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Aita SE, Montone CM, Taglioni E, Capriotti AL. Hempseed protein-derived short- and medium-chain peptides and their multifunctional properties. ADVANCES IN FOOD AND NUTRITION RESEARCH 2024; 110:275-325. [PMID: 38906589 DOI: 10.1016/bs.afnr.2024.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/23/2024]
Abstract
Nowadays, the growing knowledge about the high nutritional value and potential functionality of hempseeds, the edible fruits of the Cannabis sativa L. plant, has sparked a surge in interest in exploring the worthwhile attributes of hempseed proteins and peptides. This trend aligns with the increasing popularity of hemp-based food, assuming a vital role in the global food chain. This chapter targets the nutritional and chemical composition of hempseed in terms of short- and medium-chain bioactive peptides. The analytical approaches for their characterization and multifunctional properties are summarized in detail. Moreover, the processing, functionality, and application of various hempseed protein products are discussed. In the final part of the chapter-for evaluating their propensity to be transported by intestinal cells-the transepithelial transport of peptides within hempseed protein hydrolysate is highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Elsa Aita
- Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Enrico Taglioni
- Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
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2
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Cruz-Chamorro I, Santos-Sánchez G, Ponce-España E, Bollati C, d'Adduzio L, Bartolomei M, Li J, Carrillo-Vico A, Lammi C. MOMAST ® Reduces the Plasmatic Lipid Profile and Oxidative Stress and Regulates Cholesterol Metabolism in a Hypercholesterolemic Mouse Model: The Proof of Concept of a Sustainable and Innovative Antioxidant and Hypocholesterolemic Ingredient. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:1335. [PMID: 37507875 PMCID: PMC10376191 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12071335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2023] [Revised: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
MOMAST® is a patented natural phenolic complex, rich in tyrosol (9.0 g/kg, Tyr), hydroxityrosol (43,5 g/kg, OH-Tyr), and verbascoside (5.0 g/Kg), which is obtained from the OVW by-product of the Coratina cultivar with potent direct antioxidant activity (measured by DPPH and FRAP assays, respectively). Indeed, MOMAST® represents an innovative sustainable bioactive ingredient which has been obtained with ethical and empowering behavior by applying the principles of a circular economy. In the framework of research aimed at fostering its health-promoting activity, in this study it was clearly demonstrated that MOMAST® treatment reduced the oxidative stress and levels of total cholesterol (TC) and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, and increased the HDL levels, without changes in the triglyceride (TG) levels in Western diet (WD)-fed mice. The modulation of the plasmatic lipid profile is similar to red yeast rice (RYR) containing Monacolin K (3%). In addition, at the molecular level in liver homogenates, similarly to RYR, MOMAST® exerts cholesterol-lowering activity through the activation of LDL receptor, whereas, unlike RYR, MOMAST® reduces proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) protein levels via hepatic nuclear factor 1 (HNF1)-α activation. Hence, this study provides the proof of concept regarding the hypocholesterolemic activity of MOMAST, which could be successfully exploited as an active ingredient for the development of innovative and sustainable dietary supplements and functional foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Cruz-Chamorro
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Universidad de Sevilla, 41013 Seville, Spain
- Departamento de Bioquímica Médica y Biología Molecular e Inmunología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Sevilla, 41009 Seville, Spain
| | - Guillermo Santos-Sánchez
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Universidad de Sevilla, 41013 Seville, Spain
- Departamento de Bioquímica Médica y Biología Molecular e Inmunología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Sevilla, 41009 Seville, Spain
| | - Eduardo Ponce-España
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Universidad de Sevilla, 41013 Seville, Spain
- Departamento de Bioquímica Médica y Biología Molecular e Inmunología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Sevilla, 41009 Seville, Spain
| | - Carlotta Bollati
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Lorenza d'Adduzio
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Martina Bartolomei
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Jianqiang Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Antonio Carrillo-Vico
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Universidad de Sevilla, 41013 Seville, Spain
- Departamento de Bioquímica Médica y Biología Molecular e Inmunología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Sevilla, 41009 Seville, Spain
| | - Carmen Lammi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy
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3
