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Chen CY, Wang YF, Lei L, Zhang Y. Impacts of microbiota and its metabolites through gut-brain axis on pathophysiology of major depressive disorder. Life Sci 2024; 351:122815. [PMID: 38866215 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2024.122815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2024] [Revised: 05/21/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024]
Abstract
Major depressive disorder (MDD) is characterized by a high rate of recurrence and disability, which seriously affects the quality of life of patients. That's why a deeper understanding of the mechanisms of MDD pathology is an urgent task, and some studies have found that intestinal symptoms accompany people with MDD. The microbiota-gut-brain axis is the bidirectional communication between the gut microbiota and the central nervous system, which was found to have a strong association with the pathogenesis of MDD. Previous studies have focused more on the communication between the gut and the brain through neuroendocrine, neuroimmune and autonomic pathways, and the role of gut microbes and their metabolites in depression is unclear. Metabolites of intestinal microorganisms (e.g., tryptophan, kynurenic acid, indole, and lipopolysaccharide) can participate in the pathogenesis of MDD through immune and inflammatory pathways or by altering the permeability of the gut and blood-brain barrier. In addition, intestinal microbes can communicate with intestinal neurons and glial cells to affect the integrity and function of intestinal nerves. However, the specific role of gut microbes and their metabolites in the pathogenesis of MDD is not well understood. Hence, the present review summarizes how gut microbes and their metabolites are directly or indirectly involved in the pathogenesis of MDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong-Ya Chen
- Department of Anatomy, School of Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China
| | - Yu-Fei Wang
- Department of Anatomy, School of Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China
| | - Lan Lei
- Department of Anatomy, School of Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Department of Anatomy, School of Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China.
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2
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Liu P, Jing L, Guo F, Xu Y, Cheng J, Liu S, Liu L, Liu Z, Zhang K, Sun N. Characteristics of gut microbiota and its correlation with hs-CRP and somatic symptoms in first-episode treatment-naive major depressive disorder. J Affect Disord 2024; 356:664-671. [PMID: 38615845 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2024.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Revised: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Most patients with major depressive disorder (MDD) have somatic symptoms, but little studies pay attention in the microbial-inflammatory mechanisms of these somatic symptoms. Our study aimed to investigate alterations in gut microbiota and its correlation with inflammatory marker levels and somatic symptoms in first-episode treatment-naive MDD. METHODS Subjects contained 160 MDD patients and 101 healthy controls (HCs). MDD patients were divided into MDD with somatic symptoms group (MDDS) and MDD without somatic symptoms group (MDDN) based on Somatic Self-rating Scale (SSS). 16S ribosomal RNA sequencing were performed to analyze the composition of the fecal microbiota. The inflammatory factors were measured using enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Correlation among the altered gut microbiota, inflammatory factor and severity of clinical symptoms were analysized. RESULTS Relative to HCs, MDD patients had higher levels of high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) as well as disordered α-diversity and β-diversity of gut microbiota. Linear discriminant effect size (LEfSe) analysis showed that MDD patients had higher proportions of Bifidobacterium, Blautia, Haemophilus and lower proportions of Bacteroides, Faecalibacterium, Roseburia, Dialister, Sutterella, Parabacteroides, Bordetella, and Phascolarctobacterium from the genus aspect. Furthermore, correlation analysis showed Bacteroides and Roseburia had negative correlations with the hs-CRP, HAMD-24, the total and factor scores of SSS in all participants. Further, compared with MDDN, the Pielous evenness was higher in MDDS. Random Forest (RF) analysis showed 20 most important genera discriminating MDD-S and MDDN, HCs. The ROC analysis showed that the AUC was 0.90 and 0.81 combining these genera respectively. CONCLUSION Our study manifested MDD patients showed disordered gut microbiota and elevated hs-CRP levels, and altered gut microbiota was closely associated with hs-CRP, depressive symptoms, and somatic symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Penghong Liu
- Department of Psychiatry, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, PR China; Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, PR China
| | - Lin Jing
- Department of Psychiatry, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, PR China; Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, PR China
| | - Fengtao Guo
- Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, PR China
| | - Yunfan Xu
- Department of Psychiatry, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, PR China; Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, PR China
| | - Junxiang Cheng
- Department of Psychiatry, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, PR China; Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, PR China
| | - Shasha Liu
- Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, PR China
| | - Lixin Liu
- Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, PR China; Experimental Center of Science and Research, The First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, PR China
| | - Zhifen Liu
- Department of Psychiatry, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, PR China
| | - Kerang Zhang
- Department of Psychiatry, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, PR China; Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, PR China.
| | - Ning Sun
- Department of Psychiatry, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, PR China; Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, PR China.
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3
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Binda S, Tremblay A, Iqbal UH, Kassem O, Le Barz M, Thomas V, Bronner S, Perrot T, Ismail N, Parker J. Psychobiotics and the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis: Where Do We Go from Here? Microorganisms 2024; 12:634. [PMID: 38674579 PMCID: PMC11052108 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12040634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2024] [Revised: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The bidirectional relationship between the gut microbiota and the nervous system is known as the microbiota-gut-brain axis (MGBA). The MGBA controls the complex interactions between the brain, the enteric nervous system, the gut-associated immune system, and the enteric neuroendocrine systems, regulating key physiological functions such as the immune response, sleep, emotions and mood, food intake, and intestinal functions. Psychobiotics are considered tools with the potential to modulate the MGBA through preventive, adjunctive, or curative approaches, but their specific mechanisms of action on many aspects of health are yet to be characterized. This narrative review and perspectives article highlights the key paradigms needing attention as the scope of potential probiotics applications in human health increases, with a growing body of evidence supporting their systemic beneficial effects. However, there are many limitations to overcome before establishing the extent to which we can incorporate probiotics in the management of neuropsychiatric disorders. Although this article uses the term probiotics in a general manner, it remains important to study probiotics at the strain level in most cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvie Binda
- Lallemand Health Solutions, 19 Rue des Briquetiers, BP 59, 31702 Blagnac, France; (M.L.B.); (V.T.)
