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Tosyali M, Koç F. Adherence to iron supplementation during the first year of life infants in Izmir, Turkey. Medicine (Baltimore) 2024; 103:e38926. [PMID: 39029017 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000038926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/21/2024] Open
Abstract
To determine the prevalence of adherence to iron supplementation and the risk factors for incomplete adherence during the first year of life of infants in Izmir, Turkey. In this cross-sectional study, a total of 511 infants aged 2 to 12 months who presented to the Pediatrics outpatient clinics of Ege University Children's Hospital were included. Mothers (n = 511) who agreed to participate in the study were interviewed face-to-face and a comprehensive questionnaire including questions about the sociodemographic characteristics of the children and the family, and their adherence to iron supplementation was administered. The data obtained from 471 (92.2%) mothers who used iron supplements for their babies were subjected to further statistical analysis. Analyses were performed with SPSS 25.0. Chi-square test was used for univariate analysis and logistic regression analysis was used to determine the independent factors associated with incomplete adherence to iron supplementation. A total of 511 mothers were surveyed. Among the infants of mothers who participated in the study, 471 (92.2%) were taking iron supplementation. Of the infants who received iron supplementation, 58.3% were given iron supplementation with complete adherence. The percentage of complete adherence with iron supplementation was 35.1% between 2 and 4 months, 66.3% between 5 and 8 months, and 52.4% between 9 to 12 months. In univariate analysis, statistically significant differences were found between complete and incomplete adherence to iron supplementation in terms of infant age, time of birth, family income, maternal education, and maternal employment status (P < .001). When the data were analyzed using multivariate analysis, only maternal education level and infant age group were found to be statistically significant independent variables for complete and incomplete adherence to iron supplementation (P < .001). In populations with a high prevalence of ID, incomplete adherence to iron supplementation is a serious risk factor for ID/IDA. Although iron supplements are routinely given to infants by the Ministry of Health in Turkey, the prevalence of complete adherence to iron supplementation is low. Therefore, in order to increase the rate of complete adherence to iron supplementation, the iron supplementation status of infants should be reviewed in detail at each health child visit and families should be informed about the importance of supplementation to prevent iron deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merve Tosyali
- Division of Social Pediatrics, Department of Pediatrics, Ege University Children's Hospital, Ege University, Faculty of Medicine, Bornova, Izmir, Turkey
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Gvozdenko A, Blinov A, Golik A, Rekhman Z, Nagdalian A, Filippov D, Askerova A, Bocharov N, Kastarnova E, Hassan FA, AL-Farga A, Shariati MA. Harnessing the Power of a Novel Triple Chelate Complex in Fermented Probiotic Dairy Products: A Promising Solution for Combating Iron Deficiency Anemia. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:28594-28610. [PMID: 38973905 PMCID: PMC11223220 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.4c02664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2024] [Revised: 06/02/2024] [Accepted: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 07/09/2024]
Abstract
This study discovered and examined novel triple chelate complexes involving iron, ascorbic acid, and essential amino acids (AsA-Fe-AmA triple chelate complexes) for the first time. The mechanism of complex formation was studied using FTIR spectroscopy and quantum chemical modeling. The produced complexes were shown to be suitable for fortifying food items with a pH of 3-7 that have not been exposed to heat treatment at temperatures over 75 °C for more than 15 min. Thus, it can be said that the concentration for milk fortification should be 0.005 mol/L or less. In vivo experiments in rats models revealed that the synthesized complexes increased serum iron levels after a single application to reference values within 24 h of oral administration. The iron level increased by 14.0 mmol/L at 2 mL dose of the complex. This fact makes it possible to consider the use of developed complexes and developed fermented dairy products for the prevention of iron deficiency and iron deficiency anemia. Research on the effect of discovered compounds on the physicochemical and organoleptic qualities of milk was conducted. Furthermore, iron ascorbate threoninate, iron ascorbate methioninate, iron ascorbate lysinate, and iron ascorbate tryptophanate all had a beneficial effect on Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus at concentrations as low as 0.0005 mol/L, which is significant for milk fermentation. A study of fermented milk products revealed that the most effective AsA-Fe-AmA triple chelate complex is iron ascorbate lysinate, which might be further investigated as a viable molecule for dietary fortification in iron deficiency anemia. It was found that fortified fermented milk products had a titratable acidity of 67 ± 1°T, pH of 4.38 ± 0.05, and a viscosity of 2018 ± 142 Pa·s.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexey Gvozdenko