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Lammi C, Fassi EMA, Manenti M, Brambilla M, Conti M, Li J, Roda G, Camera M, Silvani A, Grazioso G. Computational Design, Synthesis, and Biological Evaluation of Diimidazole Analogues Endowed with Dual PCSK9/HMG-CoAR-Inhibiting Activity. J Med Chem 2023. [PMID: 37261954 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.3c00279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin 9 (PCSK9) is responsible for the degradation of the hepatic low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR), which regulates circulating cholesterol levels. Consequently, the PCSK9 inhibition is a valuable therapeutic approach for the treatment of hypercholesterolemia and cardiovascular diseases. In our studies, we discovered Rim13, a polyimidazole derivative reducing the protein-protein interaction between PCSK9 and LDLR with an IC50 of 1.6 μM. The computational design led to the optimization of the shape of the PCSK9/ligand complementarity, enabling the discovery of potent diimidazole derivatives. In fact, carrying out biological assays to fully characterize the cholesterol-lowering activity of the new analogues and using both biochemical and cellular techniques, compound Dim16 displayed improved PCSK9 inhibitory activity (IC50 0.9 nM). Interestingly, similar to other lupin-derived peptides and their synthetic analogues, some compounds in this series showed dual hypocholesterolemic activity since some of them complementarily inhibited the 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Lammi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via L. Mangiagalli 25, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Enrico M A Fassi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via L. Mangiagalli 25, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Marco Manenti
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Golgi 10, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Marta Brambilla
- Centro Cardiologico Monzino IRCCS, via Parea 4, 20138 Milan, Italy
| | - Maria Conti
- Centro Cardiologico Monzino IRCCS, via Parea 4, 20138 Milan, Italy
| | - Jianqiang Li
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via L. Mangiagalli 25, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Gabriella Roda
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via L. Mangiagalli 25, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Marina Camera
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via L. Mangiagalli 25, 20133 Milan, Italy
- Centro Cardiologico Monzino IRCCS, via Parea 4, 20138 Milan, Italy
| | - Alessandra Silvani
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Golgi 10, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Giovanni Grazioso
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via L. Mangiagalli 25, 20133 Milan, Italy
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Santos-Sánchez G, Aiello G, Rivardo F, Bartolomei M, Bollati C, Arnoldi A, Cruz-Chamorro I, Lammi C. Antioxidant Effect Assessment and Trans Epithelial Analysis of New Hempseed Protein Hydrolysates. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:antiox12051099. [PMID: 37237964 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12051099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Revised: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Hempseed (Cannabis sativa) is one of the most promising sources of plant proteins. It contains approximately 24% (w/w) protein, and edestin accounts for approximately 60-80% (w/w) of its total proteins. In a framework of research aimed at fostering the proteins recovered from the press cake by-products generated after the extraction of hempseed oil, two hempseed protein hydrolysates (HH1 and HH2) were produced at an industrial level using a mixture of different enzymes from Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus oryzae, and Bacillus licheniformis for different times (5 h and 18 h). Using a combination of different direct antioxidant tests (DPPH, TEAC, FRAP, and ORAC assays, respectively), it has been demonstrated that HHs exert potent, direct antioxidant activity. A crucial feature of bioactive peptides is their intestinal bioavailability; for this reason, in order to solve this peculiar issue, the ability of HH peptides to be transported by differentiated human intestinal Caco-2 cells has been evaluated. Notably, by using mass spectrometry analysis (HPLC Chip ESI-MS/MS), the stable peptides transported by intestinal cells have been identified, and dedicated experiments confirmed that the trans-epithelial transported HH peptide mixtures retain their antioxidant activity, suggesting that these hempseed hydrolysates may be considered sustainable antioxidant ingredients to be exploited for further application, i.e., nutraceutical and/or food industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillermo Santos-Sánchez
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, IBiS, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, CSIC, Universidad de Sevilla, 41013 Seville, Spain
- Departamento de Bioquímica Médica y Biología Molecular e Inmunología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Sevilla, 41009 Seville, Spain
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Milan, via Mangiagalli 25, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Gilda Aiello