- Rosell Institute for Microbiome and Probiotics, Lallemand Health Solutions, 6100 Royalmount Avenue, Montreal, QC H4P 2R2, Canada; (A.T.); (U.H.I.); (O.K.); (S.B.)
| | - Annie Tremblay
- Rosell Institute for Microbiome and Probiotics, Lallemand Health Solutions, 6100 Royalmount Avenue, Montreal, QC H4P 2R2, Canada; (A.T.); (U.H.I.); (O.K.); (S.B.)
| | - Umar Haris Iqbal
- Rosell Institute for Microbiome and Probiotics, Lallemand Health Solutions, 6100 Royalmount Avenue, Montreal, QC H4P 2R2, Canada; (A.T.); (U.H.I.); (O.K.); (S.B.)
| | - Ola Kassem
- Rosell Institute for Microbiome and Probiotics, Lallemand Health Solutions, 6100 Royalmount Avenue, Montreal, QC H4P 2R2, Canada; (A.T.); (U.H.I.); (O.K.); (S.B.)
| | - Mélanie Le Barz
- Lallemand Health Solutions, 19 Rue des Briquetiers, BP 59, 31702 Blagnac, France; (M.L.B.); (V.T.)
| | - Vincent Thomas
- Lallemand Health Solutions, 19 Rue des Briquetiers, BP 59, 31702 Blagnac, France; (M.L.B.); (V.T.)
| | - Stéphane Bronner
- Rosell Institute for Microbiome and Probiotics, Lallemand Health Solutions, 6100 Royalmount Avenue, Montreal, QC H4P 2R2, Canada; (A.T.); (U.H.I.); (O.K.); (S.B.)
| | - Tara Perrot
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada;
| | - Nafissa Ismail
- Department of Psychology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada;
| | - J.Alex Parker
- Département de Neurosciences, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada;
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Ribera C, Sánchez-Ortí JV, Clarke G, Marx W, Mörkl S, Balanzá-Martínez V. Probiotic, prebiotic, synbiotic and fermented food supplementation in psychiatric disorders: A systematic review of clinical trials. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2024; 158:105561. [PMID: 38280441 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2024.105561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Revised: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 01/20/2024] [Indexed: 01/29/2024]
Abstract
The use of probiotics, prebiotics, synbiotics or fermented foods can modulate the gut-brain axis and constitute a potentially therapeutic intervention in psychiatric disorders. This systematic review aims to identify current evidence regarding these interventions in the treatment of patients with DSM/ICD psychiatric diagnoses. Forty-seven articles from 42 studies met the inclusion criteria. Risk of bias was assessed in all included studies. Major depression was the most studied disorder (n = 19 studies). Studies frequently focused on schizophrenia (n = 11) and bipolar disorder (n = 5) and there were limited studies in anorexia nervosa (n = 4), ADHD (n = 3), Tourette (n = 1), insomnia (n = 1), PTSD (n = 1) and generalized anxiety disorder (n = 1). Except in MDD, current evidence does not clarify the role of probiotics and prebiotics in the treatment of mental illness. Several studies point to an improvement in the immune and inflammatory profile (e.g. CRP, IL6), which may be a relevant mechanism of action of the therapeutic response identified in these studies. Future research should consider lifestyle and dietary habits of patients as possible confounders that may influence inter-individual treatment response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Ribera
- Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valencia, Department of Psychiatry, Blasco Ibañez 17, floor 7B, 46010 Valencia, Spain.
| | - Joan Vicent Sánchez-Ortí
- Faculty of Psychology, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain; INCLIVA - Health Research Institute, Valencia, Spain; TMAP - Evaluation Unit in Personal Autonomy, Dependency and Serious Mental Disorders, University of Valencia, Fundación INCLIVA, Av. Menéndez y Pelayo 4, 46010 Valencia, Spain.
| | - Gerard Clarke
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Dept of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, College Rd, 1.15 Biosciences Building, Cork, Ireland.
| | - Wolfgang Marx
- Deakin University, IMPACT - the Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, Food & Mood Centre, School of Medicine, Barwon Health, 299 Ryrie street, Geelong, VIC 3220, Australia.
| | - Sabrina Mörkl
- Division of Medical Psychology, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapeutic Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Neue Stiftingtalstraße 6, 8010 Graz, Austria.
| | - Vicent Balanzá-Martínez
- INCLIVA - Health Research Institute, Valencia, Spain; TMAP - Evaluation Unit in Personal Autonomy, Dependency and Serious Mental Disorders, University of Valencia, Fundación INCLIVA, Av. Menéndez y Pelayo 4, 46010 Valencia, Spain; Teaching Unit of Psychiatry and Psychological Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Valencia. Blasco Ibañez 15, 46010 Valencia, Spain.; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), ISCIII, Madrid, Spain; VALSME (Valencia Salut Mental i Estigma) Research Group, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain.
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5
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Merkouris E, Mavroudi T, Miliotas D, Tsiptsios D, Serdari A, Christidi F, Doskas TK, Mueller C, Tsamakis K. Probiotics' Effects in the Treatment of Anxiety and Depression: A Comprehensive Review of 2014-2023 Clinical Trials. Microorganisms 2024; 12:411. [PMID: 38399815 PMCID: PMC10893170 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12020411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2023] [Revised: 02/11/2024] [Accepted: 02/17/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Changes in the gut microbiome can affect cognitive and psychological functions via the microbiota-gut-brain (MGB) axis. Probiotic supplements are thought to have largely positive effects on mental health when taken in sufficient amounts; however, despite extensive research having been conducted, there is a lack of consistent findings on the effects of probiotics on anxiety and depression and the associated microbiome alterations. The aim of our study is to systematically review the most recent literature of the last 10 years in order to clarify whether probiotics could actually improve depression and anxiety symptoms. Our results indicate that the majority of the most recent literature suggests a beneficial role of probiotics in the treatment of depression and anxiety, despite the existence of a substantial number of less positive findings. Given probiotics' potential to offer novel, personalized treatment options for mood disorders, further, better targeted research in psychiatric populations is needed to address concerns about the exact mechanisms of probiotics, dosing, timing of treatment, and possible differences in outcomes depending on the severity of anxiety and depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ermis Merkouris
- Neurology Department, Democritus University of Thrace, 68100 Alexandroupoli, Greece; (E.M.); (T.M.); (D.M.); (D.T.); (F.C.)
| | - Theodora Mavroudi
- Neurology Department, Democritus University of Thrace, 68100 Alexandroupoli, Greece; (E.M.); (T.M.); (D.M.); (D.T.); (F.C.)
| | - Daniil Miliotas
- Neurology Department, Democritus University of Thrace, 68100 Alexandroupoli, Greece; (E.M.); (T.M.); (D.M.); (D.T.); (F.C.)
| | - Dimitrios Tsiptsios
- Neurology Department, Democritus University of Thrace, 68100 Alexandroupoli, Greece; (E.M.); (T.M.); (D.M.); (D.T.); (F.C.)
