Identification of Natural Compounds of the Apple as Inhibitors against Cholinesterase for the Treatment of Alzheimer's Disease: An In Silico Molecular Docking Simulation and ADMET Study

Assessing the potential of Psidium guajava derived phytoconstituents as anticholinesterase inhibitor to combat Alzheimer's disease: an in-silico and in-vitro approach

Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitors play a crucial role in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. These drugs increase acetylcholine levels by inhibiting the enzyme responsible for its degradation, which is a vital neurotransmitter involved in memory and cognition. This intervention intermittently improves cognitive symptoms and augments neurotransmission. This study investigates the potential of Psidium guajava fruit extract as an acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitor for Alzheimer's disease treatment. Molecular characteristics and drug-likeness were analyzed after HR-LCMS revealed phytocompounds in an ethanolic extract of Psidium guajava fruit. Selected phytocompounds were subjected to molecular docking against AChE, with the best-docked compound then undergoing MD simulation, MMGBSA, DCCM, FEL, and PCA investigations to evaluate the complex stability. The hit compound's potential toxicity and further pharmacokinetic features were also predicted. Anticholinesterase activity was also studied using in vitro assay. The HR-LCMS uncovered 68 compounds. Based on computational analysis, Fluspirilene was determined to have the highest potential to inhibit AChE. It was discovered that the Fluspirilene-AChE complex is stable and that Fluspirilene has a high binding affinity for AChE. Extract of Psidium guajava fruit significantly inhibits AChE (88.37% at 200 μg/ml). It is comparable to the standard AChE inhibitor Galantamine. Fluspirilene exhibited remarkable binding to AChE. Psidium guajava fruit extract demonstrated substantial AChE inhibitory activity, indicating its potential for Alzheimer's treatment. The study underscores natural sources' significance in drug discovery.

Utilizing ADMET Analysis and Molecular Docking to Elucidate the Neuroprotective Mechanisms of a Cannabis-Containing Herbal Remedy (Suk-Saiyasna) in Inhibiting Acetylcholinesterase

Alzheimer's disease is characterized by the degeneration of cholinergic neurons, which is primarily driven by the acetylcholinesterase (AChE) enzyme and oxidative stress. This study investigated the therapeutic potential of the cannabis-containing herbal remedy Suk-Saiyasna in alleviating amyloid β42 (Aβ42)-induced cytotoxicity in SH-SY5Y cells. The DPPH radical-scavenging activity and inhibitory effects on AChE were evaluated in vitro. The AChE inhibitory potential of 167 ligands, including cannabinoids, flavonoids, terpenoids, and alkaloids derived from Suk-Saiyasna, was assessed using ADMET analysis and molecular docking techniques. The results demonstrated that the Suk-Saiyasna extract exhibited a DPPH radical scavenging effect with an IC50 value of 27.40 ± 1.15 µg/mL and notable AChE inhibitory activity with an IC50 of 1.25 ± 0.35 mg/mL. Importantly, at a concentration of 1 µg/mL, the extract significantly protected cells from Aβ42-induced stress compared to controls. Docking studies revealed that delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC), mesuaferrone B, piperine, β-sitosterol, and chlorogenic acid exhibited substantial binding affinities to AChE, surpassing reference drugs like galantamine and rivastigmine. Furthermore, in silico ADMET predictions indicated that Δ9-THC and piperine possessed favorable pharmacokinetic profiles, including solubility, absorption, and blood-brain barrier permeability, with no neurotoxicity or carcinogenicity associated with Δ9-THC.

Mechanistic and Therapeutic Insights into Flavonoid-Based Inhibition of Acetylcholinesterase: Implications for Neurodegenerative Diseases

Flavonoids are naturally occurring polyphenolic compounds known for their extensive range of biological activities. This review focuses on the inhibitory effects of flavonoids on acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and their potential as therapeutic agents for cognitive dysfunction. AChE, a serine hydrolase that plays a crucial role in cholinergic neurotransmission, is a key target in the treatment of cognitive impairments due to its function in acetylcholine hydrolysis. Natural polyphenolic compounds, particularly flavonoids, have demonstrated significant inhibition of AChE, positioning them as promising alternatives or adjuncts in neuropharmacology. This study specifically examines flavonoids such as quercetin, apigenin, kaempferol, and naringenin, investigating their inhibitory efficacy, binding mechanisms, and additional neuroprotective properties, including their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. In vitro, in vivo, and in silico analyses reveal that these flavonoids effectively interact with both the active and peripheral anionic sites of AChE, resulting in increased acetylcholine levels and the stabilization of cholinergic signaling. Their mechanisms of action extend beyond mere enzymatic inhibition, as they also exhibit antioxidant and anti-amyloidogenic properties, thereby offering a multifaceted approach to neuroprotection. Given these findings, flavonoids hold considerable therapeutic potential as modulators of AChE, with implications for enhancing cognitive function and treating neurodegenerative diseases. Future studies should prioritize the enhancement of flavonoid bioavailability, evaluate their efficacy in clinical settings, and explore their potential synergistic effects when combined with established therapies to fully harness their potential as neurotherapeutic agents.

