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Li Y, Ning X, Zhao Z, He X, Xue Q, Zhou M, Li W, Li M. Core fucosylation of maternal milk N-glycans imparts early-life immune tolerance through gut microbiota-dependent regulation in RORγt + Treg cells. Food Funct 2024; 15:4140-4153. [PMID: 38445991 DOI: 10.1039/d4fo00230j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/07/2024]
Abstract
Milk glycans play key roles in shaping and maintaining a healthy infant gut microbiota. Core fucosylation catalyzed by fucosyltransferase (Fut8) is the major glycosylation pattern on human milk N-glycan, which was crucial for promoting the colonization and dominant growth of Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus spp. in neonates. However, the influence of core-fucose in breast milk on the establishment of early-life immune tolerance remains poorly characterized. In this study, we found that the deficiency of core-fucose in the milk of maternal mice caused by Fut8 gene heterozygosity (Fut8+/-) resulted in poor immune tolerance towards the ovalbumin (OVA) challenge, accompanied by a reduced proportion of intestinal RORγt+ Treg cells and the abundance of Lactobacillus spp., especially L. reuteri and L. johnsonii, in their breast-fed neonates. The administration of the L. reuteri and L. johnsonii mixture to neonatal mice compromised the OVA-induced allergy and up-regulated the intestinal RORγt+ Treg cell proportions. However, Lactobacillus mixture supplementation did not alleviate allergic responses in RORγt+ Treg cell-deficient mice caused by Rorc gene heterozygosity (Rorc+/-) post OVA challenge, indicating that the intervention effects depend on the RORγt+ Treg cells. Interestingly, instead of L. reuteri and L. johnsonii, we found that the relative abundance of another Lactobacillus spp., L. murinus, in the gut of the offspring mice was significantly promoted by intervention, which showed enhancing effects on the proliferation of splenic and intestinal RORγt+ Treg cells in in vitro studies. The above results indicate that core fucosylation of breast milk N-glycans is beneficial for the establishment of RORγt+ Treg cell mediated early-life immune tolerance through the manipulation of symbiotic bacteria in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuyuan Li
- Advanced Institute for Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China.
| | - Xixi Ning
- College of Basic Medical Science, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China.
| | - Zihui Zhao
- Pelvic Floor Repair Center, Dalian Women and Children's Medical Group, Dalian, China
| | - Xi He
- College of Basic Medical Science, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China.
| | - Qidi Xue
- College of Basic Medical Science, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China.
| | - Manlin Zhou
- College of Basic Medical Science, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China.
| | - Wenzhe Li
- Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China.
| | - Ming Li
- College of Basic Medical Science, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China.
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Liu CF, Shih TW, Lee CL, Pan TM. The Beneficial Role of Lactobacillus paracasei subsp. paracasei NTU 101 in the Prevention of Atopic Dermatitis. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2024; 46:2236-2250. [PMID: 38534759 DOI: 10.3390/cimb46030143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Revised: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a recurrent allergic disease characterized by symptoms such as itching, redness, swelling, dryness, scaling skin, inflammation, and tissue damage. The underlying pathogenesis of AD remains unclear. Steroid drugs are commonly used in the clinical treatment of AD; however, their long-term use may lead to associated complications. Numerous studies have indicated that probiotics could modulate the immune system, enhance immune function, or suppress excessive immune responses. In this study, Lactobacillus paracasei subsp. paracasei NTU 101 (NTU 101) was orally administered for a duration of 4 weeks, followed by the induction of AD using ovalbumin (OVA) in a mouse model. The skin condition of the stimulated site was observed during the induction period. Subsequently, the serum immunoglobulin E (IgE) content, splenocyte T cell typing, and skin histological interpretation were examined to evaluate the efficacy of NTU 101 in alleviating AD symptoms in allergen-exposed animals. The findings indicated that administering NTU 101 beforehand effectively alleviated skin symptoms in animals with AD. It reduced the infiltration of inflammatory cells in skin tissue sections, and compared to the OVA group, there was a significant reduction in the thickening of the epidermal cell layer (decreased from 89.0 ± 20.2 µM to 48.6 ± 16.0 µM) and dermis layer (decreased from 310.3 ± 69.0 µM to 209.7 ± 55.5 µM). Moreover, the proportion of regulatory T (Treg) cells and T helper 2 (Th2) cells in splenocytes significantly increased, while the proportions of T helper 1 (Th1) and T helper 17 (Th17) cells did not differ. It is speculated that the potential mechanism by which NTU 101 prevents AD involves increasing the expression of Forkhead box protein P3 (FOXP3) and promoting Treg cell maturation, thereby alleviating allergic reaction symptoms associated with AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chin-Feng Liu
- Continuing Education Program of Food Biotechnology Applications, National Taitung University, 684, Sec. 1, Zhonghua Rd.,Taitung 950017, Taiwan
| | | | - Chun-Lin Lee
- Department of Life Science, National Taitung University, 369, Sec. 2, University Rd., Taitung 95092, Taiwan
| | - Tzu-Ming Pan
- SunWay Biotech Co., Taipei 10617, Taiwan
- Department of Biochemical Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
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3
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Carucci L, Coppola S, Carandente R, Canani RB. Targeting Food Allergy with Probiotics. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2024; 1449:79-93. [PMID: 39060732 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-58572-2_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
The globally dramatic increase in food allergy prevalence and severity is demanding effective preventive and therapeutic strategies. Food allergy derives from a defect of immune tolerance mechanisms. Immune tolerance is modulated by gut microbiome composition and function, and gut microbiome dysbiosis has been associated with the development of food allergy. Selected probiotic strains could regulate immune tolerance mechanisms. The mechanisms are multiple and are still not completely defined. Increasing evidence is providing useful information on the choice of optimal bacterial species/strains, dosage, and timing for intervention. The increased knowledge on the crucial role played by postbiotic gut microbiome-derived metabolites, such as butyrate, is also opening the way to a post- biotic approach in the stimulation of immune tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Carucci
- Department of Translational Medical Science at the University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Serena Coppola
- Department of Translational Medical Science at the University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Rosilenia Carandente
- Department of Translational Medical Science at the University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Roberto Berni Canani
- Department of Translational Medical Science at the University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy.
