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Ebrahimi A, Andishmand H, Huo C, Amjadi S, Khezri S, Hamishehkar H, Mahmoudzadeh M, Kim KH. Glycomacropeptide: A comprehensive understanding of its major biological characteristics and purification methodologies. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2024; 23:e13370. [PMID: 38783570 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.13370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Revised: 04/01/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Glycomacropeptide (GMP) is a bioactive peptide derived from whey protein, consisting of 64 amino acids. It is a phenylalanine-free peptide, making it a beneficial dietary option for individuals dealing with phenylketonuria (PKU). PKU is an inherited metabolic disorder characterized by high levels of phenylalanine in the bloodstream, resulting from a deficiency of phenylalanine dehydrogenase in affected individuals. Consequently, patients with PKU require lifelong adherence to a low-phenylalanine diet, wherein a significant portion of their protein intake is typically sourced from a phenylalanine-free amino acid formula. GMP has several nutritional values, numerous bioactivity properties, and therapeutic effects in various inflammatory disorders. Despite all these features, the purification of GMP is an imperative requirement; however, there are no unique methods for achieving this goal. Traditionally, several methods have been used for GMP purification, such as thermal or acid treatment, alcoholic precipitation, ultrafiltration (UF), gel filtration, and membrane separation techniques. However, these methods have poor specificity, and the presence of large amounts of impurities can interfere with the analysis of GMP. More efficient and highly specific GMP purification methods need to be developed. In this review, we have highlighted and summarized the current research progress on the major biological features and purification methodologies associated with GMP, as well as providing an extensive overview of the recent developments in using charged UF membranes for GMP purification and the influential factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Ebrahimi
- Student research committee, Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Hashem Andishmand
- Research Center for Food Hygiene and Safety, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
- Department of Food Hygiene and Safety, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Chen Huo
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Sajed Amjadi
- Department of Food Nanotechnology, Research Institute of Food Science and Technology (RIFST), Mashhad, Iran
| | - Sima Khezri
- Student research committee, Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Hamed Hamishehkar
- Drug Applied Research Centre, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Maryam Mahmoudzadeh
- Drug Applied Research Centre, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Nutrition Research Center, Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Ki Hyun Kim
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, South Korea
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Mücke Y, Jablonka N, Rimann N, Grisch-Chan HM, Hoffmann B, Schillberg S, Thöny B, Rasche S. A phenylalanine-free recombinant nutritional protein for the dietary management of phenylketonuria. J Inherit Metab Dis 2024. [PMID: 38390655 DOI: 10.1002/jimd.12719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Revised: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
Phenylketonuria (PKU) is a congenital metabolic disorder that causes the systemic elevation of phenylalanine (Phe), which is neurotoxic and teratogenic. PKU is currently incurable, and management involves lifelong adherence to an unpalatable protein-restricted diet based on Phe-free amino acid mixtures. Seeking a palatable dietary alternative, we identified a Bacillus subtilis protein (GSP16O) with a well-balanced but low-Phe amino acid profile. We optimized the sequence and expressed a modified Phe-free version (GSP105) in Pseudomonas fluorescens, achieving yields of 20 g/L. The purified GSP105 protein has a neutral taste and smell, is highly soluble, and remains stable up to 80°C. Homozygous enu2 mice, a model of human PKU, were fed with diets containing either GSP105 or normal protein. The GSP105 diet led to normalization of blood Phe levels and brain monoamine neurotransmitter metabolites, and prevented maternal PKU. The GSP105 diet thus provides an alternative and efficacious dietary management strategy for PKU.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvonne Mücke
- metaX Institut für Diätetik GmbH, Friedberg, Germany
| | - Natalia Jablonka
- Fraunhofer-Institut für Molekularbiologie und Angewandte Oekologie IME, Aachen, Germany
| | - Nicole Rimann
- Division of Metabolism, Department of Pediatrics, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Hiu Man Grisch-Chan
- Division of Metabolism, Department of Pediatrics, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | | | - Stefan Schillberg
- Fraunhofer-Institut für Molekularbiologie und Angewandte Oekologie IME, Aachen, Germany
| | - Beat Thöny
- Division of Metabolism, Department of Pediatrics, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Stefan Rasche
- Fraunhofer-Institut für Molekularbiologie und Angewandte Oekologie IME, Aachen, Germany
