1
|
Zhang H, Wu T, Wu Y, Peng Y, Wei X, Lu T, Jiao Y. Binding sites and design strategies for small molecule GLP-1R agonists. Eur J Med Chem 2024; 275:116632. [PMID: 38959726 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2024.116632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2024] [Revised: 06/23/2024] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/05/2024]
Abstract
Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1R) is a pivotal receptor involved in blood glucose regulation and influencing feeding behavior. It has received significant attention in the treatment of obesity and diabetes due to its potent incretin effect. Peptide GLP-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RAs) have achieved tremendous success in the market, driving the vigorous development of small molecule GLP-1RAs. Currently, several small molecules have entered the clinical research stage. Additionally, recent discoveries of GLP-1R positive allosteric modulators (PAMs) are also unveiling new regulatory patterns and treatment methods. This article reviews the structure and functional mechanisms of GLP-1R, recent reports on small molecule GLP-1RAs and PAMs, as well as the optimization process. Furthermore, it combines computer simulations to analyze structure-activity relationships (SAR) studies, providing a foundation for exploring new strategies for designing small molecule GLP-1RAs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haibo Zhang
- School of Science, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing, 211198, China
| | - Tianxiao Wu
- Jiangsu Vcare PharmaTech Co., Ltd., 136 Huakang Road, Nanjing, 211800, China
| | - Yong Wu
- Jiangsu Vcare PharmaTech Co., Ltd., 136 Huakang Road, Nanjing, 211800, China
| | - Yuran Peng
- Jiangsu Vcare PharmaTech Co., Ltd., 136 Huakang Road, Nanjing, 211800, China
| | - Xian Wei
- Department of Pharmacy, Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, 98 ChengXiang Road, Baise, 533000, China.
| | - Tao Lu
- School of Science, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing, 211198, China.
| | - Yu Jiao
- School of Science, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing, 211198, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Tocharus C, Sutheerawattananonda M. Hypoglycemic Ability of Sericin-Derived Oligopeptides (SDOs) from Bombyx mori Yellow Silk Cocoons and Their Physiological Effects on Streptozotocin (STZ)-Induced Diabetic Rats. Foods 2024; 13:2184. [PMID: 39063270 PMCID: PMC11276246 DOI: 10.3390/foods13142184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2024] [Revised: 07/01/2024] [Accepted: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Patients with diabetes require daily medication to maintain blood sugar levels. Nevertheless, the long-term use of antidiabetics can lose efficacy and cause degeneration in some patients. For long-term diabetes care, integrating natural dietary foods and medicine is being considered. This study investigated the impact of SDOs on blood sugar levels and their physiological effects on diabetic rats. We induced diabetes in male Wistar rats with STZ (50 mg/kg) and then administered an oral glucose tolerance test to determine the SDO dosage comparable to glibenclamide. The rats were divided into nine groups: normal, diabetic, and diabetic with insulin (10 U/kg), glibenclamide (0.6 mg/kg), bovine serum albumin (BSA; 200 mg/kg), soy protein isolate (200 mg/kg), or SDOs (50, 100, and 200 mg/kg). Diabetic rats administered SDOs had a higher body weight and serum insulin but a lower blood sugar than diabetic control rats. Biochemical assays indicated lower AST/SGOT, ALT/SGPT, BUN, and triglycerides but higher HDL in the SDO groups. Immunohistochemistry showed that SDOs reduced damaged islet cells, increased beta-cell size, and improved insulin levels while decreasing alpha cell size and glucagon. The vascular effects of SDOs were like those of normal control treatment and insulin treatment in diabetic rats. SDOs, a yellow silk protein, show potential for long-term diabetes care.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chainarong Tocharus
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand;
| | - Manote Sutheerawattananonda
- School of Food Technology, Institute of Agricultural Technology, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Joshua Ashaolu T, Joshua Olatunji O, Can Karaca A, Lee CC, Mahdi Jafari S. Anti-obesity and anti-diabetic bioactive peptides: A comprehensive review of their sources, properties, and techno-functional challenges. Food Res Int 2024; 187:114427. [PMID: 38763677 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2024.114427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Revised: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/21/2024]
Abstract
The scourge of obesity arising from obesogens and poor dieting still ravages our planet as half of the global population may be overweight and obese by 2035. This metabolic disorder is intertwined with type 2 diabetes (T2D), both of which warrant alternative therapeutic options other than clinically approved drugs like orlistat with their tendency of abuse and side effects. In this review, we comprehensively describe the global obesity problem and its connection to T2D. Obesity, overconsumption of fats, the mechanism of fat digestion, obesogenic gut microbiota, inhibition of fat digestion, and natural anti-obesity compounds are discussed. Similar discussions are made for diabetes with regard to glucose regulation, the diabetic gut microbiota, and insulinotropic compounds. The sources and production of anti-obesity bioactive peptides (AOBPs) and anti-diabetic bioactive peptides (ADBPs) are also described while explaining their structure-function relationships, gastrointestinal behaviors, and action mechanisms. Finally, the techno-functional applications of AOBPs and ADBPs are highlighted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tolulope Joshua Ashaolu
- Institute for Global Health Innovations, Duy Tan University, Da Nang 550000, Vietnam; Faculty of Medicine, Duy Tan University, Da Nang 550000, Vietnam.