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Chen C, Sang Z, Xie Q, Xue W. Effects of hazelnut protein isolate-induced food allergy on the gut microenvironment in a BALB/c mouse model. Food Funct 2023; 14:8761-8774. [PMID: 37718731 DOI: 10.1039/d3fo02324a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/19/2023]
Abstract
Hazelnuts are reported as among the nuts that cause severe allergic reactions. However, few systematic studies exist on the changes in the gut microenvironment following hazelnut allergy. This study focused on the effects of hazelnut allergy on the duodenum, jejunum, ileum and colon microenvironment in vivo. We established a hazelnut protein isolate (HPI)-allergic mouse model, which was distinguished by the visible allergy symptoms, dropped temperatures and enhanced allergic inflammatory factor levels in serum, such as HPI-specific immunoglobulin E (sIgE), sIgG2a, interleukin-4, histamine, mouse mast cell protease-1, TNF-α, monocyte chemotactic protein-1 and lipopolysaccharide. For HPI sensitized mice, aggravated mast cell degranulation, severe morphologic damage and inflammatory cell infiltration were observed in the duodenum, jejunum, ileum, and colon, while goblet cell numbers were reduced in the duodenum, jejunum and ileum. Secretory IgA of the jejunum and tight junctions of the duodenum and jejunum were decreased significantly after HPI sensitization. There was no remarkable difference in the pH values of small intestinal contents, but the pH values of colonic contents were elevated, which was due to the decreased short-chain fatty acids (mainly acetate, propionate and butyrate) in the colon. The antioxidant capacity of both large and small intestinal contents declined after HPI sensitization, as evidenced by the increased malondialdehyde and decreased superoxide dismutase activity. HPI sensitization induced gut microbiota dysbiosis with decreased α diversity and altered β diversity in colonic contents. Spearman correlation analysis indicated that the increased characteristic genera, namely Bacteroides, Lactobacillus, Alloprevotella, Erysipelatoclostridium, Parabacteroides, and Helicobacter, played potentially synergistic roles in promoting allergy and gut microenvironment dysregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Chen
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Ziqing Sang
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Qiang Xie
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Wentong Xue
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China.
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5
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Faridzadeh A, Yadegari Y, Bakhshaee M, Kabiri M, Mohammadi M, Khoshkhui M, Jabbari Azad F. The role of synbiotics as adjunctive agents in the treatment of allergic rhinitis: A randomized controlled trial. Health Sci Rep 2023; 6:e1571. [PMID: 37799445 PMCID: PMC10547858 DOI: 10.1002/hsr2.1571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Revised: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Allergic rhinitis (AR) is a prevalent chronic disease affecting a significant portion of the global population. The substantial economic burden associated with treating AR necessitates the exploration of alternative therapies. Probiotics have gained attention due to their availability, minimal adverse effects, and cost-effectiveness. The present study aims to investigate the role of synbiotics as adjunctive agents in the treatment of AR when added to standard treatment. Method Thirty patients with persistent allergic rhinitis (PAR) were randomly assigned to receive routine diet therapy plus synbiotics or routine diet therapy plus placebo per day for 4 months. The data analysis was conducted using SPSS Version 20. Result This study revealed a notable difference in immunoglobulin (Ig)E levels between the placebo and synbiotics groups (p = 0.035) following the intervention. Although a statistically significant difference (p = 0.039) was observed in the changes before and after the intervention (synbiotics and placebo) in the SNOT22 questionnaire, this finding was not observed for the MiniRQLQ questionnaire. For the MiniRQLQ questionnaire, the within-group analysis showed significant changes in activity variables (p = 0.023), ocular symptoms (p = 0.036), and practical problems (p = 0.043) exclusively in the synbiotics group. Additionally, changes in nasal symptoms were observed in both synbiotics (p = 0.006) and placebo (p = 0.007) groups. Conclusion This study suggests that synbiotics supplementation for 4 months can impact IgE levels compared with placebo in individuals with PAR, while also exhibiting positive effects on symptomology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arezoo Faridzadeh
- Immunology Research CenterMashhad University of Medical SciencesMashhadIran
- Department of Immunology and Allergy, School of MedicineMashhad University of Medical SciencesMashhadIran
| | - Yaser Yadegari
- Allergy Research CenterMashhad University of Medical SciencesMashhadIran
| | - Mahdi Bakhshaee
- Department of Otolaryngology, Qaem HospitalMashhad University of Medical SciencesMashhadIran
| | - Mona Kabiri
- Nanotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology InstituteMashhad University of Medical SciencesMashhadIran
- Clinical Research Development Unit, Ghaem HospitalMashhad University of Medical SciencesMashhadIran
| | - Mozhgan Mohammadi
- Immunology Research CenterMashhad University of Medical SciencesMashhadIran
| | - Maryam Khoshkhui
- Allergy Research CenterMashhad University of Medical SciencesMashhadIran
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Wei Y, Peng J, Wang S, Ding Z, Chen G, Sun J. Probiotics and the Potential of Genetic Modification as a Possible Treatment for Food Allergy. Nutrients 2023; 15:4159. [PMID: 37836443 PMCID: PMC10574749 DOI: 10.3390/nu15194159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Food allergy is a common condition that affects millions of people worldwide. It is caused by an abnormal immune response to harmless food antigens, which is influenced by genetics and environmental factors. Modulating the gut microbiota and immune system with probiotics or genetically modified probiotics confers health benefits to the host and offers a novel strategy for preventing and treating food allergy. This systematic review aims to summarize the current proof of the role of probiotics in food allergy and propose a promising future research direction of using probiotics as a possible strategy of treatment for food allergy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqiu Wei
- Key Laboratory of Precision Nutrition and Food Quality, Department of Nutrition and Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Jing Peng
- College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Siyu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Precision Nutrition and Food Quality, Department of Nutrition and Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Zheng Ding
- Key Laboratory of Precision Nutrition and Food Quality, Department of Nutrition and Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Guixi Chen
- Key Laboratory of Precision Nutrition and Food Quality, Department of Nutrition and Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Jiazeng Sun
- Key Laboratory of Precision Nutrition and Food Quality, Department of Nutrition and Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100190, China
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Shibata R, Koga Y, Takahashi M, Murakami Y, Tochio T, Kadota Y. In children with cow's milk allergy, 1-kestose affects the gut microbiota and reaction threshold. Pediatr Res 2023; 94:1067-1074. [PMID: 36918660 DOI: 10.1038/s41390-023-02557-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Revised: 01/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Interventions targeting the gut microbiota for treating food allergy (FA) have been gaining much attention. Although several studies have examined the effects of probiotics, few have verified the effects of prebiotic intervention on FA in humans. METHODS We conducted a preliminary open-label, parallel-group comparison trial in children diagnosed with severe cow's milk allergy (CMA) who were instructed to ingest baked milk (BM; bread or cookies) daily. The subjects either received or did not receive the prebiotic 1-kestose (kestose) daily for 6 months. CMA symptoms and the threshold dose for milk protein were evaluated by oral food challenge with heated milk or BM. Blood and fecal samples were also collected for investigations of the antigen-specific immunoglobulin (Ig) E levels and microbiota composition. RESULTS Kestose treatment significantly increased the threshold dose for milk protein, and decreased the milk- and casein-specific IgE levels in serum. In those treated with kestose, the abundance of Fusicatenibacter spp. significantly increased in the feces, and a significant inverse correlation was seen between the abundance of Fusicatenibacter spp. and the milk- and casein-specific IgE levels. CONCLUSION Kestose treatment induced some tolerance to milk protein via changes in the gut microbiota composition in children with FA. IMPACT A 6-month treatment with the prebiotic kestose increased the threshold dose for milk protein, and decreased the serum levels of milk- and casein-specific IgE in children diagnosed with cow's milk allergy. The kestose treatment increased the abundance of Fusicatenibacter spp. in the gut, which was inversely correlated with the antigen-specific IgE levels. This is the first study to demonstrate that a prebiotic intervention induced some tolerance to an allergen in children with food allergy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rumiko Shibata
- Department of Pediatrics, National Hospital Organization, Fukuoka National Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Koga
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Japan
| | - Mayuko Takahashi
- Research and Development Center, B Food Science Co., Ltd., Chita, Japan
| | - Youko Murakami
- Department of Pediatrics, National Hospital Organization, Fukuoka National Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Takumi Tochio
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Kadota
- Research and Development Center, B Food Science Co., Ltd., Chita, Japan.