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Mezzomo TR, Dias MRMG, Santos T, Pereira RM. Dietary intake in individuals with phenylketonuria: an integrative review. NUTR HOSP 2024; 41:212-223. [PMID: 37705455 DOI: 10.20960/nh.04579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Introduction: the dietary intake of individuals with phenylketonuria (PKU) may vary widely according to different cultural eating habits, lifestyle, access to multidisciplinary team, and metabolic formulas available. Thus, knowing the dietary intake of this population makes it possible to tailor nutritional treatment strategies to impact their health. Objective: to analyze the evidence on the dietary intake of individuals with PKU. Methods: an integrative literature review was conducted on the dietary intake of individuals with PKU in the databases PUBMED, BIREME and Science Direct. Original articles that addressed the energy and macronutrient food intake of children, adolescents and/or adults with PKU were included in the study, without time restriction, in any language. A total of 384 articles were found and 27 articles were selected and analyzed. Results: evidence about the nutritional composition of their diet showed that individuals with PKU consume between 1160-2721 kcal of energy -7.2-17.4 % (32.4-76.9 g) of energy as protein, 45.9-69.2 % of energy as carbohydrates, 16.6-39 % of energy as lipids- and between 7.6 and 20 g of fiber. Conclusion: most individuals with PKU have low energy, protein and fiber intake, adequate lipid intake, and high carbohydrate intake. Metabolic control of the disease is still a challenge in all countries. Nutritional strategies to improve dietary nutritional composition and phenylalanine blood levels in individuals with PKU remain an urgent issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thais Regina Mezzomo
- Graduate Master's and Doctoral Program in Child and Adolescent Health. University Federal of Parana
| | | | | | - Rosana Marques Pereira
- Pos-Graduate Master's and Doctoral Program in Child and Adolescent Health. University Federal of Parana
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Chen Q, Lai S, Dong L, Liu Y, Pan D, Wu Z, Wu Z, Zhou Y, Ren Y, Zhang J, Liu L, Liu L. Characterization and determination of casein glycomacropeptide in dairy products by UHPLC-MS/MS based on its characteristic peptide. Food Chem 2024; 430:137049. [PMID: 37544157 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.137049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Revised: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
The ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS) method was built to quantify the casein glycomacropeptide (CGMP) in bovine dairy products accurately based on targeted proteomics. Qualitative analysis of theoretical peptides was carried out using high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) and protein software. Isotope-labeled characteristic peptides were acquired via the labeled amino acid condensation method to correct the matrix effects. Peptide MAIPPK was the representative characteristic peptide for distinguishing the CGMP from κ-casein through trypsin digestion. After optimizing the pre-treatment conditions, the final 8% oxidant concentration was selected and the 10% formic acid concentration with 2.5 h oxidation time. Moreover, the results of methodological verification showed that the recovery rate was 103.7%, meanwhile the precision of inter-day and intra-day was less than 5%. In conclusion, the research demonstrated the characteristic peptide MAIPPK could quantitatively applied to detect CGMP in dairy products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Key Laboratory of Animal Protein Deep Processing Technology of Zhejiang, Zhejiang-Malaysia Joint Research Laboratory for Agricultural Product Processing and Nutrition, School of Food and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, PR China
| | - Shiyun Lai
- Hangzhou Pupai Technology Co., Ltd, Hangzhou 310000, China
| | - Lezhen Dong
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Key Laboratory of Animal Protein Deep Processing Technology of Zhejiang, Zhejiang-Malaysia Joint Research Laboratory for Agricultural Product Processing and Nutrition, School of Food and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, PR China
| | - Yahui Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Key Laboratory of Animal Protein Deep Processing Technology of Zhejiang, Zhejiang-Malaysia Joint Research Laboratory for Agricultural Product Processing and Nutrition, School of Food and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, PR China
| | - Daodong Pan
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Key Laboratory of Animal Protein Deep Processing Technology of Zhejiang, Zhejiang-Malaysia Joint Research Laboratory for Agricultural Product Processing and Nutrition, School of Food and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, PR China
| | - Zhen Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Key Laboratory of Animal Protein Deep Processing Technology of Zhejiang, Zhejiang-Malaysia Joint Research Laboratory for Agricultural Product Processing and Nutrition, School of Food and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, PR China
| | - Zufang Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Key Laboratory of Animal Protein Deep Processing Technology of Zhejiang, Zhejiang-Malaysia Joint Research Laboratory for Agricultural Product Processing and Nutrition, School of Food and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, PR China
| | - Ying Zhou
- Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou 310051, China
| | - Yiping Ren
- Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou 310051, China
| | - Jingshun Zhang
- Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou 310051, China.
| | - Lingyi Liu
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, 68588 NE, USA
| | - Lianliang Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Key Laboratory of Animal Protein Deep Processing Technology of Zhejiang, Zhejiang-Malaysia Joint Research Laboratory for Agricultural Product Processing and Nutrition, School of Food and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, PR China.
