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Paankhao N, Sangsawang A, Kantha P, Paankhao S, Promsee K, Soontara C, Kongsriprapan S, Srisapoome P, Kumwan B, Meachasompop P, Phrompanya P, Buncharoen W, Uchuwittayakul A. Antioxidant and antibacterial efficiency of the ethanolic leaf extract of Kratom (Mitragyna speciosa (Korth.) Havil) and its effects on growth, health, and disease resistance against Edwardsiella tarda infection in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2024; 152:109771. [PMID: 39025168 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2024.109771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2024] [Revised: 07/12/2024] [Accepted: 07/14/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024]
Abstract
The research examined the impact of an ethanolic extract from the leaves of Kratom (Mitragyna speciosa (Korth.) Havil.) on the growth, antioxidant capacity, immune-related gene expression, and resistance to disease caused by Edwardsiella tarda in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). The findings revealed that the extract had the important phytochemical content in the extract included total phenolics content, total flavonoids content, vitamin C, and total antioxidant capacity and 5.42% of the crude extract was mitragynine. The extract demonstrated antioxidant activity, as evidenced by its IC50 values against ABTS and DPPH radicals and its ferric reducing power in vitro. Moreover, the MIC-IC50 value of 0.625 mg/mL indicated that the growth of the bacteria was reduced by approximately 50%, and the MBC was 2.50 mg/mL against E. tarda. Furthermore, the orally administered Kratom leaf extract to fingerling tilapia for 8 weeks exhibited a noticeable increase in oxidative stress, as demonstrated by the increase in MDA production in the 10 and 25 g/kg groups. It also exhibited an increase in acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity in muscle tissue at the 50 g/kg group. However, when administered at a feeding rate of 5 to 10 g/kg feed, the extract showed an increase in the expression of immune-related genes (IL1, IL6, IL8, NF-kB, IFNγ, TNFα, Mx, CC-chemokine, CD4, TCRβ, MHC-IIβ, IgM, IgT, IgD) and enhanced resistance to E. tarda infection in fish. Conversely, administering the extract at 25 to 50 g/kg feed resulted in contrasting effects, suppressing and reducing the observed parameters. Nevertheless, feeding the extract at all concentrations for 8 weeks did not produce any changes in the histology or systemic functioning of the liver and intestines, as indicated by blood biochemistry. These findings suggest that the ethanolic leaf extract from Kratom has the potential to be used as a substitute for antibiotics in the management of bacterial infections in Nile tilapia culture, with a recommended dosage of 5 to 10 g/kg feed/day for a maximum of 8 weeks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natthapong Paankhao
- Kamphaeng Saen Fisheries Research Station, Faculty of Fisheries, Kasetsart University, Kamphaeng Saen Campus, Kamphaeng Saen, Nakhon Pathom 73140, Thailand.
| | - Akkarasiri Sangsawang
- Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Fisheries, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand.
| | - Phunsin Kantha
- Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Fisheries, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand.
| | - Suwinai Paankhao
- Kamphaeng Saen Fisheries Research Station, Faculty of Fisheries, Kasetsart University, Kamphaeng Saen Campus, Kamphaeng Saen, Nakhon Pathom 73140, Thailand.
| | - Kittipong Promsee
- Kamphaeng Saen Fisheries Research Station, Faculty of Fisheries, Kasetsart University, Kamphaeng Saen Campus, Kamphaeng Saen, Nakhon Pathom 73140, Thailand.
| | - Chayanit Soontara
- Kamphaeng Saen Fisheries Research Station, Faculty of Fisheries, Kasetsart University, Kamphaeng Saen Campus, Kamphaeng Saen, Nakhon Pathom 73140, Thailand.
| | - Sopanat Kongsriprapan
- Faculty of Science at Sriracha, Kasetsart University, Si Racha Campus, Si Racha, Chonburi, 20230, Thailand.
| | - Prapansak Srisapoome
- Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Fisheries, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand; Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Health Management, Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Fisheries, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand; Center of Excellence in Aquatic Animal Health Management, Faculty of Fisheries, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand.
| | - Benchawan Kumwan
- Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Fisheries, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand; Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Health Management, Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Fisheries, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand; Center of Excellence in Aquatic Animal Health Management, Faculty of Fisheries, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand.
| | - Pakapon Meachasompop
- Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Fisheries, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand; Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Health Management, Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Fisheries, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand; Center of Excellence in Aquatic Animal Health Management, Faculty of Fisheries, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand.
| | - Phornphan Phrompanya
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand.
| | - Wararut Buncharoen
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand.
| | - Anurak Uchuwittayakul
- Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Fisheries, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand; Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Health Management, Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Fisheries, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand; Center of Excellence in Aquatic Animal Health Management, Faculty of Fisheries, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand.