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Jiminez V, Yusuf N. Bacterial Metabolites and Inflammatory Skin Diseases. Metabolites 2023; 13:952. [PMID: 37623895 PMCID: PMC10456496 DOI: 10.3390/metabo13080952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The microbiome and gut-skin axis are popular areas of interest in recent years concerning inflammatory skin diseases. While many bacterial species have been associated with commensalism of both the skin and gastrointestinal tract in certain disease states, less is known about specific bacterial metabolites that regulate host pathways and contribute to inflammation. Some of these metabolites include short chain fatty acids, amine, and tryptophan derivatives, and more that when dysregulated, have deleterious effects on cutaneous disease burden. This review aims to summarize the knowledge of wealth surrounding bacterial metabolites of the skin and gut and their role in immune homeostasis in inflammatory skin diseases such as atopic dermatitis, psoriasis, and hidradenitis suppurativa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Jiminez
- Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA;
| | - Nabiha Yusuf
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
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9
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Xue X, Yang X, Shi X, Deng Z. Efficacy of probiotics in pediatric atopic dermatitis: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Transl Allergy 2023; 13:e12283. [PMID: 37488736 PMCID: PMC10349543 DOI: 10.1002/clt2.12283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2023] [Revised: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a prevailing skin disease in childhood. Several studies have appraised probiotics as a strategy for treating AD. We aimed to assess the validity of probiotics in the treatment of AD in children. METHODS We systematically searched the PubMed/MEDLINE, Embase, Scopus, EBSCO, Web of Science and Cochrane library databases for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that assessed the effect of probiotic treatment on SCORAD value in pediatric patients with AD compared with a placebo group between 1 January 2010 and 1 January 2023. The risk of bias and the certainty of evidence were assessed using Cochrane ROB 2.0. RESULTS A total of 10 outcomes from 9 RCTs involving 1000 patients were included. Three of these outcomes were analyzed as dichotomous variables in 373 patients. The other seven were analyzed for continuous variables in 627 patients. A meta-analysis of the random-effect model of the dichotomous variables demonstrated no significant difference between the probiotic and control groups [OR = 1.75, 95% confidence interval (CI) (0.70, 4.35), p = 0.23, I2 = 68%]. A meta-analysis of the random-effect model of continuous variables demonstrated significant differences between the probiotic and control groups [MD = -4.24, 95% CI (-7.78, -0.71), p = 0.002, I2 = 71%]. Subgroup analysis of continuous variables showed that the effects of children's age, treatment duration and probiotic species on the SCORAD value were not statistically significant. CONCLUSION Evidence on the improvement effect of probiotics on pediatric patients with AD is limited. This study showed that single-strain probiotic treatment exerts a positive effect on AD. Restricted to the quantity and quality of incorporated studies, these conclusions have yet to be validated by high-quality studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiali Xue
- School of Sports Medicine and Health, Chengdu Sport University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xinwei Yang
- School of Sports Medicine and Health, Chengdu Sport University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiubo Shi
- Hospital of Chengdu Office of People's Government of Tibetan Autonomous Region, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhongyi Deng
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
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Varesi A, Campagnoli LIM, Chirumbolo S, Candiano B, Carrara A, Ricevuti G, Esposito C, Pascale A. The Brain-Gut-Microbiota Interplay in Depression: a key to design innovative therapeutic approaches. Pharmacol Res 2023; 192:106799. [PMID: 37211239 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2023.106799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Revised: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Depression is the most prevalent mental disorder in the world associated with huge socio-economic consequences. While depressive-related symptoms are well known, the molecular mechanisms underlying disease pathophysiology and progression remain largely unknown. The gut microbiota (GM) is emerging as a key regulator of the central nervous system homeostasis by exerting fundamental immune and metabolic functions. In turn, the brain influences the intestinal microbial composition through neuroendocrine signals, within the so-called gut microbiota-brain axis. The balance of this bidirectional crosstalk is important to ensure neurogenesis, preserve the integrity of the blood-brain barrier and avoid neuroinflammation. Conversely, dysbiosis and gut permeability negatively affect brain development, behavior, and cognition. Furthermore, although not fully defined yet, changes in the GM composition in depressed patients are reported to influence the pharmacokinetics of common antidepressants by affecting their absorption, metabolism, and activity. Similarly, neuropsychiatric drugs may shape in turn the GM with an impact on the efficacy and toxicity of the pharmacological intervention itself. Consequently, strategies aimed at re-establishing the correct homeostatic gut balance (i.e., prebiotics, probiotics, fecal microbiota transplantation, and dietary interventions) represent an innovative approach to improve the pharmacotherapy of depression. Among these, probiotics and the Mediterranean diet, alone or in combination with the standard of care, hold promise for clinical application. Therefore, the disclosure of the intricate network between GM and depression will give precious insights for innovative diagnostic and therapeutic approaches towards depression, with profound implications for drug development and clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelica Varesi
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy.
| | | | - Salvatore Chirumbolo
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, 37121 Verona, Italy
| | - Beatrice Candiano
- Department of Drug Sciences, Section of Pharmacology, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Adelaide Carrara
- Child Neurology and Psychiatric Unit, IRCCS Mondino, Pavia, Italy
| | | | - Ciro Esposito
- Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pavia, Italy; Nephrology and dialysis unit, ICS S. Maugeri SPA SB Hospital, Pavia, Italy; High School in Geriatrics, University of Pavia, Italy
| | - Alessia Pascale
- Department of Drug Sciences, Section of Pharmacology, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy.
