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Aono M, Ushio S, Araki Y, Ueno R, Iwano S, Takaoka A, Tomata Y. Japanese Diet Indices and Nutrient Density in US Adults: A Cross-Sectional Analysis with NHANES Data. Nutrients 2024; 16:2431. [PMID: 39125312 PMCID: PMC11314486 DOI: 10.3390/nu16152431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2024] [Revised: 07/20/2024] [Accepted: 07/24/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies have shown that Japanese dietary patterns are associated with high nutrient density. However, these studies were limited to the Japanese population. We examined this association in the US population. METHODS A cross-sectional analysis was conducted using data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2017-2018. We included 3138 people aged 20-79 years. Food and nutrient intake data were based on the 24 h recall method. Three Japanese diet indices were used: (1) Japanese Diet Index (JDI, based on 9 food items), (2) modified JDI (mJDI, based on 12 food items), and (3) weighted JDI (wJDI, selected and weighted from mJDI food items). The nutrient density (ND) score was calculated based on the Nutrient-Rich Food Index 9.3. Spearman's rank correlation coefficients were calculated. RESULTS The correlation coefficients with the ND score were 0.24 (p < 0.001) for the JDI and 0.38 (p < 0.001) for the mJDI. The correlation coefficient between the wJDI and ND score was 0.48 (p < 0.001). The three Japanese diet indices were correlated with the ND score in all racial groups (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Even among the US population, higher degrees of Japanese diet defined by the JDI or mJDI were associated with higher nutrient density.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Yasutake Tomata
- School of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health and Social Services, Kanagawa University of Human Services, 1-10-1, Heisei-cho, Yokosuka 238-8522, Japan
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Murphy MM, Anderson MM, Bi X. Consumption of beef sandwiches in the United States and contributions to intake of energy and select nutrients. Front Nutr 2024; 11:1355490. [PMID: 38915857 PMCID: PMC11194417 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2024.1355490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Sandwiches are commonly consumed in the United States. This study summarizes contributions of beef sandwiches to energy and select nutrient intakes. Methods Beef sandwiches were categorized as beef burger sandwiches (hamburgers or cheeseburgers) and non-burger beef sandwiches. Per capita and per user consumption of beef sandwiches (total and by type) and contributions to total nutrient intakes from beef and non-beef sandwich components were estimated for the population ages ≥2 years (n = 15,984) participating in WWEIA/NHANES, 2013-2016. Results On any given day, 21.4% of the population consumed a beef sandwich. Among all Americans, beef sandwiches provided 6.3% of mean energy intake and accounted for approximately 10% of the population's mean intake of vitamin B12 and saturated fat, 9% of protein and sodium, 7% of iron, 6% of choline, and 5% of potassium. Among beef sandwich consumers, beef sandwiches accounted for 26.2% of mean energy intake on a day of consumption. The beef component of sandwiches accounted for the majority of vitamin B12, choline, and protein, non-beef components accounted for the majority of sodium, iron, and potassium, and beef and non-beef components made similar contributions to saturated fat. Hamburgers provided consumers the lowest energy, sodium, and saturated fat intake, while non-burger sandwiches provided the highest intake of these nutrients. Discussion Beef sandwiches are an important source of energy, protein, vitamin B12, iron, and choline, and like other sandwiches, are also a source of sodium and saturated fat. Americans could enhance nutrient contributions from sandwiches by selecting lean meat and limiting use of saturated fat- or sodium-rich non-beef components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary M. Murphy
- Center for Chemical Regulation & Food Safety, Exponent, Inc., Washington, DC, United States
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Chapman LE, Richardson SA, Rimm EB, Gortmaker SL, Lee MM, Cohen JFW. Daily Saturated Fat and Sodium Content of Elementary School Meals in a Large Sample of 128 Geographically Diverse School Systems in the United States. J Acad Nutr Diet 2024; 124:346-357.e2. [PMID: 37858673 PMCID: PMC10922125 DOI: 10.1016/j.jand.2023.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Revised: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite federal regulations limiting saturated fat and sodium levels on a weekly average basis, daily nutrient content of school meals in the United States is not regulated, leading to potential large fluctuations and intake well in excess of dietary recommendations. OBJECTIVE To assess the daily prevalence of potential public elementary school meal combinations that were high in saturated fat and sodium (using cutoffs based on the US Department of Agriculture weekly average reimbursable meal thresholds), and to identify saturated fat and sodium thresholds for entrées to limit full meals exceeding those cutoffs. DESIGN Cross-sectional. PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING Four weeks of publicly available public elementary school (kindergarten through grade five) breakfast and lunch menus with associated nutrition data were collected from a national stratified random sample of 128 school districts during fall 2019. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Percent of meal combinations exceeding the saturated fat and Target 1 sodium thresholds were calculated, as well as thresholds for saturated fat and sodium levels in breakfast and lunch entrées. STATISTICAL ANALYSES Descriptive statistics and logistic regression were used to examine the odds of alignment with sodium and saturated fat US Department of Agriculture thresholds. RESULTS The prevalence of elementary breakfast and lunch meal combinations that were high in sodium was on average 11% and 12.4%, respectively, and for saturated fat was 10.6% and 34%, respectively. Entrées above certain thresholds (≥400 and ≥1,000 mg sodium and ≥4.5 and ≥6 g saturated fat for breakfast and lunch, respectively) had a higher odds of producing a reimbursable meal that was high in sodium and saturated fat. CONCLUSIONS There is widespread availability of high-saturated fat and sodium elementary school meal combinations on a daily basis. Daily thresholds, in addition to weekly nutrient thresholds, as well as limits on sodium and saturated fat for entrées, may therefore be needed to prevent daily excess intake of saturated fat and sodium among elementary students.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leah Elizabeth Chapman
- Department of Nutrition and Public Health, Merrimack College, North Andover, Massachusetts; Center for Health Inclusion, Research, and Practice, Merrimack College, North Andover, Massachusetts.