- Department of Human Science and Quality of Life Promotion, Telematic University San Raffaele, 00166 Rome, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Rivardo
- A. Costantino & C. Spa, Via Francesco Romana 11-15, 10083 Favria, Italy
| | - Martina Bartolomei
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Milan, via Mangiagalli 25, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Carlotta Bollati
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Milan, via Mangiagalli 25, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Anna Arnoldi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Milan, via Mangiagalli 25, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Ivan Cruz-Chamorro
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, IBiS, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, CSIC, Universidad de Sevilla, 41013 Seville, Spain
- Departamento de Bioquímica Médica y Biología Molecular e Inmunología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Sevilla, 41009 Seville, Spain
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Milan, via Mangiagalli 25, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Carmen Lammi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Milan, via Mangiagalli 25, 20133 Milan, Italy
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Effects of collagen peptide supplementation on cardiovascular markers: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised, placebo-controlled trials. Br J Nutr 2023; 129:779-794. [PMID: 35658958 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114522001301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have advocated that collagen peptide supplementation (CPS) can positively affect cardiovascular health. However, the widespread impact of CPS on CVD-related markers is not fully resolved. Consequently, the current systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to assess the efficacy of CPS on CVD-related markers. A systematic search in the Scopus, PubMed and ISI Web of Science databases were completed to identify relevant randomised, placebo-controlled trials (RCT) published up to November 2021. Mean Differences were pooled using a random-effects model, while publication bias, sensitivity analyses and heterogeneity were assessed using previously validated methods. Twelve RCT, comprising of a total of eleven measured markers, were selected for the quantitative analysis. Pooled data revealed that CPS significantly decreased fat mass (-1·21 kg; 95 % CI: -2·13, -0·29; I2 = 0·0 %; P = 0·010) and increased fat-free mass, based on body mass percentage (1·49 %; 95 % CI: 0·57, 2·42; I2 = 0·0 %; P = 0·002). Moreover, collagen peptide supplementation led to a significant decrease in serum LDL (-4·09 mg/dl; 95 % CI: -8·13, -0·04; I2 = 93·4 %; P = 0·048) and systolic blood pressure (SBP) (-5·04 mmHg; 95 % CI: -9·22, -0·85; I2 = 98·9 %; P = 0·018). Our analysis also indicated that CPS did not affect glycemic markers. Our outcomes indicate that CPS reduces fat mass, LDL and SBP while increasing fat-free mass. Future investigations with longer CPS duration are needed to expand on our results.
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Cruz-Chamorro I, Santos-Sánchez G, Álvarez-López AI, Pedroche J, Lardone PJ, Arnoldi A, Lammi C, Carrillo-Vico A. Pleiotropic biological effects of Lupinus spp. protein hydrolysates. Trends Food Sci Technol 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2023.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
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7
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Cerrato A, Lammi C, Laura Capriotti A, Bollati C, Cavaliere C, Maria Montone C, Bartolomei M, Boschin G, Li J, Piovesana S, Arnoldi A, Laganà A. Isolation and functional characterization of hemp seed protein-derived short- and medium-chain peptide mixtures with multifunctional properties for metabolic syndrome prevention. Food Res Int 2023; 163:112219. [PMID: 36596148 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2022.112219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
This study aims to obtain a valuable mixture of short-chain peptides from hempseed as a new ingredient for developing nutraceutical and functional foods useful for preventing metabolic syndrome that represents the major cause of death globally. A dedicated analytical platform based on a purification step by size exclusion chromatography or ultrafiltration membrane and high-resolution mass spectrometry was developed to isolate and comprehensively characterize short-chain peptides leading to the identification of more than 500 short-chain peptides. Our results indicated that the short-chain peptide mixture was about three times more active than the medium-chain peptide mixture and total hydrolysate with respect to measured inhibition of the angiotensin-converting enzyme. The short-chain peptide mixture was also two times more active as a dipeptidyl peptidase IV, and twofold more active on the cholesterol metabolism pathway through the modulation of low-density lipoprotein receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Cerrato
- Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Carmen Lammi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Milan, Via Mangiagalli 25, 20133 Milan, Italy.