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Fijan S, Kolč N, Hrašovec M, Jamtvedt G, Pogačar MŠ, Mičetić Turk D, Maver U. Single-Strain Probiotic Lactobacilli for the Treatment of Atopic Dermatitis in Children: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15041256. [PMID: 37111741 PMCID: PMC10146705 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15041256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Revised: 04/09/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Probiotics are known for their positive effects on the gut microbiota. There is growing evidence that the infant gut and skin colonization have a role in the development of the immune system, which may be helpful in the prevention and treatment of atopic dermatitis. This systematic review focused on evaluating the effect of single-strain probiotic lactobacilli consumption on treating children's atopic dermatitis. Seventeen randomized placebo-controlled trials with the primary outcome of the Scoring Atopic Dermatitis (SCORAD) index were included in the systematic review. Clinical trials using single-strain lactobacilli were included. The search was conducted until October 2022 using PubMed, ScienceDirect, Web of Science, Cochrane library and manual searches. The Joanna Briggs Institute appraisal tool was used to assess the quality of the included studies. Meta-analyses and sub meta-analyses were performed using Cochrane Collaboration methodology. Due to different methods of reporting the SCORAD index, only 14 clinical trials with 1124 children were included in the meta-analysis (574 in the single-strain probiotic lactobacilli group and 550 in the placebo group) and showed that single-strain probiotic lactobacilli statistically significantly reduced the SCORAD index compared to the placebo in children with atopic dermatitis (mean difference [MD]: -4.50; 95% confidence interval [CI]: -7.50 to -1.49; Z = 2.93; p = 0.003; heterogeneity I2 = 90%). The subgroup meta-analysis showed that strains of Limosilactobacillus fermentum were significantly more effective than strains of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum, Lacticaseibacillus paracasei or Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus. A longer treatment time and younger treatment age statistically significantly reduced symptoms of atopic dermatitis. The result of this systematic review and meta-analysis shows that certain single-strain probiotic lactobacilli are more successful than others in reducing atopic dermatitis severity in children. Therefore, careful consideration to strain selection, treatment time and the age of the treated patients are important factors in enhancing the effectiveness of reducing atopic dermatitis in children when choosing probiotic single-strain lactobacilli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabina Fijan
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Maribor, Žitna ulica 15, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia
| | - Nina Kolč
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Maribor, Taborska ulica 8, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia
| | - Metka Hrašovec
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Maribor, Taborska ulica 8, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia
| | - Gro Jamtvedt
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Oslo Metropolitan University, 0130 Oslo, Norway
| | - Maja Šikić Pogačar
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Maribor, Taborska ulica 8, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Maribor, Taborska ulica 8, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia
| | - Dušanka Mičetić Turk
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Maribor, Taborska ulica 8, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia
| | - Uroš Maver
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Maribor, Taborska ulica 8, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Maribor, Taborska ulica 8, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia
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12
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Emmert V, Lendvai-Emmert D, Eklics K, Prémusz V, Tóth GP. Current Practice in Pediatric Cow's Milk Protein Allergy-Immunological Features and Beyond. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24055025. [PMID: 36902457 PMCID: PMC10003246 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24055025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/04/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Cow's milk protein allergy is one of the most common pediatric food allergies. It poses a significant socioeconomic burden in industrialized countries and has a profound effect on the quality of life of affected individuals and their families. Diverse immunologic pathways can lead to the clinical symptoms of cow's milk protein allergy; some of the pathomechanisms are known in detail, but others need further elucidation. A comprehensive understanding of the development of food allergies and the features of oral tolerance could have the potential to unlock more precise diagnostic tools and novel therapeutic approaches for patients with cow's milk protein allergy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessza Emmert
- Doctoral School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pécs, 7621 Pécs, Hungary
- Erzsébet Teaching Hospital and Rehabilitation Institute, 9400 Sopron, Hungary
- Correspondence:
| | - Dominika Lendvai-Emmert
- Doctoral School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pécs, 7621 Pécs, Hungary
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical School, University of Pécs, 7623 Pécs, Hungary
- Neurotrauma Research Group, Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, 7624 Pécs, Hungary
| | - Kata Eklics
- Department of Languages for Biomedical Purposes, Medical School, University of Pécs, 7624 Pécs, Hungary
| | - Viktória Prémusz
- Doctoral School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pécs, 7621 Pécs, Hungary
- Institute of Physiotherapy and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pécs, 7621 Pécs, Hungary
| | - Gergely Péter Tóth
- Doctoral School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pécs, 7621 Pécs, Hungary
- Erzsébet Teaching Hospital and Rehabilitation Institute, 9400 Sopron, Hungary
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13
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Trompette A, Ubags ND. Skin barrier immunology from early life to adulthood. Mucosal Immunol 2023; 16:194-207. [PMID: 36868478 DOI: 10.1016/j.mucimm.2023.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Revised: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2023]
Abstract
Our skin has a unique barrier function, which is imperative for the body's protection against external pathogens and environmental insults. Although interacting closely and sharing many similarities with key mucosal barrier sites, such as the gut and the lung, the skin also provides protection for internal tissues and organs and has a distinct lipid and chemical composition. Skin immunity develops over time and is influenced by a multiplicity of different factors, including lifestyle, genetics, and environmental exposures. Alterations in early life skin immune and structural development may have long-term consequences for skin health. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge on cutaneous barrier and immune development from early life to adulthood, with an overview of skin physiology and immune responses. We specifically highlight the influence of the skin microenvironment and other host intrinsic, host extrinsic (e.g. skin microbiome), and environmental factors on early life cutaneous immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurélien Trompette
- Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Service de Pneumologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Niki D Ubags
- Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Service de Pneumologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland.
