisfaction subscale of the Eating Disorder Inventory‑second version was used to assess body dissatisfaction, whereas the Binge Eating Scale, Dutch Restrained Eating Scale, ORTO-15, Dusseldorf Orthorexia Scale (DOS), and Teruel Orthorexia Scale (TOS) were used to assess eating disorders (binge eating, restrained eating and orthorexia nervosa respectively. Multivariable analysis of covariance (MANCOVA) was used to compare multiple measures among the three menopausal phases, after adjustment over potential confounding variables (age, monthly income, body mass index, marital status, education level, and body dissatisfaction). RESULTS Postmenopause was significantly associated with more orthorexia nervosa tendencies (lower ORTO-15 scores) than premenopause (β = - 1.87; p = 0.022). Perimenopause was associated with more binge eating (β = 1.56; p = 0.031), and less orthorexia nervosa (as measured by the DOS) than premenopause, with this association tending to significance (β = - 1.10; p = 0.051). Furthermore, higher body dissatisfaction was significantly associated with higher restrained eating (β = 0.02; p < 0.001), binge eating (β = 0.48; p < 0.001), and orthorexia nervosa as measured by ORTO-15 (β = - 0.17; p < 0.001) and TOS (β = 0.08; p = 0.002), but not DOS. CONCLUSION Our study showed that menopausal stages are associated with some disordered eating behaviors (binge eating and orthorexia nervosa) among middle-aged women. Those results may serve as a first step towards spreading awareness among women within this age group regarding eating attitudes. Moreover, healthcare professionals should screen for the presence of disordered eating during those women's routine visits to the clinics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joe Khalil
- School of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Holy Spirit University of Kaslik, P.O. Box 446, Jounieh, Lebanon
| | - Sarah Boutros
- School of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Holy Spirit University of Kaslik, P.O. Box 446, Jounieh, Lebanon
| | - Nelly Kheir
- Research Department, Psychiatric Hospital of the Cross, P.O. Box 60096, Jal Eddib, Lebanon
| | - Maha Kassem
- Faculty of Medicine, New Vision University, Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - Pascale Salameh
- School of Medicine, Lebanese American University, Byblos, Lebanon
- Institut National de Santé Publique, Epidémiologie Clinique et Toxicologie (INSPECT-LB), Beirut, Lebanon
- Department of Primary Care and Population Health, University of Nicosia Medical School, 2417, Nicosia, Cyprus
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Lebanese University, Hadat, Lebanon
| | - Hala Sacre
- Institut National de Santé Publique, Epidémiologie Clinique et Toxicologie (INSPECT-LB), Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Marwan Akel
- Institut National de Santé Publique, Epidémiologie Clinique et Toxicologie (INSPECT-LB), Beirut, Lebanon
- School of Pharmacy, Lebanese International University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Sahar Obeid
- School of Arts and Sciences, Social and Education Sciences Department, Lebanese American University, Jbeil, Lebanon.
| | - Souheil Hallit
- School of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Holy Spirit University of Kaslik, P.O. Box 446, Jounieh, Lebanon.
- Research Department, Psychiatric Hospital of the Cross, P.O. Box 60096, Jal Eddib, Lebanon.
- Psychology Department, College of Humanities, Effat University, Jeddah, 21478, Saudi Arabia.
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17
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Dietary Regimen, Overweight, and Obesity in Human Nutrition Students and Other Majors: A Cross-Sectional Study. J Nutr Metab 2022; 2022:9957690. [PMID: 35371567 PMCID: PMC8967553 DOI: 10.1155/2022/9957690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Revised: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Choosing a healthy diet is an increasingly a challenge for university students. The objective of this study was to compare diet and overweight/obesity in human nutrition students (HNS) and students of other careers (SOC) from a university located in Lima, Peru. Methods It was a cross-sectional study consisting of 158 students out of an initial sample of 170. Information was collected on the sociodemographic and anthropometric characteristics of the participants and a validated questionnaire was applied to evaluate the frequency of food consumption. Results There was no significant difference in diet between HNS and SOC (p > 0.05). HNS most frequently consumed yellow/orange vegetables (p = 0.020), purple vegetables (p = 0.049), citrus fruits (p = 0.029), eggs (p = 0.002), whole milk (p = 0.013), yogurt (p = 0.017), tofu (p = 0.003), olive oil (p = 0.003), other vegetable oils (p < 0.001), and alcoholic beverages (p = 0.037) than SOC. In contrast, HNS had a lower frequency of nonfried tuber intake (p = 0.039), fried tubers (p < 0.001), milk desserts (p = 0.048), flour fritters (p = 0.027), cookies with chocolate (p = 0.050), croissants (p = 0.030), cookies with filling (p = 0.024), candies (p = 0.006), and soda (p = 0.016) than SOC. Overweight/obesity was not different between HNS and SOC (p > 0.05). Conclusions This study found significant differences in the consumption of some foods between HNS and SOC. However, it found no significant difference in diet and overweight/obesity between HNS and SOC.