| | - Anna Laura Capriotti
- Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy.
| | - Carlotta Bollati
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Milan, Via Mangiagalli 25, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Chiara Cavaliere
- Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Carmela Maria Montone
- Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Martina Bartolomei
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Milan, Via Mangiagalli 25, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Giovanna Boschin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Milan, Via Mangiagalli 25, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Jianqiang Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Milan, Via Mangiagalli 25, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Susy Piovesana
- Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Anna Arnoldi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Milan, Via Mangiagalli 25, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Aldo Laganà
- Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
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Ahamad S, Bhat SA. Recent Update on the Development of PCSK9 Inhibitors for Hypercholesterolemia Treatment. J Med Chem 2022; 65:15513-15539. [PMID: 36446632 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c01290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
The proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin-type 9 (PCSK9) binds to low-density lipoprotein receptors (LDLR), thereby trafficking them to lysosomes upon endocytosis and enhancing intracellular degradation to prevent their recycling. As a result, the levels of circulating LDL cholesterol (LDL-C) increase, which is a prominent risk factor for developing atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases (ASCVD). Thus, PCSK9 has become a promising therapeutic target that offers a fertile testing ground for new drug modalities to regulate plasma LDL-C levels to prevent ASCVD. In this review, we have discussed the role of PCSK9 in lipid metabolism and briefly summarized the current clinical status of modalities targeting PCSK9. In particular, a detailed overview of peptide-based PCSK9 inhibitors is presented, which emphasizes their structural features and design, therapeutic effects on patients, and preclinical cardiovascular disease (CVD) models, along with PCSK9 modulation mechanisms. As a promising alternative to monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) for managing LDL-C, anti-PCSK9 peptides are emerging as a prospective next generation therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shakir Ahamad
- Department of Chemistry, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, India
| | - Shahnawaz A Bhat
- Department of Zoology, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, India
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Okagu IU, Ezeorba TPC, Aham EC, Aguchem RN, Nechi RN. Recent findings on the cellular and molecular mechanisms of action of novel food-derived antihypertensive peptides. FOOD CHEMISTRY. MOLECULAR SCIENCES 2022; 4:100078. [PMID: 35415696 PMCID: PMC8991738 DOI: 10.1016/j.fochms.2022.100078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Revised: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Hypertension has remained a silent-killer. Novel peptides recently isolated from food proteins. Molecular mechanism of blood pressure-lowering: renin and ACE-inhibition, and beyond. Proposed molecular mechanisms for future research. Novel peptides are excellent candidates for nutraceutical development.