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14
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Campbell C, Kandalgaonkar MR, Golonka RM, Yeoh BS, Vijay-Kumar M, Saha P. Crosstalk between Gut Microbiota and Host Immunity: Impact on Inflammation and Immunotherapy. Biomedicines 2023; 11:biomedicines11020294. [PMID: 36830830 PMCID: PMC9953403 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11020294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2022] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Gut microbes and their metabolites are actively involved in the development and regulation of host immunity, which can influence disease susceptibility. Herein, we review the most recent research advancements in the gut microbiota-immune axis. We discuss in detail how the gut microbiota is a tipping point for neonatal immune development as indicated by newly uncovered phenomenon, such as maternal imprinting, in utero intestinal metabolome, and weaning reaction. We describe how the gut microbiota shapes both innate and adaptive immunity with emphasis on the metabolites short-chain fatty acids and secondary bile acids. We also comprehensively delineate how disruption in the microbiota-immune axis results in immune-mediated diseases, such as gastrointestinal infections, inflammatory bowel diseases, cardiometabolic disorders (e.g., cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, and hypertension), autoimmunity (e.g., rheumatoid arthritis), hypersensitivity (e.g., asthma and allergies), psychological disorders (e.g., anxiety), and cancer (e.g., colorectal and hepatic). We further encompass the role of fecal microbiota transplantation, probiotics, prebiotics, and dietary polyphenols in reshaping the gut microbiota and their therapeutic potential. Continuing, we examine how the gut microbiota modulates immune therapies, including immune checkpoint inhibitors, JAK inhibitors, and anti-TNF therapies. We lastly mention the current challenges in metagenomics, germ-free models, and microbiota recapitulation to a achieve fundamental understanding for how gut microbiota regulates immunity. Altogether, this review proposes improving immunotherapy efficacy from the perspective of microbiome-targeted interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Connor Campbell
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, University of Toledo College of Medicine, Toledo, OH 43614, USA
| | - Mrunmayee R. Kandalgaonkar
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH 43614, USA
| | - Rachel M. Golonka
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH 43614, USA
| | - Beng San Yeoh
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH 43614, USA
| | - Matam Vijay-Kumar
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH 43614, USA
| | - Piu Saha
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH 43614, USA
- Correspondence:
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15
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Zhou Z, Wang B, Pan X, Lv J, Lou Z, Han Y, Yao Y, Chen J, Wang Q, Li L. Microbial metabolites indole derivatives sensitize mice to D-GalN/LPS induced-acute liver failure via the Tlr2/NF-κB pathway. Front Microbiol 2023; 13:1103998. [PMID: 36687651 PMCID: PMC9852867 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1103998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Acute liver failure (ALF) is a clinical condition with many causes, fast progression, and a poor prognosis. Previous research has indicated that microbial factors have a role in ALF, but a clear picture has yet to emerge. Methods To investigate the specific involvement of microbial metabolites in ALF development, we pretreated D-GalN/LPS-induced ALF mice with indole derivatives, an influential class of gut microbial metabolites. Results Contrary to their typical role as anti-inflammatory agents in the host, indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), indole-3-lactic acid (ILA), and indolepropionic acid (IPA) gavage sensitize mice to D-GalN/LPS-induced-ALF with a rapid rise in serum transaminases and histologic lesion. For a clearer picture, we performed comprehensive analysis for the IAA therapy. IAA markedly amplified inflammatory response and cellular damage. The transcriptome analysis indicated the participation of the TNF-α/NF-κB signaling pathway. The structure of gut microbiota in ileum and the expression of Toll-like receptor 2 (Tlr2) in the liver were also significantly changed. Discussion In conclusion, IAA pretreatment can exacerbate D-GalN/LPS-induced ALF via probable Tlr2/NF-κB pathway involvement and ileac dysbiosis characterized by enriched gram-positive genus with potential pathogenesis. Microbial metabolites IAA may aggravate individual susceptibility to D-GalN/LPS-induced ALF. Further investigation of the underlying mechanism is needed, and intervention with indole derivatives and related commensal species should be undertaken with caution.
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16
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Agarwal R, Chakraborty A, Saha A, Dhar S. Probiotics in atopic dermatitis: Where do we stand? APOLLO MEDICINE 2023. [DOI: 10.4103/am.am_17_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
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17
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Shi J, Wang Y, Cheng L, Wang J, Raghavan V. Gut microbiome modulation by probiotics, prebiotics, synbiotics and postbiotics: a novel strategy in food allergy prevention and treatment. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2022; 64:5984-6000. [PMID: 36576159 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2022.2160962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Food allergy has caused lots of global public health issues, particularly in developed countries. Presently, gut microbiota has been widely studied on allergy, while the role of dysbiosis in food allergy remains unknown. Scientists found that changes in gut microbial compositions and functions are strongly associated with a dramatic increase in the prevalence of food allergy. Altering microbial composition is crucial in modulating food antigens' immunogenicity. Thus, the potential roles of probiotics, prebiotics, synbiotics, and postbiotics in affecting gut bacteria communities and the immune system, as innovative strategies against food allergy, begins to attract high attention of scientists. This review briefly summarized the mechanisms of food allergy and discussed the role of the gut microbiota and the use of probiotics, prebiotics, synbiotics, and postbiotics as novel therapies for the prevention and treatment of food allergy. The perspective studies on the development of novel immunotherapy in food allergy were also described. A better understanding of these mechanisms will facilitate the development of preventive and therapeutic strategies for food allergy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jialu Shi
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Engineering, Ministry of Education, and Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Youfa Wang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Engineering, Ministry of Education, and Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lei Cheng
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Clinical Allergy Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Engineering, Ministry of Education, and Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Vijaya Raghavan
- Department of Bioresource Engineering, Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
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18
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Chernikova DA, Zhao MY, Jacobs JP. Microbiome Therapeutics for Food Allergy. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14235155. [PMID: 36501184 PMCID: PMC9738594 DOI: 10.3390/nu14235155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of food allergies continues to rise, and with limited existing therapeutic options there is a growing need for new and innovative treatments. Food allergies are, in a large part, related to environmental influences on immune tolerance in early life, and represent a significant therapeutic challenge. An expanding body of evidence on molecular mechanisms in murine models and microbiome associations in humans have highlighted the critical role of gut dysbiosis in the pathogenesis of food allergies. As such, the gut microbiome is a rational target for novel strategies aimed at preventing and treating food allergies, and new methods of modifying the gastrointestinal microbiome to combat immune dysregulation represent promising avenues for translation to future clinical practice. In this review, we discuss the intersection between the gut microbiome and the development of food allergies, with particular focus on microbiome therapeutic strategies. These emerging microbiome approaches to food allergies are subject to continued investigation and include dietary interventions, pre- and probiotics, microbiota metabolism-based interventions, and targeted live biotherapeutics. This exciting frontier may reveal disease-modifying food allergy treatments, and deserves careful study through ongoing clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana A. Chernikova
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Immunology, Allergy, and Rheumatology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90073, USA
- The Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Division of Digestive Diseases, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Matthew Y. Zhao
- The Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Division of Digestive Diseases, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Jonathan P. Jacobs
- The Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Division of Digestive Diseases, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Parenteral Nutrition, Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA 90073, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +(310)-825-9333