| | | | - Asli Can Karaca
- Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering, Istanbul Technical University, 34469 Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Chi-Ching Lee
- Istanbul Sabahattin Zaim University, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Department of Food Engineering, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Seid Mahdi Jafari
- Department of Food Materials and Process Design Engineering, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran; Halal Research Center of IRI, Iran Food and Drug Administration, Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Tehran, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Yao C, Ye G, Yang Q, Chen Z, Yang M. The Disulfide Bond-Mediated Cyclization of Oral Peptides. Curr Protein Pept Sci 2024; 25:438-442. [PMID: 38934364 DOI: 10.2174/0113892037280719231214095428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
'Structure determines function' is a consensus in the current biological community, but the structural characteristics corresponding to a certain function have always been a hot field of scientific exploration. A peptide is a bio-active molecule that is between the size of an antibody and a small molecule. Still, the gastrointestinal barrier and the physicochemical properties of peptides have always limited the oral administration of peptides. Therefore, we analyze the main ways oral peptide conversion strategies of peptide modification and permeation enhancers. Based on our analysis of the structure of natural oral peptides, which can be absorbed through the gastrointestinal tract, we believe that the design strategy of natural stapled peptides based on disulfide bonds is good for oral peptide design. This cannot only be used to identify anti-gastrointestinal digestive structural proteins in nature but also provide a solid structural foundation for the construction of new oral peptide drugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chenguang Yao
- Sino-German Biomedical Center, Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Cooperative Innovation Center of Industrial Fermentation (Ministry of Education & Hubei Province), Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering (Ministry of Education), National 111 Center for Cellular Regulation and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, 430068, China
| | - Guoguo Ye
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Immunity, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Disease, Division of Infectious Disease, The Third People's Hospital of Shenzhen, Second Hospital Affiliated to Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
- School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Qin Yang
- College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhenwang Chen
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Minghui Yang
- School of Life Science, Advanced Research Institute of Multidisciplinary Sciences; Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotherapy, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecule Science and Pharmaceutics Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Liao W, Cao X, Xia H, Wang S, Chen L, Sun G. Pea protein hydrolysate reduces blood glucose in high-fat diet and streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice. Front Nutr 2023; 10:1298046. [PMID: 38156281 PMCID: PMC10754521 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2023.1298046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Food proteins have been recognized as an ideal source to release bioactive peptides with the potential to intervene nutrition related chronic diseases, such as cardiovascular diseases, obesity and diabetes. Our previous studies showed that pea protein hydrolysate (PPH) could suppress hepatic glucose production in hepatic cells via inhibiting the gluconeogenic signaling. Thus, we hypothesized that PPH could play the hypoglycemic role in vivo. Methods In the present study, the mice model with type 2 diabetic mellitus (T2DM) was developed by high-fat diet and low dose of streptozotocin injections. PPH was administered orally with a dosage of 1000 mg/kg body weight for 9 weeks, followed by the downstream biomedical analyses. Results The results showed that the 9-week treatment of PPH could reduce fasting blood glucose by 29.6% and improve glucose tolerance in the T2DM mice. The associated mechanisms included suppression of the gluconeogenic pathway, activation of the insulin signaling and modulation of the renin angiotensin system in the liver of the diabetic mice. In addition, the levels of pro-inflammatory markers in both liver and serum were reduced by the PPH treatment. Conclusion The hypoglycemic effect of PPH in T2DM mice was demonstrated in the present study. Findings from this study could provide rationale to incorporate PPH into functional foods or nutraceuticals for glycemic control.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wang Liao
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xinyi Cao
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hui Xia
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Shaokang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Liang Chen
- Public Service Platform of South China Sea for R&D Marine Biomedicine Resources, The Marine Biomedical Research Institute, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Guiju Sun
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Dutta B, Loo S, Kam A, Tam JP. Plant-derived cell-penetrating microprotein α-astratide aM1 targets Akt signaling and alleviates insulin resistance. Cell Mol Life Sci 2023; 80:293. [PMID: 37715850 PMCID: PMC10505102 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-023-04937-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2023] [Revised: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/18/2023]
Abstract
Insulin-resistant diabetes is a common metabolic disease with serious complications. Treatments directly addressing the underlying molecular mechanisms involving insulin resistance would be desirable. Our laboratory recently identified a proteolytic-resistant cystine-dense microprotein from huáng qí (Astragalus membranaceus) called α-astratide aM1, which shares high sequence homology to leginsulins. Here we show that aM1 is a cell-penetrating insulin mimetic, enters cells by endocytosis, and activates the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway independent of the insulin receptor leading to translocation of glucose transporter GLUT4 to the cell surface to promote glucose uptake. We also showed that aM1 alters gene expression, suppresses lipid synthesis and uptake, and inhibits intracellular lipid accumulation in myotubes and adipocytes. By reducing intracellular lipid accumulation and preventing lipid-induced, PKCθ-mediated degradation of IRS1/2, aM1 restores glucose uptake to overcome insulin resistance. These findings highlight the potential of aM1 as a lead for developing orally bioavailable insulin mimetics to expand options for treating diabetes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bamaprasad Dutta
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 637551, Singapore
| | - Shining Loo
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 637551, Singapore
- Academy of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong-Liverpool University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Antony Kam
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 637551, Singapore
- Department of Biological Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong-Liverpool University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - James P Tam
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 637551, Singapore.
| |
Collapse
|