- 3rd Neurology Department, Aristotle University, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Aspasia Serdari
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical School, Democritus University of Thrace, 68100 Alexandroupolis, Greece;
| | - Foteini Christidi
- Neurology Department, Democritus University of Thrace, 68100 Alexandroupoli, Greece; (E.M.); (T.M.); (D.M.); (D.T.); (F.C.)
| | | | - Christoph Mueller
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience (IoPPN), King’s College London, London SE5 8AB, UK;
- Biomedical Research Centre, South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London SE5 8AF, UK
| | - Konstantinos Tsamakis
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience (IoPPN), King’s College London, London SE5 8AB, UK;
- Institute of Medical and Biomedical Education, St George’s, University of London, London SW17 0RE, UK
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6
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Widjaja F, Rietjens IMCM. From-Toilet-to-Freezer: A Review on Requirements for an Automatic Protocol to Collect and Store Human Fecal Samples for Research Purposes. Biomedicines 2023; 11:2658. [PMID: 37893032 PMCID: PMC10603957 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11102658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Revised: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/24/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The composition, viability and metabolic functionality of intestinal microbiota play an important role in human health and disease. Studies on intestinal microbiota are often based on fecal samples, because these can be sampled in a non-invasive way, although procedures for sampling, processing and storage vary. This review presents factors to consider when developing an automated protocol for sampling, processing and storing fecal samples: donor inclusion criteria, urine-feces separation in smart toilets, homogenization, aliquoting, usage or type of buffer to dissolve and store fecal material, temperature and time for processing and storage and quality control. The lack of standardization and low-throughput of state-of-the-art fecal collection procedures promote a more automated protocol. Based on this review, an automated protocol is proposed. Fecal samples should be collected and immediately processed under anaerobic conditions at either room temperature (RT) for a maximum of 4 h or at 4 °C for no more than 24 h. Upon homogenization, preferably in the absence of added solvent to allow addition of a buffer of choice at a later stage, aliquots obtained should be stored at either -20 °C for up to a few months or -80 °C for a longer period-up to 2 years. Protocols for quality control should characterize microbial composition and viability as well as metabolic functionality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frances Widjaja
- Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University & Research, 6708 WE Wageningen, The Netherlands;
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7
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Macrea C, Ilias T, Fratila O, Roxana B, Hocopan C. Probiotics and the microbiota-gut-brain axis: focus on patients with depression. A review of current research. Biomed Pap Med Fac Univ Palacky Olomouc Czech Repub 2023; 167:219-224. [PMID: 37325818 DOI: 10.5507/bp.2023.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023] Open
Abstract
This review covers recent data on the relationship between major depressive disorder (MDD) and faecal microbiome and examines the co-relations between the use of probiotics and changes in psychiatric state. We conducted a thorough search of academic databases for articles published between 2018 and 2022, using specific keywords and previously established inclusion/exclusion criteria regarding faecal microbiota, depressive disorder, and probiotics. Of 192 eligible articles (reviews, original papers, and clinical trials), we selected 10 that fully met our criteria and performed a careful review to determine any correlation between microbiome, probiotic treatment, and depression. All patients were adults (mean age, 36.8), with at least one MDD episode and onset of depression during adolescence (duration of 31.39 years of depressive episodes). We found mixed but mostly positive results regarding the influence of probiotic/prebiotic/postbiotic effects on depression. We could not identify the precise mechanism of action that led to their improvement. Antidepressants did not alter the microbiota, according to studies that evaluated this aspect. Probiotic/prebiotic/postbiotic treatments were proven to be safe, with few and mild side effects. Probiotics seemingly could be beneficial in patients with depression, as evidenced by well-established depression scales. Based on this finding and the high tolerability and safety of probiotics, no caveats against their routine use can be made. Some unmet needs in this field include determination of the dominant type of microbiota in specific patients with depression; study of microbiome-directed/driven treatment regarding dose and duration adjustments; and multiple versus single strain treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Macrea
- Doctoral School of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, University of Oradea, Oradea, Romania
| | - Tiberia Ilias
- Department of Medical Disciplines, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, Oradea, Romania
| | - Ovidiu Fratila
- Department of Medical Disciplines, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, Oradea, Romania
| | - Brata Roxana
- Doctoral School of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, University of Oradea, Oradea, Romania
| | - Cristian Hocopan
- Doctoral School of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, University of Oradea, Oradea, Romania
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8
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Picó-Monllor JA, Sala-Segura E, Tobares RA, Moreno-Ochando A, Hernández-Teruel A, Navarro-Lopez V. Influence and Selection of Probiotics on Depressive Disorders in Occupational Health: Scoping Review. Nutrients 2023; 15:3551. [PMID: 37630741 PMCID: PMC10459799 DOI: 10.3390/nu15163551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Revised: 08/06/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Depressive disorders have a major impact on occupational health and are costly to the economy and the healthcare system. Probiotics are live, non-pathogenic micro-organisms that, when ingested in adequate amounts, can colonize the intestinal tract and confer health benefits on the patient. In recent years, numerous studies have described the potential usefulness of certain probiotic strains in the treatment and prevention of depressive disorders, with differing results. In order to evaluate the possible efficacy and safety of these microorganisms in preventing or ameliorating these disorders, we systematically searched the bibliographic databases MEDLINE (via Pubmed), EMBASE, the Cochrane library, Scopus and Web of science, using the descriptors "Occupational health", "Probiotics", "Depressive Disorder" and "Depression" and filters "Humans" and "Clinical Trials". After applying our inclusion and exclusion criteria, 18 studies were accepted for review and critical analysis. Our analysis suggests that a combination of different probiotic strains, most of them from the genus Bifidobacterium sp. and Lactobacillus sp., could be a good mixture as an adjuvant in the treatment of depressive disorders for the working population.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Antonio Picó-Monllor
- Department of Pharmacology, Pediatrics and Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Miguel Hernández University (UMH), 03202 Elche, Spain
| | - Elena Sala-Segura
- Department of Pharmacology, Pediatrics and Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Miguel Hernández University (UMH), 03202 Elche, Spain
| | - Romina Alin Tobares
- Department R&D MATCH Biosystems, S.L. Edificio Quórum IV, Miguel Hernandez University Science Park, Avd. de la Universidad s/n, 03202 Elche, Spain; (R.A.T.); (A.M.-O.); (A.H.-T.)
| | - Avelina Moreno-Ochando
- Department R&D MATCH Biosystems, S.L. Edificio Quórum IV, Miguel Hernandez University Science Park, Avd. de la Universidad s/n, 03202 Elche, Spain; (R.A.T.); (A.M.-O.); (A.H.-T.)
| | - Adrián Hernández-Teruel
- Department R&D MATCH Biosystems, S.L. Edificio Quórum IV, Miguel Hernandez University Science Park, Avd. de la Universidad s/n, 03202 Elche, Spain; (R.A.T.); (A.M.-O.); (A.H.-T.)
