1
|
Zhang X, Jiang Y, Zeng J, Li X, Xie H, Yang R, Qi H, Zeng N. Phytochemistry, pharmacological properties and pharmacokinetics of Citri Reticulatae Pericarpium: A systematic review. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 333:118503. [PMID: 38942157 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2024.118503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2024] [Revised: 06/11/2024] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 06/30/2024]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Citri Reticulatae Pericarpium (CRP), known as Chen Pi in China, is the most commonly used medicine for regulating qi. As a traditional medicine, CRP has been extensively used in the clinical treatment of nausea, vomiting, cough and phlegm for thousands of years. It is mainly distributed in Guangdong, Sichuan, Fujian and Zhejiang in China. Due to its high frequency of use, many scholars have conducted a lot of research on it and the related chemical constituents it contains. In this review, the research progress on phytochemistry, pharmacology, pharmacokinetics and toxicology of CRP are summarized. AIM OF THE REVIEW The review aims to sort out the methods of extraction and purification, pharmacological activities and mechanisms of action, pharmacokinetics and toxicology of the chemical constituents in CRP, in order to elaborate the future research directions and challenges for the study of CRP and related chemical constituents. MATERIALS AND METHODS Valid and comprehensive relevant information was collected from China National Knowledge Infrastructure, Web of Science, PubMed and so on. RESULTS CRP contains a variety of compounds, of which terpenes, flavonoids and alkaloids are the main components, and they are also the primary bioactive components that play a pharmacological role. Flavonoids and terpenes are extracted and purified by aqueous and alcoholic extraction methods, assisted by ultrasonic and microwave extraction, in order to achieve higher yields with less resources. Pharmacological studies have shown that CRP possesses a variety of highly active chemical components and a wide range of pharmacological activities, including anti-tumor, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, hepatoprotective, therapeutic for cardiovascular-related disorders, antioxidant, antibacterial, and neuroprotective effects. CONCLUSIONS There is a diversity in the chemical compositions of CRP, which have multiple biological activities and promising applications. However, the pharmacological activities of CRP are mainly dependent on the action of its chemical components, but the relationship between the structure of chemical components and the biological effects has not been thoroughly investigated, and therefore, the structure-activity relationship is an issue that needs to be elucidated urgently. In addition, the pharmacokinetic studies of the relevant components can be further deepened and the correlation studies between pharmacological effects and syndromes of TCM can be expanded to ensure the effectiveness and rationality of CRP for human use.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiongwei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of TCM, Chengdu, 611137, China; School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611137, China
| | - Yanning Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of TCM, Chengdu, 611137, China; School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611137, China
| | - Jiuseng Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of TCM, Chengdu, 611137, China; School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611137, China
| | - Xiangyu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of TCM, Chengdu, 611137, China; School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611137, China
| | - Hongxiao Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of TCM, Chengdu, 611137, China; School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611137, China
| | - Ruocong Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of TCM, Chengdu, 611137, China; School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611137, China.
| | - Hu Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of TCM, Chengdu, 611137, China; School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611137, China.
