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Jaques DA, Ponte B. Dietary Sodium and Human Health. Nutrients 2023; 15:3696. [PMID: 37686728 PMCID: PMC10490134 DOI: 10.3390/nu15173696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Sodium, contained in dietary salt, is essential to human life [...].
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Belen Ponte
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals, Rue Gabrielle-Perret Gentil 4, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland
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da Silva Ferreira G, Catanozi S, Passarelli M. Dietary Sodium and Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: A Systematic Review. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:antiox12030599. [PMID: 36978847 PMCID: PMC10045331 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12030599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/03/2023] Open
Abstract
(1) Introduction: Restriction in sodium intake is an important strategy for reducing cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, considering the direct influence of high-sodium diet consumption on the development of hypertension and cardiovascular diseases. There are only a few studies dealing with the influence of dietary sodium on the development of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). In this systematic review, evidence in humans and animal models was compiled in a critical view of the influence of dietary sodium intake patterns on NAFLD markers; (2) Methods: Systematic review of PubMed data. Clinical outcomes included the prevalence/incidence of NAFLD for human studies, and NAFLD markers (hepatic lipogenesis, and markers of steatosis, fibrosis, and inflammation) for animal studies. The protocol was registered at the International Prospective Register of Systematic Review (PROSPERO; CRD42023390447); (3) Results and Conclusion: Seven studies in humans and eight in animals were included. All studies in humans were observational and associated high-sodium intake with NAFLD. However, in animals, both the increased and reduced consumption of sodium negatively influenced markers of liver steatosis, inflammation, and fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guilherme da Silva Ferreira
- Laboratorio de Lipides (LIM-10), Hospital das Clinicas (HCFMUSP) da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, Sao Paulo 01246-000, Brazil
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +5511-3061-7263
| | - Sergio Catanozi
- Laboratorio de Lipides (LIM-10), Hospital das Clinicas (HCFMUSP) da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, Sao Paulo 01246-000, Brazil
| | - Marisa Passarelli
- Laboratorio de Lipides (LIM-10), Hospital das Clinicas (HCFMUSP) da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, Sao Paulo 01246-000, Brazil
- Programa de Pós Graduação em Medicina, Universidade Nove de Julho, Sao Paulo 01525-000, Brazil
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Aerobic Exercise Training Reduces Atherogenesis Induced by Low-Sodium Diet in LDL Receptor Knockout Mice. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11102023. [PMID: 36290746 PMCID: PMC9598599 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11102023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Revised: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the efficacy of aerobic exercise training (AET) in the prevention of dyslipidemia, insulin resistance (IR), and atherogenesis induced by severe low-sodium (LS) diet. LDL receptor knockout (LDLR KO) mice were fed a low-sodium (LS) (0.15% NaCl) or normal-sodium (NS; 1.27% NaCl) diet, submitted to AET in a treadmill, 5 times/week, 60 min/day, 15 m/min, for 90 days, or kept sedentary. Blood pressure (BP), plasma total cholesterol (TC) and triglyceride (TG) concentrations, lipoprotein profile, and insulin sensitivity were evaluated at the end of the AET protocol. Lipid infiltration, angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT1), receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE), carboxymethyllysine (CML), and 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE) contents as well as gene expression were determined in the brachiocephalic trunk. BP and TC and gene expression were similar among groups. Compared to the NS diet, the LS diet increased vascular lipid infiltration, CML, RAGE, 4-HNE, plasma TG, LDL-cholesterol, and VLDL-TG. Conversely, the LS diet reduced vascular AT1 receptor, insulin sensitivity, HDL-cholesterol, and HDL-TG. AET prevented arterial lipid infiltration; increases in CML, RAGE, and 4-HNE contents; and reduced AT1 levels and improved LS-induced peripheral IR. The current study showed that AET counteracted the deleterious effects of chronic LS diet in an atherogenesis-prone model by ameliorating peripheral IR, lipid infiltration, CML, RAGE, 4-HNE, and AT1 receptor in the intima-media of the brachiocephalic trunk. These events occurred independently of the amelioration of plasma-lipid profile, which was negatively affected by the severe dietary-sodium restriction.