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Begum T, Arzmi MH, Khatib A, Uddin ABMH, Aisyah Abdullah M, Rullah K, Mat So'ad SZ, Zulaikha Haspi NF, Nazira Sarian M, Parveen H, Mukhtar S, Ahmed QU. A review on Mitragyna speciosa (Rubiaceae) as a prominent medicinal plant based on ethnobotany, phytochemistry and pharmacological activities. Nat Prod Res 2024:1-17. [PMID: 38923960 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2024.2371564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
Mitragyna speciosa Korth (kratom) is a tropical indigenous tree of Southeast Asia. It is commonly consumed by the people due to its various pharmacological properties. The leaves of this plant are traditionally used for the treatment of several diseases including pain, fever, cough, anxiety, depression, obesity, diarrhoea, wound healing, diabetes, hypertension as well as for the prevention of cancer and improvement of sexual performance. Phytochemical investigations have confirmed the presence of more than forty alkaloids along with the presence of other bioactive secondary metabolites. Among the alkaloids isolated, mitragynine and 7-hydroxymitragynine along with their derivatives have been widely evaluated and reported to possess various pharmacological effects. Hence, the aim of this review is to shed light on the traditional uses of kratom and the scientific studies to justify the folkloric claims and active principles responsible for the various medicinal effects associated with the leaves of this plant. This review highlights the potential benefits and toxicities associated with M. speciosa leaves along with the phytochemistry. Moreover, the existing gaps in the field of M. speciosa study have been identified along with the future directions to further avail the benefits of this plant species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taslima Begum
- Drug Discovery and Synthetic Chemistry Research Group, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Kulliyyah of Pharmacy, International Islamic University Malaysia, Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Hafiz Arzmi
- Department of Fundamental Dental and Medical Sciences, Kulliyyah of Dentistry, International Islamic University Malaysia, Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia
- Cluster of Cancer Research Initiative IIUM (COCRII), International Islamic University Malaysia, Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia
- Melbourne Dental School, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Alfi Khatib
- Drug Discovery and Synthetic Chemistry Research Group, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Kulliyyah of Pharmacy, International Islamic University Malaysia, Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia
| | - A B M Helal Uddin
- Drug Discovery and Synthetic Chemistry Research Group, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Kulliyyah of Pharmacy, International Islamic University Malaysia, Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia
| | - Maryam Aisyah Abdullah
- Drug Discovery and Synthetic Chemistry Research Group, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Kulliyyah of Pharmacy, International Islamic University Malaysia, Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia
| | - Kamal Rullah
- Drug Discovery and Synthetic Chemistry Research Group, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Kulliyyah of Pharmacy, International Islamic University Malaysia, Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia
| | - Siti Zaiton Mat So'ad
- Drug Discovery and Synthetic Chemistry Research Group, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Kulliyyah of Pharmacy, International Islamic University Malaysia, Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia
| | - Nur Fatihah Zulaikha Haspi
- Drug Discovery and Synthetic Chemistry Research Group, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Kulliyyah of Pharmacy, International Islamic University Malaysia, Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia
| | - Murni Nazira Sarian
- Institute of Systems Biology (INBIOSIS), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Humaira Parveen
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Sayeed Mukhtar
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Qamar Uddin Ahmed
- Drug Discovery and Synthetic Chemistry Research Group, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Kulliyyah of Pharmacy, International Islamic University Malaysia, Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia
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Sun J, Luo S, Deng J, Yang H. Phytochemicals in Chronic Disease Prevention. Nutrients 2023; 15:4933. [PMID: 38068791 PMCID: PMC10708514 DOI: 10.3390/nu15234933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Revised: 11/19/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic diseases, also known as noncommunicable diseases (NCD), are characterized by long durations and a slow progression of the associated medical conditions [...].