| | - Nan Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of TCM, Chengdu, 611137, China; School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611137, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Aslan MN, Sukan-Karaçağıl B, Acar-Tek N. Roles of citrus fruits on energy expenditure, body weight management, and metabolic biomarkers: a comprehensive review. Nutr Rev 2024; 82:1292-1307. [PMID: 37702528 PMCID: PMC11317776 DOI: 10.1093/nutrit/nuad116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Citrus fruits are widely consumed for their nutritional and health benefits. They belong to the Rutaceae and have many varieties, such as sweet orange (Citrus sinensis), which is the most popular. Citrus fruits are rich in water (>80%), dietary fiber, and vitamins. They also contain bioactive components, which may modulate energy metabolism and lipid oxidation through various mechanisms. These mechanisms include stimulating β3-adrenergic receptors, increasing mitochondrial biogenesis and thermogenesis, activating AMP kinase and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma coactivator-1α pathways, inhibiting lipogenesis and lipid accumulation, and inducing browning of white adipose tissue. This review summarizes the mechanisms and outcomes of citrus fruits and their metabolites on energy metabolism and body weight in different experimental models. The literature was searched for in vitro and in vivo animal and human studies that investigated the effects of citrus consumption on energy expenditure, thermogenesis, adipogenesis, and lipid accumulation. Citrus fruits and their metabolites have shown promising effects on energy metabolism and lipid oxidation in in vitro and in vivo animal studies. However, the evidence from human studies is limited and inconsistent. Possible reasons for the discrepancy are briefly discussed, and knowledge gaps and research needs are identified for future studies. Citrus fruits may have beneficial effects on energy metabolism and body weight, but more rigorous and well-designed human trials are needed to confirm their efficacy and safety.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Merve Nur Aslan
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Bolu Abant Izzet Baysal University, Bolu, Turkey
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Institute of Health Sciences, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Betül Sukan-Karaçağıl
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Institute of Health Sciences, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Nilüfer Acar-Tek
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Lobato CT, Castelo Branco S, Camões J, Molinos E. Rhabdomyolysis secondary to a weight-loss prescription. BMJ Case Rep 2024; 17:e258208. [PMID: 38857915 DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2023-258208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2024] Open
Abstract
We present a case of a case of a man in his 70s on multiple medications (including treatment of ischemic heart disease and diabetes who developed significant rhabdomyolysis, complicated by acute kidney injury (AKI) and encephalopathy, while using a compounded medication for weight loss. The patient was admitted to the intensive care unit and progressed favourably after haemodialysis and supportive care. Information regarding the ingestion of weight-loss drugs was unknown at the time of admission and was only discovered after resolution of encephalopathy, raising the possibility of toxin-associated rhabdomyolysis. This case emphasises the need for a thorough clinical history and scrutiny of the safety of weight-loss prescriptions, including preparations that comprise a combination of drugs and supplements that may adversely interact with chronic medications, especially in polymedicated patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - João Camões
- Emergency and Intensive Care, Hospital Pedro Hispano, Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Elena Molinos
- Emergency and Intensive Care, Hospital Pedro Hispano, Matosinhos, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Bai J, Tan X, Tang S, Liu X, Shao L, Wang C, Huang L. Citrus p-Synephrine Improves Energy Homeostasis by Regulating Amino Acid Metabolism in HFD-Induced Mice. Nutrients 2024; 16:248. [PMID: 38257140 PMCID: PMC10818793 DOI: 10.3390/nu16020248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Revised: 01/07/2024] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
p-Synephrine is a common alkaloid widely distributed in citrus fruits. However, the effects of p-synephrine on the metabolic profiles of individuals with energy abnormalities are still unclear. In the study, we investigated the effect of p-synephrine on energy homeostasis and metabolic profiles using a high fat diet (HFD)-induced mouse model. We found that p-synephrine inhibited the gain in body weight, liver weight and white adipose tissues weight induced by HFD. p-Synephrine supplementation also reduced levels of serum total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) but not to a statistically significant degree. Histological analysis showed that HFD induced excessive lipid accumulation and glycogen loss in the liver and adipocyte enlargement in perirenal fat tissue, while p-synephrine supplementation reversed the changes induced by HFD. Moreover, HFD feeding significantly increased mRNA expression levels of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and reduced the mRNA expression level of interleukin-10 (IL-10) compared to the control group, while p-synephrine supplementation significantly reversed these HFD-induced changes. Liver and serum metabolomic analysis showed that p-synephrine supplementation significantly altered small molecule metabolites in liver and serum in HFD mice and that the changes were closely associated with improvement of energy homeostasis. Notably, amino acid metabolism pathways, both in liver and serum samples, were significantly enriched. Our study suggests that p-synephrine improves energy homeostasis probably by regulating amino acid metabolism in HFD mice, which provides a novel insight into the action mechanism of p-synephrine modulating energy homeostasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Junying Bai
- Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing 400700, China; (J.B.)
- National Citrus Engineering Research Center, Chongqing 400700, China
| | - Xiang Tan
- Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing 400700, China; (J.B.)