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Gomes M, Almeida MF, Barbosa CS, Gama MI, Peres M, Pinto É, MacDonald A, Rocha JC. Total Protein Intake in Patients with PKU: Adequacy Evaluation According to the European PKU Guidelines from 2017. Nutrients 2023; 15:4883. [PMID: 38068741 PMCID: PMC10707753 DOI: 10.3390/nu15234883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2023] [Revised: 11/12/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
In PKU, the protein requirements are contentious. In 2018, we evaluated the protein intake in patients with PKU. Ninety-nine early treated patients aged 19.3 ± 8.2 years (54% males) were studied. A total of 24 had hyperphenylalaninemia (HPA), 48 mild and 27 classical PKU. All had an annual nutritional status evaluation. A total of 83% were on diet therapy only, and 17% were on diet with tetrahydrobiopterin therapy. Anthropometry, metabolic control and nutritional intake [total protein (TP, g/kg), natural protein (NP, g/kg), protein equivalent from protein substitutes (PE, g/kg)] were collected. TP adequacy (TPA) was calculated as a % of WHO (2007) safe levels of protein intake. Results were compared with the European PKU Guidelines (EPG). The median % contribution NP of TP intake was 53% [31-100]. Most patients (78%) had a TP intake above the EPG recommendations. The median TPA was 171% [146-203], with 79% [51-165] from NP and 84% [0-109] from PE. A TPA of 100-140% was observed in 16 (16%) patients. Only n = 6 (6%) patients had a TPA < 100%. These results emphasize the heterogeneity of PKU. More research is needed to understand the necessity of a single protein recommendation for all, as a 'one-size-fits-all' solution might not be appropriate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Gomes
- Nephrocare Portugal, Fresenius Medical Care Nutrition Departament, Rua Professor Salazar de Sousa, Lote 12, 1750-233 Lisboa, Portugal;
| | - Manuela Ferreira Almeida
- Centro de Genética Médica Jacinto Magalhães, Centro Hospitalar Universitário de Santo António, 4099-028 Porto, Portugal; (M.F.A.); catarina-s-@hotmail.com (C.S.B.)
- Centro de Referência Para as Doenças Hereditárias do Metabolismo, Centro Hospitalar Universitário de Santo António, 4099-028 Porto, Portugal
- Unidade Multidisciplinar de Investigação em Biomedicina, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Catarina Sousa Barbosa
- Centro de Genética Médica Jacinto Magalhães, Centro Hospitalar Universitário de Santo António, 4099-028 Porto, Portugal; (M.F.A.); catarina-s-@hotmail.com (C.S.B.)