| | - Scott A Richardson
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Eric B Rimm
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Steven L Gortmaker
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts; Harvard Prevention Research Center, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Matthew M Lee
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Juliana F W Cohen
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Nutrition and Public Health, Merrimack College, North Andover, Massachusetts; Center for Health Inclusion, Research, and Practice, Merrimack College, North Andover, Massachusetts
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Liu D, Tian Y, Wang R, Zhang T, Shen S, Zeng P, Zou T. Sodium, potassium intake, and all-cause mortality: confusion and new findings. BMC Public Health 2024; 24:180. [PMID: 38225648 PMCID: PMC10789005 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-023-17582-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The World Health Organization (WHO) has established recommended daily intakes for sodium and potassium. However, there is currently some controversy regarding the association between sodium intake, potassium intake, the sodium-to-potassium ratio, and overall mortality. To assess the correlations between sodium intake, potassium intake, the sodium-to-potassium ratio, and overall mortality, as well as the potential differences in sodium and potassium intake thresholds among different population groups, we analyzed data from NHANES 2003-2018. METHODS NHANES is an observational cohort study that estimates sodium and potassium intake through one or two 24-h dietary recalls. Hazard ratios (HR) for overall mortality were calculated using multivariable adjusted Cox models accounting for sampling design. A total of 13855 out of 26288 participants were included in the final analysis. Restricted cubic spline analyses were used to examine the relationship between sodium intake, potassium intake, and overall mortality. If non-linearity was detected, we employed a recursive algorithm to calculate inflection points. RESULTS Based on one or two 24-h dietary recalls, the sample consisted of 13,855 participants, representing a non-institutionalized population aged 40-80 years, totaling 11,348,771 person-months of mean follow-up 99.395 months. Daily sodium intake and daily potassium intake were inversely associated with all-cause mortality. Restrictive cubic spline analysis showed non-linear relationships between daily sodium intake, potassium intake, sodium-potassium ratio, and total mortality. The inflection point for daily sodium intake was 3133 mg/d, and the inflection point for daily potassium intake was 3501 mg/d, and the inflection point for daily sodium-potassium ratio intake was 1.203 mg/mg/d. In subgroup analyses, a significant interaction was found between age and high sodium intake, which was further confirmed by the smooth curves that showed a U-shaped relationship between sodium intake and all-cause mortality in the elderly population, with a inflection point of 3634 mg/d. CONCLUSION Nonlinear associations of daily sodium intake, daily potassium intake and daily sodium-potassium ratio intake with all-cause mortality were observed in American individuals. The inflection point for daily sodium intake was 3133 mg/d. And the inflection point for daily sodium intake was 3634 mg/d in elderly population. The inflection point for daily potassium intake was 3501 mg/d. The inflection point for daily sodium-potassium ratio intake was 1.203 mg/mg/d, respectively, A healthy diet should be based on reasonable sodium intake and include an appropriate sodium-to-potassium ratio.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donghao Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology: Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100730, People's Republic of China
- Beijing Hospital, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Peking University Fifth School of Clinical Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Yuqing Tian
- Department of Cardiology, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology: Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100730, People's Republic of China
- Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, People's Republic of China
| | - Rui Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology: Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100730, People's Republic of China
- Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, People's Republic of China
| | - Tianyue Zhang
- Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuhui Shen
- Department of Cardiology, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology: Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100730, People's Republic of China
- Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, People's Republic of China
| | - Ping Zeng
- Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, People's Republic of China.
| | - Tong Zou
- Department of Cardiology, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology: Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100730, People's Republic of China.
- Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, People's Republic of China.
- Beijing Hospital, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Peking University Fifth School of Clinical Medicine, Beijing, China.
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Colin-Ramirez E, Arcand J, Saldarriaga C, Ezekowitz JA. The current state of evidence for sodium and fluid restriction in heart failure. Prog Cardiovasc Dis 2024; 82:43-54. [PMID: 38215917 DOI: 10.1016/j.pcad.2024.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/14/2024]
Abstract
The field of heart failure has evolved in terms of the therapies that are available including pharmaceutical and device therapies. There is now substantial randomized trial data to indicate that dietary sodium restriction does not provide the reduction in clinical events with accepted heterogeneity in the clinical trial results. Dietary sodium restriction should be considered for some but not all patients and with different objectives than clinical outcomes but instead for potential quality of life benefit. In addition, fluid restriction, once the mainstay of clinical practice, has not shown to be of any additional benefit for patients in hospital or in the ambulatory care setting and therefore should be considered to be used cautiously (if at all) in clinical practice. Further developments and clinical trials are needed in this area to better identify patients who may benefit or have harm from these lower cost interventions and future research should focus on large scale, high quality, clinical trials rather than observational data to drive clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Joanne Arcand
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Ontario Tech University, Oshawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Clara Saldarriaga
- Centro Cardiovascular Colombiano Clinica Santa Maria (Clinica Cardio VID), Antioquia, Colombia
| | - Justin A Ezekowitz
- Canadian VIGOUR Centre, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
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