Investigating the Potency of Erythrina‒Derived Flavonoids as Cholinesterase Inhibitors and Free Radical Scavengers Through in silico Approach: Implications for Alzheimer's Disease Therapy

Purpose

This study aimed to evaluate the potency of 471 flavonoids from the genus Erythrina as potential acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitors and free radical scavengers through computational studies to develop Alzheimer's disease (AD) therapies from natural products.

Methods

A total of 471 flavonoids from the genus Erythrina were subjected to molecular docking against AChE, followed by toxicity screening. The potential AChE inhibitors with the least toxic profile were subjected to further investigation through molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, density functional theory (DFT) study, and in silico pharmacokinetic predictions.

Results

A combination of molecular docking and in silico toxicity screening led to the identification of 2(S)‒5,7‒dihydroxy‒5'‒methoxy‒[2'',2''‒(3''‒hydroxy)‒dimethylpyrano]‒(5'',6'':3',4') flavanone (89) and Abyssinoflavanone IV (83) as potential AChE inhibitors. These compounds had stable binding to AchE and exhibited lower Root Mean Square Deviation (RMSD) values compared to the apo state of AChE. In addition, Molecular Mechanics Generalized Born Surface Area (MMGBSA) analysis revealed that the binding energies of 89 and 83 were significantly lower compared to acetylcholine, the natural substrate of AChE. Based on DFT study, these compounds exhibited a higher energy in the highest occupied molecular orbital (EHOMO) and lower electron affinity (EA) than Quercetin. This indicated that 89 and 83 could be potential radical scavengers through their electron-donating activity.

Conclusion

Although this study primarily relied on computational methods, the results showed the dual functionality of compounds 89 and 83 as both potential AChE inhibitors and free radical scavengers. Further investigation in wet laboratory experiments is required to validate their therapeutic potential for AD.

Vegan and Vegetarian Soups Are Excellent Sources of Cholinesterase Inhibitors

BACKGROUND

The cholinesterase theory stands as the most popular worldwide therapy for Alzheimer's disease (AD). Given the absence of a cure for AD, a plant-based diet has been repeatedly shown as positive in the prevention of AD, including exploring ready-made products in stores and the development of new functional foods.

GOAL

This study compared the anti-acetyl- and butyrylcholinesterase activity of thirty-two Polish market soups and five newly formulated soups intended to be functional. Additionally, the research aimed to assess the significance of animal content, distinguishing between vegan and vegetarian options, in cholinesterase inhibition.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The anticholinesterase activity was investigated using a spectrophotometric method, and the inhibitory activity was expressed as % inhibition of the enzyme. The study categorized soups into three groups based on ingredients: those containing animal-derived components, vegetarian soups and vegan soups.

RESULTS

Soups exhibited varying levels of activity against acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), indicating differences in their compositions. Composition appeared to be the primary factor influencing anticholinesterase activity, as soups within each group showed significant variability in activity levels. While some commercial soups demonstrated notable anticholinesterase activity, they did not surpass the effectiveness of the optimized soups developed in the laboratory. Certain ingredients were associated with higher anticholinesterase activity, such as coconut, potato, onion, garlic, parsley and various spices and herbs.

CONCLUSIONS

Vegetarian and vegan soups exhibited comparable or even superior anticholinesterase activity compared to animal-derived soups, highlighting the importance of plant-based ingredients. The study underscores the need for further research to explore the mechanisms underlying the anticholinesterase activity of soups, including the impact of ingredient combinations and processing methods.

Investigating the Antiviral Properties of Nyctanthes arbor-tristis Linn against the Ebola, SARS-CoV-2, Nipah, and Chikungunya Viruses: A Computational Simulation Study

Background: The hunt for naturally occurring antiviral compounds to combat viral infection was expedited when COVID-19 and Ebola spread rapidly. Phytochemicals from Nyctanthes arbor-tristis Linn were evaluated as significant inhibitors of these viruses. Methods: Computational tools and techniques were used to assess the binding pattern of phytochemicals from Nyctanthes arbor-tristis Linn to Ebola virus VP35, SARS-CoV-2 protease, Nipah virus glycoprotein, and chikungunya virus. Results: Virtual screening and AutoDock analysis revealed that arborside-C, beta amyrin, and beta-sitosterol exhibited a substantial binding affinity for specific viral targets. The arborside-C and beta-sitosterol molecules were shown to have binding energies of -8.65 and -9.11 kcal/mol, respectively, when interacting with the major protease. Simultaneously, the medication remdesivir exhibited a control value of -6.18 kcal/mol. The measured affinity of phytochemicals for the other investigated targets was -7.52 for beta-amyrin against Ebola and -6.33 kcal/mol for nicotiflorin against Nipah virus targets. Additional molecular dynamics simulation (MDS) conducted on the molecules with significant antiviral potential, specifically the beta-amyrin-VP35 complex showing a stable RMSD pattern, yielded encouraging outcomes. Conclusions: Arborside-C, beta-sitosterol, beta-amyrin, and nicotiflorin could be established as excellent natural antiviral compounds derived from Nyctanthes arbor-tristis Linn. The virus-suppressing phytochemicals in this plant make it a compelling target for both in vitro and in vivo research in the future.