- Physical
and Technical Faculty, North-Caucasus Federal
University, Stavropol 355017, Russia
| | - Andrey Blinov
- Physical
and Technical Faculty, North-Caucasus Federal
University, Stavropol 355017, Russia
| | - Alexey Golik
- Physical
and Technical Faculty, North-Caucasus Federal
University, Stavropol 355017, Russia
| | - Zafar Rekhman
- Physical
and Technical Faculty, North-Caucasus Federal
University, Stavropol 355017, Russia
| | - Andrey Nagdalian
- Laboratory
of Food and Industrial Biotechnology, North-Caucasus
Federal University, Stavropol 355017, Russia
| | - Dionis Filippov
- Physical
and Technical Faculty, North-Caucasus Federal
University, Stavropol 355017, Russia
| | - Alina Askerova
- Laboratory
of Food and Industrial Biotechnology, North-Caucasus
Federal University, Stavropol 355017, Russia
| | - Nikita Bocharov
- Physical
and Technical Faculty, North-Caucasus Federal
University, Stavropol 355017, Russia
| | - Elena Kastarnova
- Eterinary
Faculty, Stavropol Sate Agrarian University, Zootechnicheskiy Street 9, Stavropol 355017, Russia
| | - Faten Abdo Hassan
- Faculty
of Science, Department of Microbiology, Taiz University, Taiz 9674, Yemen
| | - Ammar AL-Farga
- Department
of Biochemistry, College of Science, University
of Jeddah, Jeddah 21577, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad Ali Shariati
- Scientific
Department, Semey Branch of the Kazakh Research
Institute of Processing and Food Industry, Gagarin Avenue 238G, Almaty 050060, Kazakhstan
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Shete PA, Ghatpande NS, Varma ME, Joshi PV, Suryavanshi KR, Misar AV, Jadhav SH, Apte PP, Kulkarni PP. Chronic dietary iron overload affects hepatic iron metabolism and cognitive behavior in Wistar rats. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2024; 84:127422. [PMID: 38492476 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2024.127422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Revised: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Iron accumulation in organs affects iron metabolism, leading to deleterious effects on the body. Previously, it was studied that high dietary iron in various forms and concentrations influences iron metabolism, resulting in iron accumulation in the liver and spleen and cognitive impairment. However, the actual mechanism and impact of long-term exposure to high dietary iron remain unknown. As a result, we postulated that iron overload caused by chronic exposure to excessive dietary iron supplementation would play a role in iron dyshomeostasis and inflammation in the liver and brain of Wistar rats. METHODS Animals were segregated into control, low iron (FAC-Ferric Ammonium Citrate 5000 ppm), and high iron dose group (FAC 20,000 ppm). The outcome of dietary iron overload on Wistar rats was evaluated in terms of body weight, biochemical markers, histological examination of liver and brain tissue, and cognitive-behavioral studies. Also, gene expression of rat brain tissue involving iron transporters Dmt1, TfR1, iron storage protein Fpn1, inflammatory markers Nf-kB, Tnf-α, Il-6, and hepcidin was performed. RESULTS Our data indicate that excess iron supplementation for 30 weeks leads to decreased body weight, increased serum iron levels, and decreased RBC levels in iron fed Wistar rats. Morris water maze (MWM) studies after 30 weeks showed increased escape latency in the high iron dose group compared with the control group. Histological studies of the high iron dose group showed an iron accumulation in the liver and brain loss of cellular architecture, and cellular degeneration was observed. Excess iron treatment showed upregulation of the Dmt1 gene in iron metabolism and a remarkable increase in the Nf-kB gene in rat brain tissue. CONCLUSION The results show chronic excess iron supplementation leads to iron accumulation in the liver, leading to inflammation in Wistar rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Padmaja Anil Shete
- Bioprospecting Group, Agharkar Research Institute, G. G. Agarkar Road, Pune, Maharashtra 411004, India; Savitribai Phule Pune University, Ganeshkhind, Pune, Maharashtra 411007, India.
| | - Niraj Sudhir Ghatpande
- Bioprospecting Group, Agharkar Research Institute, G. G. Agarkar Road, Pune, Maharashtra 411004, India.
| | - Mokshada Evameshwar Varma
- Bioprospecting Group, Agharkar Research Institute, G. G. Agarkar Road, Pune, Maharashtra 411004, India.