Hypertension impacts negatively on the quality of life of sufferers, and complications associated with uncontrolled hypertension are life-threatening. Hence, many research efforts are exploring the antihypertensive properties of bioactive peptides derived from food proteins using in vitro ACE-inhibitory assay, experimentally-induced and spontaneous hypertensive rats, normotensive and hypertensive human models. In this study, the cellular and molecular mechanisms of blood pressure-lowering properties of novel peptides reported in recent studies (2015-July 30, 2021) were discussed. In addition to common mechanisms such as the inhibition of angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE) and renin activities, recently recognized mechanisms through which bioactive peptides exert their antihypertensive properties including the induction of vasodilation via upregulation of cyclo-oxygenase (COX) and prostaglandin receptor and endothelial nitric oxide synthase expression and L-type Ca2+ channel blockade were presented. Similarly, emerging mechanisms of blood pressure-lowering by bioactive peptides such as modulation of inflammation (TNF-α, and other cytokines signaling), oxidative stress (Keap-1/Nrf2/ARE/HO-1 and related signaling pathways), PPAR-γ/caspase3/MAPK signaling pathways and inhibition of lipid accumulation were discussed. The review also highlighted factors that influence the antihypertensive properties of peptides such as method of hydrolysis (type and number of enzymes, and chemical used for hydrolysis, and microbial fermentation), and amino acid sequence and chain length of peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Innocent U Okagu
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Nigeria, Nsukka 410001, Nigeria
| | | | - Emmanuel C Aham
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Nigeria, Nsukka 410001, Nigeria
| | - Rita N Aguchem
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Nigeria, Nsukka 410001, Nigeria
| | - Regina N Nechi
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nigeria, Nsukka 410001, Nigeria
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Santos-Sánchez G, Cruz-Chamorro I, Bollati C, Bartolomei M, Pedroche J, Millán F, Millán-Linares MDC, Capriotti AL, Cerrato A, Laganà A, Arnoldi A, Carrillo-Vico A, Lammi C. A Lupinus angustifolius protein hydrolysate exerts hypocholesterolemic effects in Western diet-fed ApoE -/- mice through the modulation of LDLR and PCSK9 pathways. Food Funct 2022; 13:4158-4170. [PMID: 35316320 DOI: 10.1039/d1fo03847h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Lupin protein hydrolysates (LPHs) are gaining attention in the food and nutraceutical industries due to their several beneficial health effects. Recently, we have shown that LPH treatment reduces liver cholesterol and triglyceride levels in hypercholesterolemic mice. The aim of this study was to elucidate the effects of LPH treatment on the molecular mechanism underlying liver cholesterol metabolism in ApoE-/- mice fed the Western diet. After identifying the composition of the peptide within the LPH mixture and determining its ability to reduce HMGCoAR activity in vitro, its effect on the LDLR and PCSK9 pathways was measured in liver tissue from the same mice. Thus, the LPH reduced the protein levels of HMGCoAR and increased the phosphorylated inactive form of HMGCoAR and the pHMGCoAR/HMGCoAR ratio, which led to the deactivation of de novo cholesterol synthesis. Furthermore, the LPH decreased the protein levels of SREBP2, a key upstream transcription factor involved in the expression of HMGCoAR and LDLR. Consequently, LDLR protein levels decreased in the liver of LPH-treated animals. Interestingly, the LPH also increased the protein levels of pAMPK responsible for HMGCoAR phosphorylation. Furthermore, the LPH controlled the PSCK9 signal pathway by decreasing its transcription factor, the HNF1-α protein. Consequently, lower PSCK9 protein levels were found in the liver of LPH-treated mice. This is the first study elucidating the molecular mechanism at the basis of the hypocholesterolemic effects exerted by the LPH in an in vivo model. All these findings point out LPHs as a future lipid-lowering ingredient to develop new functional foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillermo Santos-Sánchez
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy. .,Departamento de Bioquímica Médica y Biología Molecular e Inmunología, Universidad de Sevilla, 41009 Seville, Spain. .,Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, IBiS (Universidad de Sevilla, HUVR, Junta de Andalucía, CSIC), 41013 Seville, Spain
| | - Ivan Cruz-Chamorro
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy. .,Departamento de Bioquímica Médica y Biología Molecular e Inmunología, Universidad de Sevilla, 41009 Seville, Spain. .,Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, IBiS (Universidad de Sevilla, HUVR, Junta de Andalucía, CSIC), 41013 Seville, Spain
| | - Carlotta Bollati
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy.
| | - Martina Bartolomei
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy.