| | - Maria Inês Gama
- University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK;
| | - Maria Peres
- National Institute of Health Doutor Ricardo Jorge, Av. Padre Cruz, 1649-016 Lisboa, Portugal;
| | - Élia Pinto
- Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade do Porto, FMUP, Alameda Prof. Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal;
| | | | - Júlio César Rocha
- CINTESIS@RISE, NOVA Medical School, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, NMS, FCM, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Campo Mártires da Pátria 130, 1169-056 Lisboa, Portugal
- NOVA Medical School, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, NMS, FCM, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Campo Mártires da Pátria 130, 1169-056 Lisboa, Portugal
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Delsoglio M, Capener R, MacDonald A, Daly A, Ashmore C, Ellerton C, Donald S, Gaff L, VanDorp L, Skeath R, Newby C, Dunning G, Dale C, Hunjan I, White L, Allen H, Hubbard GP, Stratton RJ. Evaluation of a New Glycomacropeptide-Based Protein Substitute in Powdered and Liquid Format in Patients with PKU. Nutrients 2023; 15:3580. [PMID: 37630769 PMCID: PMC10459497 DOI: 10.3390/nu15163580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Revised: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: Good adherence to a Phe-restricted diet supplemented with an adequate amount of a protein substitute (PS) is important for good clinical outcomes in PKU. Glycomacropeptide (cGMP)-PSs are innovative, palatable alternatives to amino acid-based PSs (AA-PS). This study aimed to evaluate a new cGMP-PS in liquid and powder formats in PKU. (2) Methods: Children and adults with PKU recruited from eight centres were prescribed at least one serving/day of cGMP-PS for 7-28 days. Adherence, acceptability, and gastrointestinal tolerance were recorded at baseline and the end of the intervention. The blood Phe levels reported as part of routine care during the intervention were recorded. (3) Results: In total, 23 patients (powder group, n = 13; liquid group, n = 10) completed the study. The majority assessed the products to be palatable (77% of powder group; 100% of liquid group) and well tolerated; the adherence to the product prescription was good. A total of 14 patients provided blood Phe results during the intervention, which were within the target therapeutic range for most patients (n = 11) at baseline and during the intervention. (4) Conclusions: These new cGMP-PSs were well accepted and tolerated, and their use did not adversely affect blood Phe control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Delsoglio
- Research and Innovation, Nutricia Ltd., White Horse Business Park, Trowbridge BA14 0XQ, UK
| | - Rebecca Capener
- Research and Innovation, Nutricia Ltd., White Horse Business Park, Trowbridge BA14 0XQ, UK
| | - Anita MacDonald
- Dietetic Department, Birmingham Children’s Hospital, Birmingham B4 6NH, UK
| | - Anne Daly
- Dietetic Department, Birmingham Children’s Hospital, Birmingham B4 6NH, UK
| | - Catherine Ashmore
- Dietetic Department, Birmingham Children’s Hospital, Birmingham B4 6NH, UK
| | - Charlotte Ellerton
- University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Sarah Donald
- Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Lisa Gaff
- Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Louise VanDorp
- Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London WC1N 3JH, UK
| | - Rachel Skeath
- Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London WC1N 3JH, UK
| | - Camille Newby
- Bristol University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Bristol BS1 3NU, UK
| | - Georgina Dunning
- Bristol University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Bristol BS1 3NU, UK
| | - Clare Dale
- Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Birmingham B15 2TH, UK
| | - Inderdip Hunjan
- Bradford Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Bradford BD5 0NA, UK
| | - Lucy White
- Sheffield Children’s NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield S10 2TH, UK
| | - Heather Allen
- Sheffield Children’s NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield S10 2TH, UK
| | - Gary P. Hubbard
- Research and Innovation, Nutricia Ltd., White Horse Business Park, Trowbridge BA14 0XQ, UK
| | - Rebecca J. Stratton
- Research and Innovation, Nutricia Ltd., White Horse Business Park, Trowbridge BA14 0XQ, UK
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
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Samuel L, Fera J, Basch CH. Lost in print: difficulty in reading online information pertaining to phenylketonuria. J Community Genet 2022; 14:185-188. [PMID: 36502490 PMCID: PMC10104971 DOI: 10.1007/s12687-022-00626-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Phenylketonuria (PKU) is the most prevalent inborn error of amino acid metabolism, necessitating patients to strictly restrict dietary phenylalanine. As this can be a confusing and concerning diagnosis, patients and loved ones will likely be drawn to learn more. A critical factor for citizens to harness the health-related digital information is to ensure that it is easy to read. This study assessed the readability of 100 digital articles related to PKU and explored the effect of the source of online information on the readability of these articles. For each article, 5 readability tests were conducted using on-line readability software. From the 100 assessed websites, 34% were commercially sourced. Of the remaining 66 sites, 40% had.org and 17% had.gov extensions. All 5 tests confirm that a large majority of the sample was written at an unacceptable reading level. In fact, over two-thirds of the sample received a readability score within the difficult range for three of the tests, while the remaining two deemed 49% and 45% of the sample as difficult to read, respectively. Commercially sourced websites were deemed to be more difficult to read than the other sites with respect to the two of the five measures. Despite the large amount of PKU information online, most of it may be incomprehensible to the average person and thus miss the mark in helping patients and caregivers manage their condition. Opportunities exist for authors of digital health promotional information to effectively achieve their goal by using comprehensible, easy-to-read language.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lalitha Samuel
- Department of Health Promotion and Nutrition Sciences, Lehman College, The City University of New York, Bronx, NY, 10468, USA.