| | - Vicente Navarro-Lopez
- MiBioPath Research Group, Faculty of Medicine, Catholic University of Murcia (UCAM), Campus de los Jerónimos n 135, 30107 Murcia, Spain;
- Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Disease Unit, Hospital Universitario Vinalopó, Carrer Tonico Sansano Mora 14, 03293 Elche, Spain
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9
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Ağagündüz D, Çelik E, Cemali Ö, Bingöl FG, Özenir Ç, Özoğul F, Capasso R. Probiotics, Live Biotherapeutic Products (LBPs), and Gut-Brain Axis Related Psychological Conditions: Implications for Research and Dietetics. Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins 2023; 15:1014-1031. [PMID: 37222849 DOI: 10.1007/s12602-023-10092-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
It is well-known that probiotics have key roles in the crosstalk between the gut and brain in terms of nutrition and health. However, when investigating their role in nutrition and health, it can be important to discriminate probiotics used as foods, food supplements, or drugs. For clarification of this terminology, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has established a new "live biotherapeutic products" (LBP) category, expressing pharmaceutical expectations and to reduce confusion in the literature. Growing evidence advises that the community of microorganisms found in the gut microbiota is associated with psychological conditions. Hence, it is thought that LBPs may positively affect depression, anxiety, bipolar disorder, and schizophrenia by reducing inflammation, improving gut microbiota, and balancing gut neurometabolites. This review focuses on the specific position of probiotics as LBPs in psychological conditions. Condition-specific potential pathways and mechanisms of LBPs and the prominent strains are discussed in the light of novel studies for future research, dietetic and pharmaceutical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duygu Ağagündüz
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Gazi University, Emek, Ankara, 06490, Turkey.
| | - Elif Çelik
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Gazi University, Emek, Ankara, 06490, Turkey
| | - Özge Cemali
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Gazi University, Emek, Ankara, 06490, Turkey
| | - Feray Gençer Bingöl
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Burdur Mehmet Akif Ersoy University, İstiklal Yerleşkesi, Burdur, 15030, Turkey
| | - Çiler Özenir
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Kırıkkale University, Merkez, Kırıkkale, 71100, Turkey
| | - Fatih Özoğul
- Department of Seafood Processing Technology, Faculty of Fisheries, Cukurova University, Balcali, Adana, 01330, Turkey
- Biotechnology Research and Application Center, Cukurova University, Adana, 01330, Turkey
| | - Raffaele Capasso
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80055, Portici, NA, Italy
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10
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Liu L, Wang H, Chen X, Xie P. Gut microbiota: a new insight into neurological diseases. Chin Med J (Engl) 2023; 136:1261-1277. [PMID: 35830286 PMCID: PMC10309523 DOI: 10.1097/cm9.0000000000002212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT In the last decade, it has become increasingly recognized that a balanced gut microbiota plays an important role in maintaining the health of the host. Numerous clinical and preclinical studies have shown that changes in gut microbiota composition are associated with a variety of neurological diseases, e.g., Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, and myasthenia gravis. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms are complex and remain unclear. Behavioral phenotypes can be transmitted from humans to animals through gut microbiota transplantation, indicating that the gut microbiota may be an important regulator of neurological diseases. However, further research is required to determine whether animal-based findings can be extended to humans and to elucidate the relevant potential mechanisms by which the gut microbiota regulates neurological diseases. Such investigations may aid in the development of new microbiota-based strategies for diagnosis and treatment and improve the clinical management of neurological disorders. In this review, we describe the dysbiosis of gut microbiota and the corresponding mechanisms in common neurological diseases, and discuss the potential roles that the intestinal microbiome may play in the diagnosis and treatment of neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lanxiang Liu
- Department of Neurology, Yongchuan Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 402160, China
- National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment on Brain Functional Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Haiyang Wang
- National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment on Brain Functional Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Xueyi Chen
- National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment on Brain Functional Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Peng Xie
- Department of Neurology, Yongchuan Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 402160, China
- National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment on Brain Functional Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
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11
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Varesi A, Campagnoli LIM, Chirumbolo S, Candiano B, Carrara A, Ricevuti G, Esposito C, Pascale A. The Brain-Gut-Microbiota Interplay in Depression: a key to design innovative therapeutic approaches. Pharmacol Res 2023; 192:106799. [PMID: 37211239 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2023.106799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Revised: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Depression is the most prevalent mental disorder in the world associated with huge socio-economic consequences. While depressive-related symptoms are well known, the molecular mechanisms underlying disease pathophysiology and progression remain largely unknown. The gut microbiota (GM) is emerging as a key regulator of the central nervous system homeostasis by exerting fundamental immune and metabolic functions. In turn, the brain influences the intestinal microbial composition through neuroendocrine signals, within the so-called gut microbiota-brain axis. The balance of this bidirectional crosstalk is important to ensure neurogenesis, preserve the integrity of the blood-brain barrier and avoid neuroinflammation. Conversely, dysbiosis and gut permeability negatively affect brain development, behavior, and cognition. Furthermore, although not fully defined yet, changes in the GM composition in depressed patients are reported to influence the pharmacokinetics of common antidepressants by affecting their absorption, metabolism, and activity. Similarly, neuropsychiatric drugs may shape in turn the GM with an impact on the efficacy and toxicity of the pharmacological intervention itself. Consequently, strategies aimed at re-establishing the correct homeostatic gut balance (i.e., prebiotics, probiotics, fecal microbiota transplantation, and dietary interventions) represent an innovative approach to improve the pharmacotherapy of depression. Among these, probiotics and the Mediterranean diet, alone or in combination with the standard of care, hold promise for clinical application. Therefore, the disclosure of the intricate network between GM and depression will give precious insights for innovative diagnostic and therapeutic approaches towards depression, with profound implications for drug development and clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelica Varesi
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy.
| | | | - Salvatore Chirumbolo
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, 37121 Verona, Italy
| | - Beatrice Candiano
- Department of Drug Sciences, Section of Pharmacology, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Adelaide Carrara
- Child Neurology and Psychiatric Unit, IRCCS Mondino, Pavia, Italy
| | | | - Ciro Esposito
- Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pavia, Italy; Nephrology and dialysis unit, ICS S. Maugeri SPA SB Hospital, Pavia, Italy; High School in Geriatrics, University of Pavia, Italy
| | - Alessia Pascale
- Department of Drug Sciences, Section of Pharmacology, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy.