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Dell'Osso L, Cremone IM, Chiarantini I, Arone A, Casagrande D, Massimetti G, Carmassi C, Carpita B. Investigating Orthorexia Nervosa With the ORTO-R in a Sample of University Students With or Without Subthreshold Autism Spectrum: Focus on Dietary Habits and Gender Differences. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:900880. [PMID: 35911227 PMCID: PMC9330128 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.900880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of the present study was to investigate the presence of Orthorexia (ON) symptoms in a sample of University students with or without autistic traits (AT), specifically focusing on evaluating the role of gender and of dietary habits in the association between ON and autism spectrum. METHODS Subjects were requested to anonymously fill out the questionnaires through an online form. RESULTS Two thousand one hundred forty students participated in the study. Subjects with significant AT, measured by means of the Adult Autism Sub-threshold spectrum (AdAS Spectrum) reported significantly higher ON symptoms, as measured by ORTO-R scores, than subjects with low AT. Females and subjects following a vegetarian/vegan diet reported significantly higher ORTO-R scores than males and than subjects following an omnivorous diet, respectively. Significant positive correlations were found between ORTO-R and AdAS Spectrum scores. A decision tree model, with gender, type of diet and presence of high AT as independent variables and ORTO-R score as dependent variable, showed in the first step the presence of significantly higher ORTO-R scores among females than among males, and in the second step showed in both genders the presence of higher ORTO-R scores among subjects with high AT than in those with low AT. A significant interaction of gender and presence/absence of high AT was reported on ORTO-R score, with a higher increasing trend of ORTO-R score with the increase of AdAS Spectrum score among females than among males. CONCLUSIONS Our results further highlighted the association between AT and ON, in particular among females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liliana Dell'Osso
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Ivan Mirko Cremone
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Ilaria Chiarantini
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Alessandro Arone
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Danila Casagrande
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Gabriele Massimetti
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Claudia Carmassi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Barbara Carpita
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
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19
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Pilař L, Stanislavská LK, Kvasnička R, Hartman R, Tichá I. Healthy Food on Instagram Social Network: Vegan, Homemade and Clean Eating. Nutrients 2021; 13:1991. [PMID: 34207910 PMCID: PMC8226706 DOI: 10.3390/nu13061991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Social media platforms have become part of many people's lives. Users are spending more and more time on these platforms, creating an active and passive digital footprint through their interaction. This footprint has high research potential in many research areas because understanding people's communication on social media is essential in understanding their values, attitudes, experiences and behaviors. Researchers found that the use of social networking sites impacts adolescents' eating behavior. If we define adolescents as individuals between ages 10 and 24 (WHO's definition), 76% of USA young people at age 18-24 use Instagram, so the Instagram social network analysis is important for understanding young people's expressions in the context of healthy food. This study aims to identify the main topic associated with healthy food on the Instagram social network via hashtag and community analysis based on 2,045,653 messages created by 427,936 individual users. The results show that users most associate Healthy food with healthy lifestyle, fitness, weight loss and diet. In terms of food, these are foods that are Vegan, Homemade, Clean and Plant-based. Given that young people change their behavior in relation to people's behavior on social networks, it is possible to use this data to predict their future association with healthy food characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ladislav Pilař
- Department of Management, Faculty of Economics and Management, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, 165 21 Prague, Czech Republic; (L.K.S.); (R.H.); (I.T.)
| | - Lucie Kvasničková Stanislavská
- Department of Management, Faculty of Economics and Management, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, 165 21 Prague, Czech Republic; (L.K.S.); (R.H.); (I.T.)
| | - Roman Kvasnička
- Department of Systems Engineering, Faculty of Economics and Management, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, 165 21 Prague, Czech Republic;
| | - Richard Hartman
- Department of Management, Faculty of Economics and Management, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, 165 21 Prague, Czech Republic; (L.K.S.); (R.H.); (I.T.)
| | - Ivana Tichá
- Department of Management, Faculty of Economics and Management, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, 165 21 Prague, Czech Republic; (L.K.S.); (R.H.); (I.T.)
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Rogowska AM, Kwaśnicka A, Ochnik D. Development and Validation of the Test of Orthorexia Nervosa (TON-17). J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10081637. [PMID: 33921511 PMCID: PMC8069172 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10081637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2021] [Revised: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aims to develop and validate a new self-report questionnaire to measure orthorexia nervosa (ON). Based on a current review of the scientific literature and interviews with people at risk of orthorexia, 40 items were selected to test orthorexia nervosa (TON-40). A total sample of 767 individuals (M = 26.49, SD = 9.66, 56.98% women) participated in the study. The exploratory factor analysis (EFA), confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), and composite construct analysis (CCA) were performed to find an appropriate model of sufficient reliability and validity and stable construction. Convergent validation was performed regarding the correlation of the TON-17 with another measure of ON (ORTO-15), eating disorders (the EAT-26 and DEAS), healthy behavior (the HBI), quality of life (the Brief WHOQOL), physical health (the GRSH), anxiety (the GAD-7), depression (the PHQ-9), and obsessive-compulsive disorder (the OCI-R). Gender, Body Mass Index (BMI), and the medical reasons for a restrictive diet were also examined. As a result of the structural analyses, the number of items was reduced from 40 to 17. The best fit indices of the TON-17 were found for the hierarchical bi-factor model, with three lower-order factors (Control of food quality, Fixation of health and healthy diet, and Disorder symptoms) and one general higher-order factor (Orthorexia). According to the 95th percentile method of estimation, the prevalence of ON was 5.5% for the TON-17 total score. The TON-17 scale and subscales showed good psychometric properties, stability, reliability, and construct validity. The TON-17 indicated a positive relationship with the ORTO-15, EAT-26, DEAS, HBI, OCI-R, GAD-7, and PHQ-9. TON-17 can be considered as a useful tool for assessing the risk of ON.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra M. Rogowska
- Institute of Psychology, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Opole, 45-052 Opole, Poland;
- Correspondence:
| | - Aleksandra Kwaśnicka
- Institute of Psychology, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Opole, 45-052 Opole, Poland;
| | - Dominika Ochnik
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Technology, 40-555 Katowice, Poland;
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