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19
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Gonzalez-Visiedo M, Kulis MD, Markusic DM. Manipulating the microbiome to enhance oral tolerance in food allergy. Cell Immunol 2022; 382:104633. [PMID: 36347161 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2022.104633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Revised: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Loss of oral tolerance (OT) to food antigens results in food allergies. One component of achieving OT is the symbiotic microorganisms living in the gut (microbiota). The composition of the microbiota can drive either pro-tolerogenic or pro-inflammatory responses against dietary antigens though interactions with the local immune cells within the gut. Products from bacterial fermentation, such as butyrate, are one of the main communication molecules involved in this interaction, however, this is released by a subset of bacterial species. Thus, strategies to specifically expand these bacteria with protolerogenic properties have been explored to complement oral immunotherapy in food allergy. These approaches either provide digestible biomolecules to induce beneficial bacteria species (prebiotics) or the direct administration of live bacteria species (probiotics). While this combined therapy has shown positive outcomes in clinical trials for cow's milk allergy, more research is needed to determine if this therapy can be extended to other food allergens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Gonzalez-Visiedo
- Department of Pediatrics, Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Michael D Kulis
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Allergy and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - David M Markusic
- Department of Pediatrics, Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
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20
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D'Auria E, Acunzo M, Salvatore S, Grazi R, Agosti M, Vandenplas Y, Zuccotti G. Biotics in atopic diseases: state of the art and future perspectives. Minerva Pediatr (Torino) 2022; 74:688-702. [PMID: 36149096 DOI: 10.23736/s2724-5276.22.07010-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Prevalence of allergic diseases has growing in recent decades, being a significant burden for patients and their families. Different environmental factors, acting in early life, can significantly affect the timing and diversity of bacterial colonization and the immune system development. Growing evidence points to a correlation between early life microbial perturbation and development of allergic diseases. Besides, changes in the microbiota in one body site may influence other microbiota communities at distance by different mechanisms, including microbial-derived metabolites, mainly the short chain fatty acids (SCFA). Hence, there has been an increasing interest on the role of "biotics" (probiotics, prebiotics, symbiotics and postbiotics) in shaping dysbiosis and modulating allergic risk. Systemic type 2 inflammation is emerging as a common pathogenetic pathway of allergic diseases, intertwining communication with the gut mcirobiota. The aim of this review was to provide an update overview of the current knowledge of biotics in prevention and treatment of allergic diseases, also addressing research gaps which need to be filled.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enza D'Auria
- Department of Pediatrics, Vittore Buzzi Children's Hospital, University of Milan, Milan, Italy -
| | - Miriam Acunzo
- Department of Pediatrics, Vittore Buzzi Children's Hospital, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Silvia Salvatore
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Insubria, F. Del Ponte Hospital, Varese, Italy
| | - Roberta Grazi
- Department of Pediatrics, Vittore Buzzi Children's Hospital, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Massimo Agosti
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Insubria, F. Del Ponte Hospital, Varese, Italy
| | - Yvan Vandenplas
- KidZ Health Castle, Free University of Brussels, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Gianvincenzo Zuccotti
- Department of Pediatrics, Vittore Buzzi Children's Hospital, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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21
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Qin D, Ma Y, Wang Y, Hou X, Yu L. Contribution of Lactobacilli on Intestinal Mucosal Barrier and Diseases: Perspectives and Challenges of Lactobacillus casei. LIFE (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:life12111910. [PMID: 36431045 PMCID: PMC9696601 DOI: 10.3390/life12111910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Revised: 11/13/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The intestine barrier, the front line of normal body defense, relies on its structural integrity, microbial composition and barrier immunity. The intestinal mucosal surface is continuously exposed to a complex and dynamic community of microorganisms. Although it occupies a relatively small proportion of the intestinal microbiota, Lactobacilli has been discovered to have a significant impact on the intestine tract in previous studies. It is undeniable that some Lactobacillus strains present probiotic properties through maintaining the micro-ecological balance via different mechanisms, such as mucosal barrier function and barrier immunity, to prevent infection and even to solve some neurology issues by microbiota-gut-brain/liver/lung axis communication. Notably, not only living cells but also Lactobacillus derivatives (postbiotics: soluble secreted products and para-probiotics: cell structural components) may exert antipathogenic effects and beneficial functions for the gut mucosal barrier. However, substantial research on specific effects, safety and action mechanisms in vivo should be done. In clinical application of humans and animals, there are still doubts about the precise evaluation of Lactobacilli's safety, therapeutic effect, dosage and other aspects. Therefore, we provide an overview of central issues on the impacts of Lactobacillus casei (L. casei) and their products on the intestinal mucosal barrier and some diseases and highlight the urgent need for further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da Qin
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Microbiology and Recycling of Argo-Waste in Cold Region, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China
| | - Yixuan Ma
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Microbiology and Recycling of Argo-Waste in Cold Region, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China
| | - Yanhong Wang
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Microbiology and Recycling of Argo-Waste in Cold Region, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China
| | - Xilin Hou
- Colleges of Animal Science and Technology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China
- Correspondence: (X.H.); (L.Y.); Tel.: +86-4596-819-290 (X.H. & L.Y.); Fax: +86-4596-819-292 (X.H. & L.Y.)
| | - Liyun Yu
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Microbiology and Recycling of Argo-Waste in Cold Region, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China
- Colleges of Animal Science and Technology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China
- Correspondence: (X.H.); (L.Y.); Tel.: +86-4596-819-290 (X.H. & L.Y.); Fax: +86-4596-819-292 (X.H. & L.Y.)
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22
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Bai J, Zhao X, Zhang M, Xia X, Yang A, Chen H. Gut microbiota: A target for prebiotics and probiotics in the intervention and therapy of food allergy. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2022; 64:3623-3637. [PMID: 36218372 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2022.2133079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Food allergy has become a major public health problem all over the world. Evidence showed that allergic reactions induced by food proteins often lead to disturbances in the gut microbiota (symbiotic bacteria). Gut microbiota plays an important role in maintaining the balance between intestinal immune tolerance and allergic reactions. Dietary intervention has gradually become an important method for the prevention and treatment of allergic diseases, and changing the composition of gut microbiota through oral intake of prebiotics and probiotics may serve as a new effective adjuvant treatment measure for allergic diseases. In this paper, the main mechanism of food allergy based on intestinal immunity was described firstly. Then, the clinical and experimental evidence showed that different prebiotics and probiotics affect food allergy by changing the structure and composition of gut microbiota was summarized. Moreover, the molecular mechanism in which the gut microbiota and their metabolites may directly or indirectly regulate the immune system or intestinal epithelial barrier function to affect food immune tolerance of host were also reviewed to help in the development of food allergy prevention and treatment strategies based on prebiotics and probiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
- Sino-German Joint Research Institute, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Xiaoli Zhao
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Maolin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
- Sino-German Joint Research Institute, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Xinlei Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
- Sino-German Joint Research Institute, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Anshu Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
- Sino-German Joint Research Institute, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Hongbing Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
- Sino-German Joint Research Institute, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
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23