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12
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Gao J, Zhao L, Cheng Y, Lei W, Wang Y, Liu X, Zheng N, Shao L, Chen X, Sun Y, Ling Z, Xu W. Probiotics for the treatment of depression and its comorbidities: A systemic review. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1167116. [PMID: 37139495 PMCID: PMC10149938 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1167116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Depression is one of the most common psychiatric conditions, characterized by significant and persistent depressed mood and diminished interest, and often coexists with various comorbidities. The underlying mechanism of depression remain elusive, evidenced by the lack of an appreciate therapy. Recent abundant clinical trials and animal studies support the new notion that the gut microbiota has emerged as a novel actor in the pathophysiology of depression, which partakes in bidirectional communication between the gut and the brain through the neuroendocrine, nervous, and immune signaling pathways, collectively known as the microbiota-gut-brain (MGB) axis. Alterations in the gut microbiota can trigger the changes in neurotransmitters, neuroinflammation, and behaviors. With the transition of human microbiome research from studying associations to investigating mechanistic causality, the MGB axis has emerged as a novel therapeutic target in depression and its comorbidities. These novel insights have fueled idea that targeting on the gut microbiota may open new windows for efficient treatment of depression and its comorbidities. Probiotics, live beneficial microorganisms, can be used to modulate gut dysbiosis into a new eubiosis and modify the occurrence and development of depression and its comorbidities. In present review, we summarize recent findings regarding the MGB axis in depression and discuss the potential therapeutic effects of probiotics on depression and its comorbidities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Gao
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Longyou Zhao
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lishui Second People’s Hospital, Lishui, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yiwen Cheng
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Jinan Microecological Biomedicine Shandong Laboratory, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Wenhui Lei
- Jinan Microecological Biomedicine Shandong Laboratory, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xia Liu
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Nengneng Zheng
- Department of Obstetrics, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Li Shao
- School of Clinical Medicine, Institute of Hepatology and Metabolic Diseases, Hangzhou Normal University, The Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xulei Chen
- Department of Psychiatry, Lishui Second People’s Hospital, Lishui, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yilai Sun
- Department of Psychiatry, Lishui Second People’s Hospital, Lishui, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zongxin Ling
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Jinan Microecological Biomedicine Shandong Laboratory, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Weijie Xu
- Department of Psychiatry, Lishui Second People’s Hospital, Lishui, Zhejiang, China
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13
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Ng QX, Lim YL, Yaow CYL, Ng WK, Thumboo J, Liew TM. Effect of Probiotic Supplementation on Gut Microbiota in Patients with Major Depressive Disorders: A Systematic Review. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15061351. [PMID: 36986088 PMCID: PMC10052013 DOI: 10.3390/nu15061351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Revised: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023] Open
Abstract
There is accumulating evidence on the beneficial effects of probiotic supplementation for patients with depressive disorders. However, prior reviews on the topic have largely focused on clinical effectiveness with limited emphasis on the underlying mechanisms of action and effects of probiotics on gut microbiota. In accordance with PRISMA guidelines, a systematic literature search of Medline, EMBASE and the Cochrane Library using combinations of the key words, (“depress*” OR “MDD” OR “suicide”), (“probiotic” OR “Lactobacillus” OR “Bifidobacterium”) AND (“gut” OR “gut micr*” OR “microbiota”), as well as grey literature was performed. We found seven clinical trials involving patients with major depressive disorder (MDD). The small number of studies and heterogeneous sources of data precluded meta-analysis. Most trials (other than one open-label trial) had a low-to-moderate risk of bias, which was largely due to a lack of control for the effects of diet on gut microbiota. Probiotic supplementation yielded only modest effects on depressive symptoms and there were no consistent effects on gut microbiota diversity, and in most instances, no significant alterations in gut microbiota composition were observed after four to eight weeks of probiotic intervention. There is also a lack of systematic reporting on adverse events and no good longer-term data. Patients with MDD may require a longer time to show clinical improvement and the microbial host environment may also need longer than eight weeks to produce significant microbiota alterations. To advance this field, further larger-scale and longer-term studies are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Xiang Ng
- Health Services Research Unit, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore 169608, Singapore
- MOH Holdings Pte Ltd., 1 Maritime Square, Singapore 099253, Singapore
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +65-6222-3322
| | - Yu Liang Lim
- MOH Holdings Pte Ltd., 1 Maritime Square, Singapore 099253, Singapore
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore 308433, Singapore
| | | | - Wee Khoon Ng
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore 308433, Singapore
| | - Julian Thumboo
- Health Services Research Unit, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore 169608, Singapore
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore 169608, Singapore
- SingHealth Duke-NUS Medicine Academic Clinical Programme, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore
| | - Tau Ming Liew
- SingHealth Duke-NUS Medicine Academic Clinical Programme, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore
- Department of Psychiatry, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore 169608, Singapore
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117549, Singapore
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14