| | - Justo Pedroche
- Department of Food & Health, Instituto de la Grasa, CSIC, Ctra, Utrera Km 1, 41013 Seville, Spain
| | - Francisco Millán
- Department of Food & Health, Instituto de la Grasa, CSIC, Ctra, Utrera Km 1, 41013 Seville, Spain
| | - María Del Carmen Millán-Linares
- Departamento de Bioquímica Médica y Biología Molecular e Inmunología, Universidad de Sevilla, 41009 Seville, Spain. .,Department of Food & Health, Instituto de la Grasa, CSIC, Ctra, Utrera Km 1, 41013 Seville, Spain
| | - Anna Laura Capriotti
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Sapienza Università di Roma, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Cerrato
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Sapienza Università di Roma, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Aldo Laganà
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Sapienza Università di Roma, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Anna Arnoldi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy.
| | - Antonio Carrillo-Vico
- Departamento de Bioquímica Médica y Biología Molecular e Inmunología, Universidad de Sevilla, 41009 Seville, Spain. .,Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, IBiS (Universidad de Sevilla, HUVR, Junta de Andalucía, CSIC), 41013 Seville, Spain
| | - Carmen Lammi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy.
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11
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Aguchem RN, Okagu IU, Okagu OD, Ndefo JC, Udenigwe CC. A review on the techno‐functional, biological, and health‐promoting properties of hempseed‐derived proteins and peptides. J Food Biochem 2022; 46:e14127. [DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.14127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rita Ngozi Aguchem
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences University of Nigeria Nsukka Nigeria
| | | | - Ogadimma Desmond Okagu
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, Faculty of Science University of Ottawa Ottawa Ontario Canada
| | - Joseph Chinedum Ndefo
- Department of Science Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Physical Sciences University of Nigeria Nsukka Nigeria
| | - Chibuike C. Udenigwe
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, Faculty of Science University of Ottawa Ottawa Ontario Canada
- School of Nutrition Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences University of Ottawa Ottawa Ontario Canada
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12
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Computational Design and Biological Evaluation of Analogs of Lupin Peptide P5 Endowed with Dual PCSK9/HMG-CoAR Inhibiting Activity. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14030665. [PMID: 35336039 PMCID: PMC8951016 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14030665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Revised: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin 9 (PCSK9) is responsible for the degradation of the hepatic low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR), which regulates the circulating cholesterol level. In this field, we discovered natural peptides derived from lupin that showed PCSK9 inhibitory activity. Among these, the most active peptide, known as P5 (LILPHKSDAD), reduced the protein-protein interaction between PCSK9 and LDLR with an IC50 equals to 1.6 µM and showed a dual hypocholesterolemic activity, since it shows complementary inhibition of the 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HMG-CoAR). (2) Methods: In this study, by a computational approach, the P5 primary structure was optimized to obtain new analogs with improved affinity to PCSK9. Then, biological assays were carried out for fully characterizing the dual cholesterol-lowering activity of the P5 analogs by using both biochemical and cellular techniques. (3) Results: A new peptide, P5-Best (LYLPKHSDRD) displayed improved PCSK9 (IC50 0.7 µM) and HMG-CoAR (IC50 88.9 µM) inhibitory activities. Moreover, in vitro biological assays on cells demonstrated that, not only P5-Best, but all tested peptides maintained the dual PCSK9/HMG-CoAR inhibitory activity and remarkably P5-Best exerted the strongest hypocholesterolemic effect. In fact, in the presence of this peptide, the ability of HepG2 cells to absorb extracellular LDL was improved by up to 254%. (4) Conclusions: the atomistic details of the P5-Best/PCSK9 and P5-Best/HMG-CoAR interactions represent a reliable starting point for the design of new promising molecular entities endowed with hypocholesterolemic activity.