| | - Pranav Vijay Joshi
- Bioprospecting Group, Agharkar Research Institute, G. G. Agarkar Road, Pune, Maharashtra 411004, India.
| | - Komal Ravindra Suryavanshi
- Bioprospecting Group, Agharkar Research Institute, G. G. Agarkar Road, Pune, Maharashtra 411004, India; Savitribai Phule Pune University, Ganeshkhind, Pune, Maharashtra 411007, India.
| | - Ashwini Vivek Misar
- Bioprospecting Group, Agharkar Research Institute, G. G. Agarkar Road, Pune, Maharashtra 411004, India.
| | - Sachin Hanumantrao Jadhav
- Nanobioscience Group, Agharkar Research Institute, G. G. Agarkar Road, Pune, Maharashtra 411004, India.
| | - Priti Parag Apte
- Bioprospecting Group, Agharkar Research Institute, G. G. Agarkar Road, Pune, Maharashtra 411004, India.
| | - Prasad Padmakar Kulkarni
- Bioprospecting Group, Agharkar Research Institute, G. G. Agarkar Road, Pune, Maharashtra 411004, India; Savitribai Phule Pune University, Ganeshkhind, Pune, Maharashtra 411007, India.
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Park J, Wickramasinghe S, Mills DA, Lönnerdal BL, Ji P. Iron Fortification and Inulin Supplementation in Early Infancy: Evaluating the Impact on Iron Metabolism and Trace Mineral Status in a Piglet Model. Curr Dev Nutr 2024; 8:102147. [PMID: 38645881 PMCID: PMC11026733 DOI: 10.1016/j.cdnut.2024.102147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Infant formula in the United States contains abundant iron, raising health concerns about excess iron intake in early infancy. Objectives Using a piglet model, we explored the impact of high iron fortification and prebiotic or synbiotic supplementation on iron homeostasis and trace mineral bioavailability. Methods Twenty-four piglets were stratified and randomly assigned to treatments on postnatal day 2. Piglets were individually housed and received an iron-adequate milk diet (AI), a high-iron milk diet (HI), HI supplemented with 5% inulin (HI with a prebiotic [HIP]), or HIP with an oral gavage of Ligilactobacillus agilis YZ050, an inulin-fermenting strain, every third day (HI with synbiotic [HIS]). Milk was provided in 14 meals daily, mimicking formula feeding in infants. Fecal consistency score and body weight were recorded daily or every other day. Blood and feces were sampled weekly, and tissues collected on postnatal day 29. Data were analyzed using mixed model analysis of variance with repeated measures whenever necessary. Results Diet did not affect growth. HI increased hemoglobin, hematocrit, and serum iron compared to AI. Despite marginal adequacy, AI upregulated iron transporter genes and maintained satisfactory iron status in most pigs. HI upregulated hepcidin gene expression in liver, caused pronounced tissue iron deposition, and markedly increased colonic and fecal iron. Inulin supplementation, regardless of L. agilis YZ050, not only attenuated hepatic iron overload but also decreased colonic and fecal iron without altering pH or the expression of iron regulatory genes. HI lowered zinc (Zn) and copper (Cu) in the duodenum and liver compared to AI, whereas HIP and HIS further decreased Zn and Cu in the liver and diminished colonic and fecal trace minerals. Conclusions Early-infancy excessive iron fortification causes iron overload and compromises Zn and Cu absorption. Inulin decreases trace mineral absorption likely by enhancing gut peristalsis and stool frequency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jungjae Park
- Department of Nutrition, University of California Davis, CA, United States
| | - Saumya Wickramasinghe
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California Davis, CA, United States
| | - David A. Mills
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California Davis, CA, United States
| | - Bo L. Lönnerdal
- Department of Nutrition, University of California Davis, CA, United States
| | - Peng Ji
- Department of Nutrition, University of California Davis, CA, United States
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Ebea PO, Vidyasagar S, Connor JR, Frazer DM, Knutson MD, Collins JF. Oral iron therapy: Current concepts and future prospects for improving efficacy and outcomes. Br J Haematol 2024; 204:759-773. [PMID: 38253961 PMCID: PMC10939879 DOI: 10.1111/bjh.19268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Revised: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