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Sikorska M, Antosik-Wójcińska AZ, Dominiak M. Probiotics as a Tool for Regulating Molecular Mechanisms in Depression: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Clinical Trials. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24043081. [PMID: 36834489 PMCID: PMC9963932 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24043081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Depression is one of the main mental disorders. Pharmacological treatment of depression is often associated with delayed effects or insufficient efficacy. Consequently, there is a need to discover new therapeutic methods to cope with depression faster and more effectively. Several lines of evidence indicate that the use of probiotic therapy reduces depressive symptoms. Nonetheless, the exact mechanisms linking the gut microbiota and the central nervous system, as well as the potential mechanisms of action for probiotics, are still not entirely clarified. The aim of this review was to systematically summarize the available knowledge according to PRISMA guidelines on the molecular mechanisms linking probiotics and healthy populations with subclinical depression or anxiety symptoms, as well as depressed patients with or without comorbid somatic illnesses. The standardized mean difference (SMD) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) was calculated. Twenty records were included. It has been found that probiotic administration is linked to a significant increase in BDNF levels during probiotic treatment compared to the placebo (SMD = 0.37, 95% CI [0.07, 0.68], p = 0.02) when considering the resolution of depressive symptoms in depressed patients with or without comorbid somatic illnesses. CRP levels were significantly lower (SMD = -0.47, 95% CI [0.75, -0.19], p = 0.001), and nitric oxide levels were significantly higher (SMD = 0.97, 95% CI [0.58, 1.36], p < 0.0001) in probiotic-treated patients compared to the placebo, however, only among depressed patients with somatic co-morbidities. There were no significant differences in IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10, TNF-α, and cortisol levels after probiotic administration between the intervention and control groups (all p > 0.05). Firm conclusions on the effectiveness of probiotics and their possible association with inflammatory markers in the healthy population (only with subclinical depressive or anxiety symptoms) cannot be drawn. The advent of clinical trials examining the long-term administration of probiotics could evaluate the long-term effectiveness of probiotics in treating depression and preventing its recurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michalina Sikorska
- Medical Center of Postgraduate Education, Medical University of Warsaw, Żwirki i Wigury 61, 02-091 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna Z. Antosik-Wójcińska
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Collegium Medicum, Cardinal Wyszynski University in Warsaw, Woycickiego 1/3, 01-938 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Monika Dominiak
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology, Sobieskiego 9, 02-957 Warsaw, Poland
- Correspondence:
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15
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Satti S, Palepu MSK, Singh AA, Jaiswal Y, Dash SP, Gajula SNR, Chaganti S, Samanthula G, Sonti R, Dandekar MP. Anxiolytic- and antidepressant-like effects of Bacillus coagulans Unique IS-2 mediate via reshaping of microbiome gut-brain axis in rats. Neurochem Int 2023; 163:105483. [PMID: 36641109 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2023.105483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Due to the rising cases of treatment-refractory affective disorders, the discovery of newer therapeutic approaches is needed. In recent times, probiotics have garnered notable attention in managing stress-related disorders. Herein, we examined the effect of Bacillus coagulans Unique IS-2® probiotic on anxiety- and depression-like phenotypes employing maternal separation (MS) and chronic-unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) model in rats. METHODS Both male and female Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to MS + CUMS. Probiotic treatment was provided for 6 weeks via drinking water. Anxiety- and depression-like phenotypes were assessed using sucrose-preference test (SPT), forced-swimming test (FST), elevated-plus maze test (EPM), and open-field test (OFT). Blood, brain, intestine, and fecal samples were obtained for biochemical and molecular studies. RESULTS Stress-exposed rats drank less sucrose solution, showed increased passivity, and explored less in open-arms in SPT, FST, and EPM, respectively. These stress-generated neurobehavioral aberrations were alleviated by 6-week of Bacillus coagulans Unique IS-2 treatment. The overall locomotor activity in OFT remained unchanged. The decreased levels of BDNF and serotonin and increased levels of C-reactive protein, TNF-α, IL-1β, and dopamine, in the hippocampus and/or frontal cortex of stress-exposed rats were reversed following probiotic treatment. Administration of probiotic also restored the systemic levels of L-tryptophan, L-kynurenine, kynurenic-acid, and 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid, villi/crypt ratio, goblet-cell count, Firmicutes to Bacteroides ratio, and levels of acetate, propionate, and butyrate in fecal samples. These results indicate remodeling of the microbiome gut-brain axis in Bacillus coagulans Unique IS-2 recipient rats. However, protein levels of doublecortin, GFAP, and zona occludens in the hippocampus and occludin-immunoreactivity in the intestine remained unchanged. No prominent sex-specific changes were noted. CONCLUSION Anxiolytic- and antidepressant-like effects of Bacillus coagulans Unique IS-2 in MS + CUMS rat model may be mediated via reshaping the microbiome gut-brain axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srilakshmi Satti
- Department of Biological Sciences, Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research NIPER, Hyderabad, India
| | - Mani Surya Kumar Palepu
- Department of Biological Sciences, Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research NIPER, Hyderabad, India
| | - Aditya A Singh
- Department of Biological Sciences, Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research NIPER, Hyderabad, India
| | - Yash Jaiswal
- Department of Biological Sciences, Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research NIPER, Hyderabad, India
| | - Surya Prakash Dash
- Department of Biological Sciences, Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research NIPER, Hyderabad, India
| | - Siva Nageswara Rao Gajula
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research NIPER, Hyderabad, India
| | - Sowmya Chaganti
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research NIPER, Hyderabad, India
| | - Gananadhamu Samanthula
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research NIPER, Hyderabad, India
| | - Rajesh Sonti
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research NIPER, Hyderabad, India
| | - Manoj P Dandekar
- Department of Biological Sciences, Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research NIPER, Hyderabad, India.
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16
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Zhao B, Jia X, Feng H, Tang C, Huang Y, Zhao Z, Hao J, Li H, Du J, Liu Y, Bao X, Zhong Z, Zhang Y, Zhong Q. Nutrient combinations exhibit universal antianxiety, antioxidant, neuro-protecting, and memory-improving activities. Front Nutr 2023; 9:996692. [PMID: 36687677 PMCID: PMC9852889 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.996692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Anxiety disorders are the most common mental disorders and, without proper treatment, may lead to severe conditions: e.g., somatic disorders or permanent damage to central nervous system. Although there are drugs in clinical trials, this study focuses on exploring the efficacy of nutrients in treating these diseases. We built different zebrafish models and screened several nutrient combinations for their antianxiety, antioxidant, neuro-protecting, and memory-improving activities. Our results showed that the combinations of nutrients (e.g., Walnut Peptides + Theanine at 14.2 + 33.3 μg/ml) have similar or better activities than the positive control drugs. In addition, we discovered that the effects of the nutrients in the above four aspects were universal and highly related. This study is noteworthy as it suggested that nutrients could be healthier and greener drug alternatives and provide similar or better universal treatments for anxiety and related conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bangcheng Zhao