| | - Joseph Fera
- Department of Mathematics, Lehman College, The City University of New York, Bronx, NY, 10468, USA
| | - Corey H Basch
- Department of Public Health, William Paterson University, Wayne, NJ, 07470, USA
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McWhorter N, Ndugga-Kabuye MK, Puurunen M, Ernst SL. Complications of the Low Phenylalanine Diet for Patients with Phenylketonuria and the Benefits of Increased Natural Protein. Nutrients 2022; 14:4960. [PMID: 36500989 PMCID: PMC9740314 DOI: 10.3390/nu14234960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Phenylketonuria (PKU) is an inherited disorder in which phenylalanine (Phe) is not correctly metabolized leading to an abnormally high plasma Phe concentration that causes profound neurologic damage if left untreated. The mainstay of treatment for PKU has centered around limiting natural protein in the diet while supplementing with medical foods in order to prevent neurologic injury while promoting growth. This review discusses several deleterious effects of the low Phe diet along with benefits that have been reported for patients with increased natural protein intake while maintaining plasma Phe levels within treatment guidelines.
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Montanari C, Ceccarani C, Corsello A, Zuvadelli J, Ottaviano E, Dei Cas M, Banderali G, Zuccotti G, Borghi E, Verduci E. Glycomacropeptide Safety and Its Effect on Gut Microbiota in Patients with Phenylketonuria: A Pilot Study. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14091883. [PMID: 35565850 PMCID: PMC9104775 DOI: 10.3390/nu14091883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 04/23/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycomacropeptide (GMP) represents a good alternative protein source in Phenylketonuria (PKU). In a mouse model, it has been suggested to exert a prebiotic role on beneficial gut bacteria. In this study, we performed the 16S rRNA sequencing to evaluate the effect of 6 months of GMP supplementation on the gut microbiota of nine PKU patients, comparing their bacterial composition and clinical parameters before and after the intervention. GMP seems to be safe from both the microbiological and the clinical point of view. Indeed, we did not observe dramatic changes in the gut microbiota but a specific prebiotic effect on the butyrate-producer Agathobacter spp. and, to a lesser extent, of Subdoligranulum. Clinically, GMP intake did not show a significant impact on both metabolic control, as phenylalanine values were kept below the age target and nutritional parameters. On the other hand, an amelioration of calcium phosphate homeostasis was observed, with an increase in plasmatic vitamin D and a decrease in alkaline phosphatase. Our results suggest GMP as a safe alternative in the PKU diet and its possible prebiotic role on specific taxa without causing dramatic changes in the commensal microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Montanari
- Department of Pediatrics, Vittore Buzzi Children’s Hospital, University of Milan, 20154 Milan, Italy; (C.M.); (A.C.); (G.Z.); (E.V.)
| | - Camilla Ceccarani
- Institute of Biomedical Technologies, National Research Council, 20090 Segrate, Italy;
| | - Antonio Corsello
- Department of Pediatrics, Vittore Buzzi Children’s Hospital, University of Milan, 20154 Milan, Italy; (C.M.); (A.C.); (G.Z.); (E.V.)
| | - Juri Zuvadelli
- Clinical Department of Pediatrics, ASST Santi Paolo e Carlo, San Paolo Hospital, University of Milan, 20142 Milan, Italy; (J.Z.); (G.B.)
| | - Emerenziana Ottaviano
- Department of Health Science, University of Milan, 20142 Milan, Italy; (E.O.); (M.D.C.)
| | - Michele Dei Cas
- Department of Health Science, University of Milan, 20142 Milan, Italy; (E.O.); (M.D.C.)
| | - Giuseppe Banderali
- Clinical Department of Pediatrics, ASST Santi Paolo e Carlo, San Paolo Hospital, University of Milan, 20142 Milan, Italy; (J.Z.); (G.B.)
| | - Gianvincenzo Zuccotti
- Department of Pediatrics, Vittore Buzzi Children’s Hospital, University of Milan, 20154 Milan, Italy; (C.M.); (A.C.); (G.Z.); (E.V.)
| | - Elisa Borghi
- Department of Health Science, University of Milan, 20142 Milan, Italy; (E.O.); (M.D.C.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0250323240
| | - Elvira Verduci
- Department of Pediatrics, Vittore Buzzi Children’s Hospital, University of Milan, 20154 Milan, Italy; (C.M.); (A.C.); (G.Z.); (E.V.)
- Department of Health Science, University of Milan, 20142 Milan, Italy; (E.O.); (M.D.C.)
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