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Yu J, Laybutt DR, Youngson NA, Morris MJ. Concurrent betaine administration enhances exercise-induced improvements to glucose handling in obese mice. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2022; 32:2439-2449. [PMID: 36096978 DOI: 10.1016/j.numecd.2022.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Revised: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Betaine supplementation has been shown to enhance hepatic lipid metabolism in obese mice and improve exercise performance in healthy populations. We examined effects of betaine supplementation, alone or in combination with treadmill exercise, on the metabolic consequences of high fat diet (HFD)-induced obesity in mice. METHODS AND RESULTS Male C57BL/6 J mice were fed chow or HFD. After 15 weeks, HFD mice were split into: HFD, HFD with betaine (1.5% w/v), HFD with treadmill exercise, and HFD with both betaine and exercise (15 m/min for 45min, 6 days/week; n = 12/group) for 10 weeks. Compared to HFD mice, body weight was significantly reduced in exercise and exercise-betaine mice, but not in mice given betaine alone. Similarly, adiposity was reduced by exercise but not by betaine alone. HFD-induced glucose intolerance was slightly improved by exercise, but not with betaine alone. Significantly greater benefits were observed in exercise-betaine mice, compared to exercise alone, such that GTT-outcomes were similar to controls. This was associated with reduced insulin levels during ipGTT, suggesting enhanced insulin sensitivity. Modest benefits were observed in fatty acid metabolism genes in skeletal muscle, whilst limited effects were observed in the liver. HFD-induced increases in hepatic Mpc1 (mitochondrial pyruvate carrier 1) were normalized by all treatments, suggesting potential links to altered glucose metabolism. CONCLUSIONS Our data show that drinking 1.5% betaine was sufficient to augment metabolic benefits of exercise in obese mice. These processes appear to be facilitated by altered glucose metabolism, with limited effects on hepatic lipid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josephine Yu
- School of Medical Sciences, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - D Ross Laybutt
- School of Medical Sciences, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia; Garvan Institute of Medical Research, St Vincent's Clinical School, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Neil A Youngson
- School of Medical Sciences, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia; The Institute of Hepatology, Foundation for Liver Research, London, UK; Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Margaret J Morris
- School of Medical Sciences, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
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Li DD, Ma JM, Li MJ, Gao LL, Fan YN, Zhang YN, Tao XJ, Yang JJ. Supplementation of Lycium barbarum Polysaccharide Combined with Aerobic Exercise Ameliorates High-Fat-Induced Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis via AMPK/PPARα/PGC-1α Pathway. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14153247. [PMID: 35956423 PMCID: PMC9370707 DOI: 10.3390/nu14153247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2022] [Revised: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is a subtype of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Either Lycium barbarum polysaccharide (LBP) or aerobic exercise (AE) has been reported to be beneficial to hepatic lipid metabolism. However, whether the combination of LBP with AE improves lipid accumulation of NASH remains unknown. Our study investigated the influence of 10 weeks of treatment of LBP, AE, and the combination (LBP plus AE) on high-fat-induced NASH in Sprague-Dawley rats. The results showed that LBP or AE reduced the severity of the NASH. LBP plus AE treatment more effectively ameliorated liver damage and lowered levels of serum lipid and inflammation. In addition, the combination can also regulate genes involved in hepatic fatty acid synthesis and oxidation. LBP plus AE activated AMPK, thereby increasing the expression of PPARα which controls hepatic fatty acid oxidation and its coactivator PGC-1α. Our study demonstrated the improvement of LBP plus AE on NASH via enhancing fatty acid oxidation (FAO) which was dependent on AMPK/PPARα/PGC-1α pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dou-Dou Li
- School of Public Health and Management, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China
| | - Jia-Min Ma
- Yuyang District Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Yulin 719000, China
| | - Ming-Jing Li
- School of Public Health and Management, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China
| | - Lu-Lu Gao
- School of Public Health, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, China
| | - Yan-Na Fan
- School of Public Health and Management, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China
- Ningxia Key Laboratory of Environmental Factors and Chronic Disease Control, Yinchuan 750004, China
| | - Yan-Nan Zhang
- School of Public Health and Management, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China
- Ningxia Key Laboratory of Environmental Factors and Chronic Disease Control, Yinchuan 750004, China
| | - Xiu-Juan Tao
- School of Public Health and Management, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China
- Ningxia Key Laboratory of Environmental Factors and Chronic Disease Control, Yinchuan 750004, China
| | - Jian-Jun Yang
- School of Public Health and Management, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China
- Ningxia Key Laboratory of Environmental Factors and Chronic Disease Control, Yinchuan 750004, China
- Correspondence:
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Cao M, Tang Y, Li S, Zou Y. Effects of High-Intensity Interval Training and Moderate-Intensity Continuous Training on Cardiometabolic Risk Factors in Overweight and Obesity Children and Adolescents: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:11905. [PMID: 34831659 PMCID: PMC8623248 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph182211905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Revised: 11/06/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Background: The purpose of this review was to compare the effectiveness of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) and moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT) on cardiometabolic risk factors of obese children and adolescents. Methods: Relevant studies published in PubMed, MEDLINE and Web of Science databases were searched. Only randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that examined the effect of HIIT and MICT on children and adolescents with obesity were included. Meta-analyses were conducted to determine the effect of HIIT on cardiometabolic risk factors using STATA software and potential moderators were explored (i.e., study duration, training modalities, work/rest ratio and work duration time). Results: Twelve RCTs involving 325 participants were included in the meta-analysis. HIIT showed more positive effects on maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max; SMD = 0.87, 95% CI: 0.39 to 1.35, p = 0.000) and systolic blood pressure (SBP; SMD = -0.64, 95% CI: -1.05 to -0.22, p = 0.003) than MICT. However, when compared with MICT, HIIT caused no significant differences in body weight, body mass index, body fat percentage, diastolic blood pressure and glycolipid metabolism markers. Furthermore, subgroup analysis showed that the effects of HIIT on VO2max and SBP were significantly different regarding protocol factors, such as modality, duration, training time, training settings, work/rest ratio and work duration. Conclusions: HIIT has a positive role in promoting cardiometabolic risk factors in obese children and adolescents. Moreover, when compared with MICT, HIIT had a more significant effect on improving cardiorespiratory fitness and systolic blood pressure. The factors of HIIT protocol had an important influence on the intervention effects of childhood obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Cao
- Department of Physical Education, Normal College, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518061, China; (Y.T.); (S.L.)
- Department of Physical Education, Institute of KEEP Collaborative Innovation, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518061, China
| | - Yucheng Tang
- Department of Physical Education, Normal College, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518061, China; (Y.T.); (S.L.)
- Department of Physical Education, Institute of KEEP Collaborative Innovation, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518061, China
| | - Shu Li
- Department of Physical Education, Normal College, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518061, China; (Y.T.); (S.L.)
| | - Yu Zou
- Department of Sport and Exercise Science, College of Education, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China;
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