- National Citrus Engineering Research Center, Chongqing 400700, China
| | - Sheng Tang
- Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing 400700, China; (J.B.)
- National Citrus Engineering Research Center, Chongqing 400700, China
| | - Xin Liu
- Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing 400700, China; (J.B.)
- National Citrus Engineering Research Center, Chongqing 400700, China
| | - Linzi Shao
- Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing 400700, China; (J.B.)
- National Citrus Engineering Research Center, Chongqing 400700, China
| | - Chen Wang
- National Citrus Engineering Research Center, Chongqing 400700, China
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing 400700, China
| | - Linhua Huang
- Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing 400700, China; (J.B.)
- National Citrus Engineering Research Center, Chongqing 400700, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Zhou P, Zheng M, Li X, Zhou J, Li W, Yang Y. Load mechanism and release behaviour of synephrine-loaded calcium pectinate beads: Experiments characterizations, theoretical calculations and mathematical modeling. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 242:125042. [PMID: 37230446 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.125042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Revised: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
It is an appropriate strategy to construct the carrier material with polysaccharide pectin, which is the characteristics of good bio-compatible, safe and non-toxic, avoiding the functional loss of bioactive ingredients and achieve sustained release. However, the loading mechanism of the active ingredient and the release behaviour of the active ingredient from the carrier material is still at the stage of conjecture. In this study, a kind of synephrine-loaded calcium pectinate beads (SCPB) with high encapsulation efficiency (95.6 %), loading capacity (11.5 %) and excellent controlled release behaviour was constructed. The interaction between synephrine (SYN) and quaternary ammonium fructus aurantii immaturus pectin (QFAIP) was revealed by FTIR, NMR and density functional theory (DFT) calculation. An inter-molecular hydrogen bond and Van der Waals forces between 7-OH, 11-OH and 10-NH of SYN and -OH, -C=O and N + (CH3)3 of QFAIP were formed. The release experiment in vitro showed that the QFAIP could effectively avoid the release of SYN in gastric fluid, and also realized the slow and full release of SYN in intestinal tract. Moreover, the release mechanism of SCPB in simulated gastric fluid (SGF) was Fickian diffusion, while in simulated intestinal fluid (SIF) was a non-Fickian diffusion controlled by both diffusion and skeleton dissolution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peng Zhou
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, Hunan, China
| | - Min Zheng
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, Hunan, China; Hunan First Normal University, Changsha 410205, Hunan, China
| | - Xiangzhou Li
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, Hunan, China; Institute of Natural Products Research and Development, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, Hunan, China.
| | - Jun Zhou
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, Hunan, China
| | - Wensheng Li
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, Hunan, China; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, Hunan, China
| | - Yanhong Yang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, Hunan, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Natural Sympathomimetic Drugs: From Pharmacology to Toxicology. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12121793. [PMID: 36551221 PMCID: PMC9775352 DOI: 10.3390/biom12121793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Sympathomimetic agents are a group of chemical compounds that are able to activate the sympathetic nervous system either directly via adrenergic receptors or indirectly by increasing endogenous catecholamine levels or mimicking their intracellular signaling pathways. Compounds from this group, both used therapeutically or abused, comprise endogenous catecholamines (such as adrenaline and noradrenaline), synthetic amines (e.g., isoproterenol and dobutamine), trace amines (e.g., tyramine, tryptamine, histamine and octopamine), illicit drugs (e.g., ephedrine, cathinone, and cocaine), or even caffeine and synephrine. In addition to the effects triggered by stimulation of the sympathetic system, the discovery of trace amine associated receptors (TAARs) in humans brought new insights about their sympathomimetic pharmacology and toxicology. Although synthetic sympathomimetic agents are mostly seen as toxic, natural sympathomimetic agents are considered more complacently in the terms of safety in the vision of the lay public. Here, we aim to discuss the pharmacological and mainly toxicological aspects related to sympathomimetic natural agents, in particular of trace amines, compounds derived from plants like ephedra and khat, and finally cocaine. The main purpose of this review is to give a scientific and updated view of those agents and serve as a reminder on the safety issues of natural sympathomimetic agents most used in the community.
Collapse
|