- Laboratory of Non-Human Primate Disease Modeling Research, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiuzhen Jia
- Inner Mongolia Dairy Technology Research Institute Co., Ltd., Yili Innovation Center, Inner Mongolia Yili Industrial Group Co., Ltd., Hohhot, China
| | - Haotian Feng
- Inner Mongolia Dairy Technology Research Institute Co., Ltd., Yili Innovation Center, Inner Mongolia Yili Industrial Group Co., Ltd., Hohhot, China
| | - Cheng Tang
- Sichuan SAFE Pharmaceutical Technology Co., Ltd., Chengdu, China
| | - Yixin Huang
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Biological Science and Technology, Agricultural University of Hunan, Changsha, China
| | - Zifu Zhao
- Inner Mongolia Dairy Technology Research Institute Co., Ltd., Yili Innovation Center, Inner Mongolia Yili Industrial Group Co., Ltd., Hohhot, China
| | - Jingyu Hao
- Inner Mongolia Dairy Technology Research Institute Co., Ltd., Yili Innovation Center, Inner Mongolia Yili Industrial Group Co., Ltd., Hohhot, China
| | - Haoqiu Li
- Inner Mongolia Dairy Technology Research Institute Co., Ltd., Yili Innovation Center, Inner Mongolia Yili Industrial Group Co., Ltd., Hohhot, China
| | - Jinrui Du
- Inner Mongolia Dairy Technology Research Institute Co., Ltd., Yili Innovation Center, Inner Mongolia Yili Industrial Group Co., Ltd., Hohhot, China
| | - Yan Liu
- Inner Mongolia Dairy Technology Research Institute Co., Ltd., Yili Innovation Center, Inner Mongolia Yili Industrial Group Co., Ltd., Hohhot, China
| | - Xingyu Bao
- Inner Mongolia Dairy Technology Research Institute Co., Ltd., Yili Innovation Center, Inner Mongolia Yili Industrial Group Co., Ltd., Hohhot, China
| | - Zhihui Zhong
- Laboratory of Non-Human Primate Disease Modeling Research, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China,Sichuan Kangcheng Biotech Co., Inc., Chengdu, China
| | - Yingqian Zhang
- Laboratory of Non-Human Primate Disease Modeling Research, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China,Sichuan Kangcheng Biotech Co., Inc., Chengdu, China,Yingqian Zhang,
| | - Qixing Zhong
- Laboratory of Non-Human Primate Disease Modeling Research, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China,Sichuan SAFE Pharmaceutical Technology Co., Ltd., Chengdu, China,*Correspondence: Qixing Zhong,
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17
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Advances in the gut microbiome and mood disorders. Curr Opin Psychiatry 2023; 36:1-7. [PMID: 36131643 DOI: 10.1097/yco.0000000000000829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The gut microbiome is in constant bidirectional communication with the brain through the microbiota-gut-brain-axis. Mood disorders are among the most common psychiatric disorders and include major depressive disorder and bipolar disorder. The gut microbiome is altered in individuals with mood disorders and has a role in its inflammatory pathophysiology. In this article, we performed a narrative review of clinical studies, randomized controlled trials and meta-analyses addressing advances in gut microbiome research in mood disorders and included articles that were published between 2021 and 2022. RECENT FINDINGS Studies highlight transdiagnostic alterations of microbiota in mood disorders, with reductions of butyrate-producing bacteria. Participants with major depressive disorder showed altered beta-diversity, while participants with bipolar disorder showed reduced alpha-diversity. Both disorders exhibit alterations in the metabolome. Early pilot studies addressed the possibility of using the gut microbiome for the prediction of treatment response and the blood microbiome for the diagnosis of psychiatric disorders. Findings from clinical trials support the use of probiotics as an add-on therapy for major depressive disorder. The second published case report in the literature reported a favourable outcome of a patient with bipolar disorder after faecal microbiota transplantation. SUMMARY Gut microbiome modulations allow new treatment strategies including the use of psychobiotics for the treatment and prevention of mood disorders. Well designed clinical trials aiming for personalized medicine are needed to investigate the efficacy and safety of psychobiotic interventions.
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18
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Ağagündüz D, Gençer Bingöl F, Çelik E, Cemali Ö, Özenir Ç, Özoğul F, Capasso R. Recent developments in the probiotics as live biotherapeutic products (LBPs) as modulators of gut brain axis related neurological conditions. Lab Invest 2022; 20:460. [PMID: 36209124 PMCID: PMC9548122 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-022-03609-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Probiotics have been defined as “living microorganisms that create health benefits in the host when taken in sufficient amounts. Recent developments in the understanding of the relationship between the microbiom and its host have shown evidence about the promising potential of probiotics to improve certain health problems. However, today, there are some confusions about traditional and new generation foods containing probiotics, naming and classifications of them in scientific studies and also their marketing. To clarify this confusion, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) declared that it has made a new category definition called "live biotherapeutic products" (LBPs). Accordingly, the FDA has designated LBPs as “a biological product that: i)contains live organisms, such as bacteria; ii)is applicable to the prevention, treatment, or cure of a disease/condition of human beings; and iii) is not a vaccine”. The accumulated literature focused on LBPs to determine effective strains in health and disease, and often focused on obesity, diabetes, and certain diseases like inflammatory bowel disease (IBD).However, microbiome also play an important role in the pathogenesis of diseases that age day by day in the modern world via gut-brain axis. Herein, we discuss the novel roles of LBPs in some gut-brain axis related conditions in the light of recent studies. This article may be of interest to a broad readership including those interested in probiotics as LBPs, their health effects and safety, also gut-brain axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duygu Ağagündüz
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Gazi University, Faculty of Health Sciences, 06490, Ankara, Emek, Turkey.
| | - Feray Gençer Bingöl
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Burdur Mehmet Akif Ersoy University, İstiklal Yerleşkesi, 15030, Burdur, Turkey
| | - Elif Çelik
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Gazi University, Faculty of Health Sciences, 06490, Ankara, Emek, Turkey
| | - Özge Cemali
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Gazi University, Faculty of Health Sciences, 06490, Ankara, Emek, Turkey
| | - Çiler Özenir
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Kırıkkale University, 71100, Kırıkkale, Merkez, Turkey
| | - Fatih Özoğul
- Department of Seafood Processing Technology, Faculty of Fisheries, Cukurova University, 01330, Balcali, Adana, Turkey
| | - Raffaele Capasso
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80055, Portici, NA, Italy.