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Sun
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Shuwei Luo
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Jianjun Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetable Biobreeding, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China;
| | - Haixia Yang
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
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Janthongkaw A, Klaophimai S, Khampaya T, Yimthiang S, Yang Y, Ma R, Bumyut A, Pouyfung P. Effect of Green and Red Thai Kratom (Mitragyna speciosa) on pancreatic digestive enzymes (alpha-glucosidase and lipase) and acetyl-carboxylase 1 activity: A possible therapeutic target for obesity prevention. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0291738. [PMID: 37733688 PMCID: PMC10513218 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0291738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Regular use of Thai kratom has been linked to reduced blood triglyceride levels and body mass index (BMI) in healthy individuals. We analyzed Green Thai Kratom (GTK) and Red Thai Kratom (RTK) to investigate their effects on pancreatic digestive enzymes. The ethanol extracts of GTK and RTK inhibited lipase activity more strongly than alpha-glucosidase activity, suggesting the presence of lipase inhibitors. Mitragynine, the major compound in GTK, showed potent lipase inhibition and moderate alpha-glucosidase inhibition. Quercetin, found in both extracts, strongly inhibited alpha-glucosidase but had limited effects on lipase. These findings suggest that mitragynine and quercetin may hinder triglyceride and starch digestion. Combination inhibition studies revealed synergistic effects between mitragynine and quercetin on alpha-glucosidase activity. Additionally, both GTK and RTK extracts reduced fat accumulation in 3T3-L1 adipocyte cells, with quercetin specifically inhibiting Acetyl-CoA carboxylase 1 (ACC1), a key enzyme in fatty acid biosynthesis. Thus, GTK and RTK extracts, particularly mitragynine and quercetin, exhibit potential anti-obesity effects. We report the novel finding that Thai kratom inhibits de novo fatty acid synthesis by targeting ACC1, resulting in decreased fat accumulation in adipocytes. Regular use of Thai kratom in specific populations may improve blood triglyceride levels and reduce BMI by inhibiting lipase, alpha-glucosidase, and ACC1 activity. Further clinical trials are needed to determine optimal dosage, duration, toxicity levels, and potential side effects of Kratom use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atikarn Janthongkaw
- Environmental, Safety Technology and Health, School of Public Health, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand
| | - Sirinthip Klaophimai
- Department of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, Mahidol University, Ratchathevi, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Tanaporn Khampaya
- Environmental, Safety Technology and Health, School of Public Health, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand
- Occupational Health and Safety, School of Public Health, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand
| | - Supaporn Yimthiang
- Environmental, Safety Technology and Health, School of Public Health, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand
- Occupational Health and Safety, School of Public Health, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand
| | - Yilin Yang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Digestive Diseases, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, United States of America
| | - Ruixue Ma
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Apirak Bumyut
- Environmental Health and Technology, School of Public Health, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand
| | - Phisit Pouyfung
- Environmental, Safety Technology and Health, School of Public Health, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand
- Occupational Health and Safety, School of Public Health, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand
- Biomass and Oil Palm Center of Excellence, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand
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Prevete E, Kuypers KPC, Theunissen EL, Esposito G, Ramaekers JG, Pasquini M, Corazza O. Clinical Implications of Kratom ( Mitragyna speciosa) Use: a Literature Review. CURRENT ADDICTION REPORTS 2023; 10:317-334. [PMID: 37266188 PMCID: PMC10177737 DOI: 10.1007/s40429-023-00478-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Purpose of Review This work aims to provide an up-to-date review of the preclinical and clinical scientific literature on the therapeutic value of kratom to better understand the underlying mechanisms related to its use and inform future therapeutic applications. Recent Findings A growing number of studies, mainly of cross-sectional nature, describe the widespread use of kratom by individuals to self-treat pain, psychiatric symptoms, and substance use disorders (SUD) outside a controlled clinical setting. Preclinical evidence suggests kratom is effective as an analgesic agent and might decrease the self-administration of other drugs. A randomized controlled trial has further supported kratom's therapeutic value as an analgesic. Investigations in nonclinical samples of long-term kratom users also indicate its therapeutic benefit in managing SUD symptoms (e.g., craving) and long-term or acute symptoms (e.g., withdrawal) for alcohol, opioids, and other illicit drugs. However, episodes of kratom-related intoxications have also been reported, often due to the adulteration and the contamination of kratom products mainly sold online or mixed toxicities when consumed outside clinical and traditional settings. Summary Evidence on the clinical implications of kratom use is still limited and uncertain, with kratom research constantly evolving. Therefore, further randomized trials are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Prevete
- Department of Human Neurosciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale Dell’Università 30, 00185 Rome, Italy
- Department of Neuropsychology and Psychopharmacology, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Kim Paula Colette Kuypers
- Department of Neuropsychology and Psychopharmacology, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Eef Lien Theunissen
- Department of Neuropsychology and Psychopharmacology, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Gianluca Esposito
- Department of Psychology and Cognitive Science, University of Trento, Corso Bettini, 84, 38068 Rovereto, Italy
| | - Johannes Gerardus Ramaekers
- Department of Neuropsychology and Psychopharmacology, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Massimo Pasquini
- Department of Human Neurosciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale Dell’Università 30, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Ornella Corazza
- Department of Psychology and Cognitive Science, University of Trento, Corso Bettini, 84, 38068 Rovereto, Italy
- Department of Clinical, Pharmacological and Biological Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, College Lane, Hatfield, AL10 9AB UK
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