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Jensen SA, Fiocchi A, Baars T, Jordakieva G, Nowak-Wegrzyn A, Pali-Schöll I, Passanisi S, Pranger CL, Roth-Walter F, Takkinen K, Assa'ad AH, Venter C, Jensen-Jarolim E. Diagnosis and Rationale for Action against Cow's Milk Allergy (DRACMA) Guidelines update - III - Cow's milk allergens and mechanisms triggering immune activation. World Allergy Organ J 2022; 15:100668. [PMID: 36185551 PMCID: PMC9483786 DOI: 10.1016/j.waojou.2022.100668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Revised: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The immunopathogenesis of cow's milk protein allergy (CMPA) is based on different mechanisms related to immune recognition of protein epitopes, which are affected by industrial processing. Purpose The purpose of this WAO DRACMA paper is to: (i) give a comprehensive overview of milk protein allergens, (ii) to review their immunogenicity and allergenicity in the context of industrial processing, and (iii) to review the milk-related immune mechanisms triggering IgE-mediated immediate type hypersensitivity reactions, mixed reactions and non-IgE mediated hypersensitivities. Results The main cow’s milk allergens – α-lactalbumin, β-lactoglobulin, serum albumin, caseins, bovine serum albumins, and others – may determine allergic reactions through a range of mechanisms. All marketed milk and milk products have undergone industrial processing that involves heating, filtration, and defatting. Milk processing results in structural changes of immunomodulatory proteins, leads to a loss of lipophilic compounds in the matrix, and hence to a higher allergenicity of industrially processed milk products. Thereby, the tolerogenic capacity of raw farm milk, associated with the whey proteins α-lactalbumin and β-lactoglobulin and their lipophilic ligands, is lost. Conclusion The spectrum of immunopathogenic mechanisms underlying cow's milk allergy (CMA) is wide. Unprocessed, fresh cow's milk, like human breast milk, contains various tolerogenic factors that are impaired by industrial processing. Further studies focusing on the immunological consequences of milk processing are warranted to understand on a molecular basis to what extent processing procedures make single milk compounds into allergens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian A Jensen
- Institute of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Centre of Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,University Clinics for Ear Nose and Throat, Medical University Vienna, Austria.,The Interuniversity Messerli Research Institute of the University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Medical University Vienna and University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Alessandro Fiocchi
- Allergy Unit - Area of Translational Research in Pediatric Specialities, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Ton Baars
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Galateja Jordakieva
- Department of Physical Medicine, Rehabilitation and Occupational Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Anna Nowak-Wegrzyn
- Department of Pediatrics, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, Hassenfeld Childrens' Hospital, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Collegium Medicum, University of Warmia and Mazury, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Isabella Pali-Schöll
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA.,AllergyCare - Allergy Diagnosis Center Vienna, Private Clinics Döbling, Vienna, Austria
| | - Stefano Passanisi
- Department of Human Pathology of Adult and Developmental Age, University of Messina, Italy
| | - Christina L Pranger
- Institute of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Centre of Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,The Interuniversity Messerli Research Institute of the University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Medical University Vienna and University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Franziska Roth-Walter
- University Clinics for Ear Nose and Throat, Medical University Vienna, Austria.,The Interuniversity Messerli Research Institute of the University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Medical University Vienna and University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Amal H Assa'ad
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Carina Venter
- Childrenás Hospital Colorado, University of Colorado, Denver, CO, USA
| | - Erika Jensen-Jarolim
- Institute of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Centre of Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,The Interuniversity Messerli Research Institute of the University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Medical University Vienna and University Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,AllergyCare - Allergy Diagnosis Center Vienna, Private Clinics Döbling, Vienna, Austria
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24
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Uwaezuoke SN, Ayuk AC, Eze JN, Odimegwu CL, Ndiokwelu CO, Eze IC. Postnatal probiotic supplementation can prevent and optimize treatment of childhood asthma and atopic disorders: A systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Front Pediatr 2022; 10:956141. [PMID: 36061384 PMCID: PMC9437454 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2022.956141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Although several randomized controlled trials (RCTs) published over the past 5 years show that prenatal or postnatal probiotics may prevent or optimize the treatment of childhood asthma and atopic disorders, findings from the systematic reviews and meta-analyses of these studies appear inconsistent. More recent RCTs have focused on postnatal probiotics, and linked specific probiotic strains to better disease outcomes. Objective This systematic review aimed to determine if postnatal probiotics are as effective as prenatal probiotics in preventing or treating childhood asthma and atopic disorders. Methods We searched the PubMed, Medline, Google Scholar, and EMBASE databases for RCTs published within the past 5 years (from 2017 to 2022). We included only full-text RCTs on human subjects published in or translated into the English language. We retrieved relevant data items with a preconceived data-extraction form and assessed the methodological quality of the selected RCTs using the Cochrane Collaboration's tool for assessing the risk of bias in randomized trials. We qualitatively synthesized the retrieved data to determine any significant differences in study endpoints of the probiotic and placebo groups. Results A total of 1,320 participants (688 and 632 in the probiotic and placebo groups) from six RCTs were investigated. One RCT showed that early Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (LGG) led to a reduction in the cumulative incidence rate of asthma. Another study demonstrated that mixed strains of Lactobacillus paracasei and Lactobacillus fermentum could support clinical improvement in children with asthma while one trial reported a significant reduction in the frequency of asthma exacerbations using a mixture of Ligilactobacillus salivarius and Bifidobacterium breve. Three trials showed that a combination of LGG and Bifidobacterium animalis subsp lactis, Lactobacillus rhamnosus alone, and a probiotic mixture of Lactobacillus ŁOCK strains improved clinical outcomes in children with atopic dermatitis and cow-milk protein allergy. Conclusions Postnatal strain-specific probiotics (in single or mixed forms) are beneficial in preventing and treating atopic dermatitis and other allergies. Similarly, specific strains are more effective in preventing asthma or improving asthma outcomes. We recommend more interventional studies to establish the most useful probiotic strain in these allergic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel N. Uwaezuoke
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital, Ituku-Ozalla, Enugu, Nigeria
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Nigeria, Ituku-Ozalla Enugu Campus, Enugu, Nigeria
| | - Adaeze C. Ayuk
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital, Ituku-Ozalla, Enugu, Nigeria
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Nigeria, Ituku-Ozalla Enugu Campus, Enugu, Nigeria
| | - Joy N. Eze
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital, Ituku-Ozalla, Enugu, Nigeria
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Nigeria, Ituku-Ozalla Enugu Campus, Enugu, Nigeria
| | - Chioma L. Odimegwu
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital, Ituku-Ozalla, Enugu, Nigeria
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Nigeria, Ituku-Ozalla Enugu Campus, Enugu, Nigeria
| | - Chibuzo O. Ndiokwelu
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital, Ituku-Ozalla, Enugu, Nigeria
| | - Ikenna C. Eze
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Allschwil, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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Gut Microbiota in Psoriasis. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14142970. [PMID: 35889927 PMCID: PMC9321451 DOI: 10.3390/nu14142970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory skin disease with autoimmune pathogenic characteristics and is caused by chronic inflammation, which results in uncontrolled keratinocyte growth and defective differentiation. The link between the gut microbiota and immune system regulation opened a novel angle to understand the pathogenesis of many chronic multifactorial diseases, including psoriasis. Current evidence suggests that modulation of the gut microbiota, both through dietary approaches and through supplementation with probiotics and prebiotics, could represent a novel therapeutic approach. The present work aims to highlight the latest scientific evidence regarding the microbiome alterations of psoriatic patients, as well as state of the art insights in terms of microbiome-targeted therapies as promising preventive and therapeutic tools for psoriasis.