Iron deficiency (ID) and iron-deficiency anaemia (IDA) are global public health concerns, most commonly afflicting children, pregnant women and women of childbearing age. Pathological outcomes of ID include delayed cognitive development in children, adverse pregnancy outcomes and decreased work capacity in adults. IDA is usually treated by oral iron supplementation, typically using iron salts (e.g. FeSO4 ); however, dosing at several-fold above the RDA may be required due to less efficient absorption. Excess enteral iron causes adverse gastrointestinal side effects, thus reducing compliance, and negatively impacts the gut microbiome. Recent research has sought to identify new iron formulations with better absorption so that lower effective dosing can be utilized. This article outlines emerging research on oral iron supplementation and focuses on molecular mechanisms by which different supplemental forms of iron are transported across the intestinal epithelium and whether these transport pathways are subject to regulation by the iron-regulatory hormone hepcidin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pearl O. Ebea
- Food Science & Human Nutrition Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | | | - James R. Connor
- Department of Neurosurgery, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - David M. Frazer
- Molecular Nutrition Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Mitchell D. Knutson
- Food Science & Human Nutrition Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - James F. Collins
- Food Science & Human Nutrition Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
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Sandri BJ, Kim J, Lubach GR, Lock EF, Ennis-Czerniak K, Kling PJ, Georgieff MK, Coe CL, Rao RB. Prognostic Performance of Hematological and Serum Iron and Metabolite Indices for Detection of Early Iron Deficiency Induced Metabolic Brain Dysfunction in Infant Rhesus Monkeys. J Nutr 2024; 154:875-885. [PMID: 38072152 PMCID: PMC10942850 DOI: 10.1016/j.tjnut.2023.10.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Revised: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 12/27/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The current pediatric practice of monitoring for infantile iron deficiency (ID) via hemoglobin (Hgb) screening at one y of age does not identify preanemic ID nor protect against later neurocognitive deficits. OBJECTIVES To identify biomarkers of iron-related metabolic alterations in the serum and brain and determine the sensitivity of conventional iron and heme indices for predicting risk of brain metabolic dysfunction using a nonhuman primate model of infantile ID. METHODS Simultaneous serum iron and RBC indices, and serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) metabolomic profiles were determined in 20 rhesus infants, comparing iron sufficient (IS; N = 10) and ID (N = 10) infants at 2 and 4 mo of age. RESULTS Reticulocyte hemoglobin (RET-He) was lower at 2 wk in the ID group. Significant IS compared with ID differences in serum iron indices were present at 2 mo, but Hgb and RBC indices differed only at 4 mo (P < 0.05). Serum and CSF metabolomic profiles of the ID and IS groups differed at 2 and 4 mo (P < 0.05). Key metabolites, including homostachydrine and stachydrine (4-5-fold lower at 4 mo in ID group, P < 0.05), were altered in both serum and CSF. Iron indices and RET-He at 2 mo, but not Hgb or other RBC indices, were correlated with altered CSF metabolic profile at 4 mo and had comparable predictive accuracy (area under the receiver operating characteristic curve scores, 0.75-0.80). CONCLUSIONS Preanemic ID at 2 mo was associated with metabolic alterations in serum and CSF in infant monkeys. Among the RBC indices, only RET-He predicted the future risk of abnormal CSF metabolic profile with a predictive accuracy comparable to serum iron indices. The concordance of homostachydrine and stachydrine changes in serum and CSF indicates their potential use as early biomarkers of brain metabolic dysfunction in infantile ID.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian J Sandri
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States; Masonic Institute for the Developing Brain, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Jonathan Kim
- Division of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Gabriele R Lubach
- Harlow Center for Biological Psychology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Eric F Lock
- Division of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Kathleen Ennis-Czerniak
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Pamela J Kling
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Michael K Georgieff
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States; Masonic Institute for the Developing Brain, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Christopher L Coe
- Harlow Center for Biological Psychology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Raghavendra B Rao
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States; Masonic Institute for the Developing Brain, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States.