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Okagu IU, Ndefo JC, Aham EC, Obeme-Nmom JI, Agboinghale PE, Aguchem RN, Nechi RN, Lammi C. Lupin-Derived Bioactive Peptides: Intestinal Transport, Bioavailability and Health Benefits. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13093266. [PMID: 34579144 PMCID: PMC8469740 DOI: 10.3390/nu13093266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Revised: 09/11/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a renewed interest on the reliance of food-based bioactive compounds as sources of nutritive factors and health-beneficial chemical compounds. Among these food components, several proteins from foods have been shown to promote health and wellness as seen in proteins such as α/γ-conglutins from the seeds of Lupinus species (Lupin), a genus of leguminous plant that are widely used in traditional medicine for treating chronic diseases. Lupin-derived peptides (LDPs) are increasingly being explored and they have been shown to possess multifunctional health improving properties. This paper discusses the intestinal transport, bioavailability and biological activities of LDPs, focusing on molecular mechanisms of action as reported in in vitro, cell culture, animal and human studies. The potentials of several LDPs to demonstrate multitarget mechanism of regulation of glucose and lipid metabolism, chemo- and osteoprotective properties, and antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities position LDPs as good candidates for nutraceutical development for the prevention and management of medical conditions whose etiology are multifactorial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Innocent U. Okagu
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Nigeria, Nsukka 410001, Nigeria; (I.U.O.); (E.C.A.); (R.N.A.)
| | - Joseph C. Ndefo
- Department of Science Laboratory Technology, University of Nigeria, Nsukka 410001, Nigeria
- Correspondence: (J.C.N.); (C.L.)
| | - Emmanuel C. Aham
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Nigeria, Nsukka 410001, Nigeria; (I.U.O.); (E.C.A.); (R.N.A.)
| | - Joy I. Obeme-Nmom
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Pure and Applied Sciences, Landmark University, PMB 1001, Omu-Aran 251101, Nigeria;
| | | | - Rita N. Aguchem
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Nigeria, Nsukka 410001, Nigeria; (I.U.O.); (E.C.A.); (R.N.A.)
| | - Regina N. Nechi
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nigeria, Nsukka 410001, Nigeria;
| | - Carmen Lammi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Milan, Via Mangiagalli 25, 20133 Milano, Italy
- Correspondence: (J.C.N.); (C.L.)
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Tombling BJ, Zhang Y, Huang YH, Craik DJ, Wang CK. The emerging landscape of peptide-based inhibitors of PCSK9. Atherosclerosis 2021; 330:52-60. [PMID: 34246818 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2021.06.903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) is a clinically validated target for treating cardiovascular disease (CVD) due to its involvement in cholesterol metabolism. Although approved monoclonal antibodies (alirocumab and evolocumab) that inhibit PCSK9 function are very effective in lowering cholesterol, their limitations, including high treatment costs, have so far prohibited widespread use. Accordingly, there is great interest in alternative drug modalities to antibodies. Like antibodies, peptides are valuable therapeutics due to their high target potency and specificity. Furthermore, being smaller than antibodies means they have access to more drug administration options, are less likely to induce adverse immunogenic responses, and are better suited to affordable production. This review surveys the current peptide-based landscape aimed towards PCSK9 inhibition, covering pre-clinical to patented drug candidates and comparing them to current cholesterol lowering therapeutics. Classes of peptides reported to be inhibitors include nature-inspired disulfide-rich peptides, combinatorially derived cyclic peptides, and peptidomimetics. Their functional activities have been validated in biophysical and cellular assays, and in some cases pre-clinical mouse models. Recent efforts report peptides with potent sub-nanomolar binding affinities to PCSK9, which highlights their potential to achieve antibody-like potency. Studies are beginning to address pharmacokinetic properties of PCSK9-targeting peptides in more detail. We conclude by highlighting opportunities to investigate their biological effects in pre-clinical models of cardiovascular disease. The anticipation concerning the PCSK9-targeting peptide landscape is accelerating and it seems likely that a peptide-based therapeutic for treating PCSK9-mediated hypercholesterolemia may be clinically available in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin J Tombling
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and Protein Science, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld, 4072, Australia
| | - Yuhui Zhang
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and Protein Science, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld, 4072, Australia
| | - Yen-Hua Huang
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and Protein Science, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld, 4072, Australia
| | - David J Craik
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and Protein Science, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld, 4072, Australia
| | - Conan K Wang
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and Protein Science, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld, 4072, Australia.
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