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Chai R, Tai Z, Zhu Y, Chai C, Chen Z, Zhu Q. Symbiotic microorganisms: prospects for treating atopic dermatitis. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2022; 22:911-927. [PMID: 35695265 DOI: 10.1080/14712598.2022.2089560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a common chronic recurrent inflammatory skin disease. The pathogenesis is unclear but may be related to genetic, immune, and environmental factors and abnormal skin barrier function. Symbiotic microorganisms in the gut and on the skin are associated with AD occurrence. AREAS COVERED We discuss the metabolism and distribution of intestinal and skin flora and review their relationship with AD, summarizing the recent applications of intestinal and skin flora in AD treatment, and discussing the prospect of research on these two human microbiota systems and their influence on AD treatment. The PubMed database was searched to identify relevant publications from 1949 to 2020 for the bibliometric analysis of atopic dermatitis and symbiotic microorganisms. EXPERT OPINION Many studies have suggested a potential contribution of microbes in the intestine and on the skin to AD. Bacteria living on the skin can aggravate AD by secreting numerous virulence factors. Moreover, the metabolism of intestinal flora can influence AD occurrence and development via the circulatory system. Current evidence suggests that by regulating intestinal and skin flora, AD can be treated and prevented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongrong Chai
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai P.R. China
| | - Zongguang Tai
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai P.R. China.,Department of Pharmacy, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Yunjie Zhu
- RnD-I, Zifo RnD Solution, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Chaochao Chai
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing P.R. China
| | - Zhongjian Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai P.R. China
| | - Quangang Zhu
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai P.R. China
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Manipulating Microbiota to Treat Atopic Dermatitis: Functions and Therapies. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11060642. [PMID: 35745496 PMCID: PMC9228373 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11060642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Revised: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a globally prevalent skin inflammation with a particular impact on children. Current therapies for AD are challenged by the limited armamentarium and the high heterogeneity of the disease. A novel promising therapeutic target for AD is the microbiota. Numerous studies have highlighted the involvement of the skin and gut microbiota in the pathogenesis of AD. The resident microbiota at these two epithelial tissues can modulate skin barrier functions and host immune responses, thus regulating AD progression. For example, the pathogenic roles of Staphylococcus aureus in the skin are well-established, making this bacterium an attractive target for AD treatment. Targeting the gut microbiota is another therapeutic strategy for AD. Multiple oral supplements with prebiotics, probiotics, postbiotics, and synbiotics have demonstrated promising efficacy in both AD prevention and treatment. In this review, we summarize the association of microbiota dysbiosis in both the skin and gut with AD, and the current knowledge of the functions of commensal microbiota in AD pathogenesis. Furthermore, we discuss the existing therapies in manipulating both the skin and gut commensal microbiota to prevent or treat AD. We also propose potential novel therapies based on the cutting-edge progress in this area.
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28
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Emerging approaches in the diagnosis and therapy in shellfish allergy. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol 2022; 22:202-212. [DOI: 10.1097/aci.0000000000000827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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29
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Dietert RR. Microbiome First Approaches to Rescue Public Health and Reduce Human Suffering. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9111581. [PMID: 34829809 PMCID: PMC8615664 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9111581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The is a sequential article to an initial review suggesting that Microbiome First medical approaches to human health and wellness could both aid the fight against noncommunicable diseases and conditions (NCDs) and help to usher in sustainable healthcare. This current review article specifically focuses on public health programs and initiatives and what has been termed by medical journals as a catastrophic record of recent failures. Included in the review is a discussion of the four priority behavioral modifications (food choices, cessation of two drugs of abuse, and exercise) advocated by the World Health Organization as the way to stop the ongoing NCD epidemic. The lack of public health focus on the majority of cells and genes in the human superorganism, the microbiome, is highlighted as is the "regulatory gap" failure to protect humans, particularly the young, from a series of mass population toxic exposures (e.g., asbestos, trichloroethylene, dioxin, polychlorinated biphenyls, triclosan, bisphenol A and other plasticizers, polyfluorinated compounds, herbicides, food emulsifiers, high fructose corn syrup, certain nanoparticles, endocrine disruptors, and obesogens). The combination of early life toxicity for the microbiome and connected human physiological systems (e.g., immune, neurological), plus a lack of attention to the importance of microbial rebiosis has facilitated rather than suppressed, the NCD epidemic. This review article concludes with a call to place the microbiome first and foremost in public health initiatives as a way to both rescue public health effectiveness and reduce the human suffering connected to comorbid NCDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodney R Dietert
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
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30
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Yang Y, Li X, Yang Y, Shoaie S, Zhang C, Ji B, Wei Y. Advances in the Relationships Between Cow's Milk Protein Allergy and Gut Microbiota in Infants. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:716667. [PMID: 34484158 PMCID: PMC8415629 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.716667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cow's milk protein allergy (CMPA) is an immune response to cow's milk proteins, which is one of the most common food allergies in infants and young children. It is estimated that 2-3% of infants and young children have CMPA. The diet, gut microbiota, and their interactions are believed to be involved in the alterations of mucosal immune tolerance, which might lead to the development of CMPA and other food allergies. In this review, the potential molecular mechanisms of CMPA, including omics technologies used for analyzing microbiota, impacts of early microbial exposures on CMPA development, and microbiota-host interactions, are summarized. The probiotics, prebiotics, synbiotics, fecal microbiota transplantation, and other modulation strategies for gut microbiota and the potential application of microbiota-based design of diets for the CMPA treatment are also discussed. This review not only summarizes the current studies about the interactions of CMPA with gut microbiota but also gives insights into the possible CMPA treatment strategies by modulating gut microbiota, which might help in improving the life quality of CMPA patients in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yudie Yang
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Henan Children’s Hospital, Zhengzhou Children’s Hospital, Children’s Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xiaoqi Li
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Henan Children’s Hospital, Zhengzhou Children’s Hospital, Children’s Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Ying Yang
- Jing’an District Central Hospital of Shanghai, Jing’an Branch, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Saeed Shoaie
- Science for Life Laboratory, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
- Faculty of Dentistry, Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, Centre for Host-Microbiome Interactions, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Cheng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Henan Children’s Hospital, Zhengzhou Children’s Hospital, Children’s Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Science for Life Laboratory, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Boyang Ji
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Yongjun Wei
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Henan Children’s Hospital, Zhengzhou Children’s Hospital, Children’s Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
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