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19
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Wu SI, Wu CC, Cheng LH, Noble SW, Liu CJ, Lee YH, Lin CJ, Hsu CC, Chen WL, Tsai PJ, Kuo PH, Tsai YC. Psychobiotic supplementation of HK-PS23 improves anxiety in highly stressed clinical nurses: a double-blind randomized placebo-controlled study. Food Funct 2022; 13:8907-8919. [PMID: 35924970 DOI: 10.1039/d2fo01156e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Nurses often experience adverse health effects associated with increasing levels of work-related stress. Stress may induce systemic effects through the HPA axis, glucocorticoid responses, and inflammatory cascades. Psychobiotics may help alleviate stress through associations of the microbiota, anti-inflammation factors, and the gut-brain axis. We aimed to investigate whether interventions with a psychobiotic, heat-killed (HK)-PS23 cells, may help improve perceived stress, anxiety, and related biological markers among highly stressed clinical nurses. This double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study included seventy clinical nurses from a medical center in Northern Taiwan who scored 27 or higher on the 10-item version of the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS), and participants were randomized into either taking HK-PS23 or a placebo for 8 weeks. Baseline and endpoint results of the PSS, Job Stress Scale, State and Trait Anxiety Index (STAI), emotional questionnaires, gastrointestinal severity questionnaires, Trails Marking Tests, blood biological markers, and sleep data were analyzed. While both groups demonstrated improvements in most measures over time, only the blood cortisol measure demonstrated significant group differences after the 8-week trial. Further analyses of the subgroup with higher anxiety (nurses with STAI ≥ 103) revealed that anxiety states had improved significantly in the HK-PS23 group but not in the placebo group. In summary, this placebo-controlled trial found significant reduction in the level of blood cortisol after 8 weeks of HK-PS23 use. The distinctive anxiolytic effects of HK-PS23 may be beneficial in improving perceived anxiety and stress hormone levels in female nurses under pressure. Clinical trial registration: https://clinicaltrials.gov/, identifier: NCT04452253-sub-project 1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-I Wu
- Department of Medicine, MacKay Medical College, New Taipei City, Taiwan. .,Section of Psychiatry and Suicide Prevention Center, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | | | | | | | - Chih-Ju Liu
- Department of Nursing, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Hsia Lee
- Department of Nursing, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chen-Ju Lin
- Section of Psychiatry and Suicide Prevention Center, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | | | - Wan-Lin Chen
- Department of Medical Research, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | | | - Po-Hsiu Kuo
- Department of Public Health & Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Psychiatry, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Chieh Tsai
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
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The Role of Psychobiotics in Supporting the Treatment of Disturbances in the Functioning of the Nervous System-A Systematic Review. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23147820. [PMID: 35887166 PMCID: PMC9319704 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23147820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Revised: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Stress and anxiety are common phenomena that contribute to many nervous system dysfunctions. More and more research has been focusing on the importance of the gut–brain axis in the course and treatment of many diseases, including nervous system disorders. This review aims to present current knowledge on the influence of psychobiotics on the gut–brain axis based on selected diseases, i.e., Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, depression, and autism spectrum disorders. Analyses of the available research results have shown that selected probiotic bacteria affect the gut–brain axis in healthy people and people with selected diseases. Furthermore, supplementation with probiotic bacteria can decrease depressive symptoms. There is no doubt that proper supplementation improves the well-being of patients. Therefore, it can be concluded that the intestinal microbiota play a relevant role in disorders of the nervous system. The microbiota–gut–brain axis may represent a new target in the prevention and treatment of neuropsychiatric disorders. However, this topic needs more research. Such research could help find effective treatments via the modulation of the intestinal microbiome.
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The Gut Microbiome in Depression and Potential Benefit of Prebiotics, Probiotics and Synbiotics: A Systematic Review of Clinical Trials and Observational Studies. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23094494. [PMID: 35562885 PMCID: PMC9101152 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23094494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
An emerging body of literature demonstrates differences in the gut microbiome (GMB) of patients with major depressive disorder (MDD) compared to healthy controls (HC), as well as the potential benefits of prebiotic, probiotic, and synbiotic treatment. We conducted a systematic review of 24 observational studies (n = 2817), and 19 interventional trials (n = 1119). We assessed alpha diversity, beta diversity, and taxa abundance changes in patients with MDD relative to HC, as well as the effect of prebiotics, probiotics, and synbiotics on depressive symptoms in individuals with clinical or subclinical depression. We observed no significant differences in alpha diversity but a significant difference in beta diversity between patients with MDD and HC. There were fluctuations in the abundance of specific taxa in patients with MDD relative to HC. Probiotic and synbiotic, but not prebiotic, treatment showed a modest benefit in reducing depressive symptoms in patients with MDD over four to nine weeks. The GMB profiles of patients with MDD differ significantly from HC, but further studies are needed to elucidate the benefits of prebiotic, probiotic and synbiotic treatments relative to antidepressants and over longer follow-up before these therapies are implemented into clinical practice.
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D-Amino Acids as a Biomarker in Schizophrenia. Diseases 2022; 10:diseases10010009. [PMID: 35225861 PMCID: PMC8883943 DOI: 10.3390/diseases10010009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Revised: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
D-amino acids may play key roles for specific physiological functions in different organs including the brain. Importantly, D-amino acids have been detected in several neurological disorders such as schizophrenia, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and age-related disorders, reflecting the disease conditions. Relationships between D-amino acids and neurophysiology may involve the significant contribution of D-Serine or D-Aspartate to the synaptic function, including neurotransmission and synaptic plasticity. Gut-microbiota could play important roles in the brain-function, since bacteria in the gut provide a significant contribution to the host pool of D-amino acids. In addition, the alteration of the composition of the gut microbiota might lead to schizophrenia. Furthermore, D-amino acids are known as a physiologically active substance, constituting useful biomarkers of several brain disorders including schizophrenia. In this review, we wish to provide an outline of the roles of D-amino acids in brain health and neuropsychiatric disorders with a focus on schizophrenia, which may shed light on some of the superior diagnoses and/or treatments of schizophrenia.
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Rinonapoli G, Pace V, Ruggiero C, Ceccarini P, Bisaccia M, Meccariello L, Caraffa A. Obesity and Bone: A Complex Relationship. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222413662. [PMID: 34948466 PMCID: PMC8706946 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222413662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a large literature on the relationship between obesity and bone. What we can conclude from this review is that the increase in body weight causes an increase in BMD, both for a mechanical effect and for the greater amount of estrogens present in the adipose tissue. Nevertheless, despite an apparent strengthening of the bone witnessed by the increased BMD, the risk of fracture is higher. The greater risk of fracture in the obese subject is due to various factors, which are carefully analyzed by the Authors. These factors can be divided into metabolic factors and increased risk of falls. Fractures have an atypical distribution in the obese, with a lower incidence of typical osteoporotic fractures, such as those of hip, spine and wrist, and an increase in fractures of the ankle, upper leg, and humerus. In children, the distribution is different, but it is not the same in obese and normal-weight children. Specifically, the fractures of the lower limb are much more frequent in obese children. Sarcopenic obesity plays an important role. The authors also review the available literature regarding the effects of high-fat diet, weight loss and bariatric surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Rinonapoli
- Orthopaedic and Traumatology Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Perugia, 06156 Perugia, Italy; (V.P.); (P.C.); (A.C.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Valerio Pace
- Orthopaedic and Traumatology Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Perugia, 06156 Perugia, Italy; (V.P.); (P.C.); (A.C.)
| | - Carmelinda Ruggiero
- Orthogeriatric Service, Geriatric Unit, Institute of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Department of Medicine, University of Perugia, 06156 Perugia, Italy;
| | - Paolo Ceccarini
- Orthopaedic and Traumatology Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Perugia, 06156 Perugia, Italy; (V.P.); (P.C.); (A.C.)
| | - Michele Bisaccia
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, AORN San Pio “Gaetano Rummo Hospital”, Via R.Delcogliano, 82100 Benevento, Italy; (M.B.); (L.M.)
| | - Luigi Meccariello
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, AORN San Pio “Gaetano Rummo Hospital”, Via R.Delcogliano, 82100 Benevento, Italy; (M.B.); (L.M.)
| | - Auro Caraffa
- Orthopaedic and Traumatology Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Perugia, 06156 Perugia, Italy; (V.P.); (P.C.); (A.C.)
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