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Wang F, Fernandez-Gonzalez P, Ramon E, Gomez-Gutierrez P, Morillo M, Garriga P. Effect of Trace Metal Ions on the Conformational Stability of the Visual Photoreceptor Rhodopsin. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:11231. [PMID: 37446409 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241311231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Revised: 07/01/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Trace metals are essential elements that play key roles in a number of biochemical processes governing human visual physiology in health and disease. Several trace metals, such as zinc, have been shown to play important roles in the visual phototransduction process. In spite of this, there has been little research conducted on the direct effect of trace metal elements on the visual photoreceptor rhodopsin. In the current study, we have determined the effect of several metal ions, such as iron, copper, chromium, manganese, and nickel, on the conformational stability of rhodopsin. To this aim, we analyzed, by means of UV-visible and fluorescence spectroscopic methods, the effects of these trace elements on the thermal stability of dark rhodopsin, the stability of its active Metarhodopsin II conformation, and its chromophore regeneration. Our results show that copper prevented rhodopsin regeneration and slowed down the retinal release process after illumination. In turn, Fe3+, but not Fe2+, increased the thermal stability of the dark inactive conformation of rhodopsin, whereas copper ions markedly decreased it. These findings stress the important role of trace metals in retinal physiology at the photoreceptor level and may be useful for the development of novel therapeutic strategies to treat retinal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feifei Wang
- Grup de Biotecnologia Molecular i Industrial, Centre de Biotecnologia Molecular, Departament d'Enginyeria Química, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya-Barcelona Tech, Edifici Gaia, Rambla de Sant Nebridi 22, 08222 Terrassa, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Pol Fernandez-Gonzalez
- Grup de Biotecnologia Molecular i Industrial, Centre de Biotecnologia Molecular, Departament d'Enginyeria Química, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya-Barcelona Tech, Edifici Gaia, Rambla de Sant Nebridi 22, 08222 Terrassa, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Eva Ramon
- Grup de Biotecnologia Molecular i Industrial, Centre de Biotecnologia Molecular, Departament d'Enginyeria Química, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya-Barcelona Tech, Edifici Gaia, Rambla de Sant Nebridi 22, 08222 Terrassa, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Patricia Gomez-Gutierrez
- Departament d'Enginyeria Química, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya-Barcelona Tech, Edifici ETSEIB, Av. Diagonal 647, 08028 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Margarita Morillo
- Grup de Biotecnologia Molecular i Industrial, Centre de Biotecnologia Molecular, Departament d'Enginyeria Química, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya-Barcelona Tech, Edifici Gaia, Rambla de Sant Nebridi 22, 08222 Terrassa, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Pere Garriga
- Grup de Biotecnologia Molecular i Industrial, Centre de Biotecnologia Molecular, Departament d'Enginyeria Química, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya-Barcelona Tech, Edifici Gaia, Rambla de Sant Nebridi 22, 08222 Terrassa, Catalonia, Spain
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Stuparu-Cretu M, Braniste G, Necula GA, Stanciu S, Stoica D, Stoica M. Metal Oxide Nanoparticles in Food Packaging and Their Influence on Human Health. Foods 2023; 12:foods12091882. [PMID: 37174420 PMCID: PMC10178527 DOI: 10.3390/foods12091882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Revised: 04/29/2023] [Accepted: 05/01/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
It is a matter of common knowledge in the literature that engineered metal oxide nanoparticles have properties that are efficient for the design of innovative food/beverage packages. Although nanopackages have many benefits, there are circumstances when these materials are able to release nanoparticles into the food/beverage matrix. Once dispersed into food, engineered metal oxide nanoparticles travel through the gastrointestinal tract and subsequently enter human cells, where they display various behaviors influencing human health or wellbeing. This review article provides an insight into the antimicrobial mechanisms of metal oxide nanoparticles as essential for their benefits in food/beverage packaging and provides a discussion on the oral route of these nanoparticles from nanopackages to the human body. This contribution also highlights the potential toxicity of metal oxide nanoparticles for human health. The fact that only a small number of studies address the issue of food packaging based on engineered metal oxide nanoparticles should be particularly noted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Stuparu-Cretu
- Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, "Dunarea de Jos" University of Galati, 35 Alexandru Ioan Cuza Street, 800010 Galati, Romania
| | - Gheorghe Braniste
- Cross-Border Faculty, "Dunarea de Jos" University of Galati, 111 Domneasca Street, 800201 Galati, Romania
| | - Gina-Aurora Necula
- Cross-Border Faculty, "Dunarea de Jos" University of Galati, 111 Domneasca Street, 800201 Galati, Romania
| | - Silvius Stanciu
- Faculty of Food Science, "Dunarea de Jos" University of Galati, 111 Domneasca Street, 800201 Galati, Romania
| | - Dimitrie Stoica
- Faculty of Economics and Business Administration, "Dunarea de Jos" University of Galati, 59-61 Balcescu Street, 800001 Galati, Romania
| | - Maricica Stoica
- Cross-Border Faculty, "Dunarea de Jos" University of Galati, 111 Domneasca Street, 800201 Galati, Romania
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