Identification of Metabolites from Catharanthus roseus Leaves and Stem Extract, and In Vitro and In Silico Antibacterial Activity against Food Pathogens

The plant produced powerful secondary metabolites and showed strong antibacterial activities against food-spoiling bacterial pathogens. The present study aimed to evaluate antibacterial activities and to identify metabolites from the leaves and stems of Catharanthus roseus using NMR spectroscopy. The major metabolites likely to be observed in aqueous extraction were 2,3-butanediol, quinic acids, vindoline, chlorogenic acids, vindolinine, secologanin, and quercetin in the leaf and stem of the Catharanthus roseus. The aqueous extracts from the leaves and stems of this plant have been observed to be most effective against food spoilage bacterial strains, followed by methanol and hexane. However, leaf extract was observed to be most significant in terms of the content and potency of metabolites. The minimum inhibitory concentration (20 µg/mL) and bactericidal concentrations (35 g/mL) of leaf extract were observed to be significant as compared to the ampicillin. Molecular docking showed that chlorogenic acid and vindolinine strongly interacted with the bacterial penicillin-binding protein. The docking energies of chlorogenic acid and vindolinine also indicated that these could be used as food preservatives. Therefore, the observed metabolite could be utilized as a potent antibacterial compound for food preservation or to treat their illness, and further research is needed to perform.

Computational Approaches to Evaluate the Acetylcholinesterase Binding Interaction with Taxifolin for the Management of Alzheimer's Disease

Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) are enzymes that break down and reduce the level of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine (ACh). This can cause a variety of cognitive and neurological problems, including Alzheimer's disease. Taxifolin is a natural phytochemical generally found in yew tree bark and has significant pharmacological properties, such as being anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant. The binding affinity and inhibitory potency of taxifolin to these enzymes were evaluated through molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulations followed by the MMPBSA approach, and the results were significant. Taxifolin's affinity for binding to the AChE-taxifolin complex was -8.85 kcal/mol, with an inhibition constant of 326.70 nM. It was observed to interact through hydrogen bonds. In contrast, the BChE-taxifolin complex binding energy was observed to be -7.42 kcal/mol, and it was significantly nearly equal to the standard inhibitor donepezil. The molecular dynamics and simulation signified the observed interactions of taxifolin with the studied enzymes. The MMPBSA total free energy of binding for AChE-taxifolin was -24.34 kcal/mol, while BChE-taxifolin was -16.14 kcal/mol. The present research suggests that taxifolin has a strong ability to bind and inhibit AChE and BChE and could be used to manage neuron-associated problems; however, further research is required to explore taxifolin's neurological therapeutic potential using animal models of Alzheimer's disease.

Plant Soup Formulations Show Cholinesterase Inhibition Potential in the Prevention of Alzheimer's Disease

BACKGROUND

As the cholinesterase theory is a prominent hypothesis underlying our current understanding of Alzheimer's disease (AD), the goal of this study was to compose functional vegan lunchtime soups with potential health benefits in the prevention of AD (in the context of cholinesterase inhibition).

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The potential of 36 edible plant raw materials in terms of acetyl- and butyrylcholinesterase inhibition was investigated using a 96-well microplate reader. The most promising ingredients were combined to obtain 18 palatable vegetable soup recipes with 6 dominant flavor, appearance, and aroma variants. To shortlist candidates for in-depth analysis and potential consideration in industrial production, our team performed a sensory analysis of the soups.

RESULTS

The white boletus soup exhibited the highest potential for cholinesterase inhibition, further bolstered by the inclusion of other ingredients known for their elevated capacity to inhibit both AChE and BChE. Ingredients such as blackthorn (Prunus spinosa), garlic, and white potato contributed significantly to this inhibitory effect (nearly 100% of AChE inhibition). Notably, intriguing results were also observed for asparagus soup, despite the fact that the inhibitory potential of asparagus itself is negligible compared to other raw materials. The success of the asparagus soup lies in the meticulous selection of various ingredients, each contributing to its overall effectiveness. It was observed that mushroom soups scored the highest in this respect, while the team members' response to nettle soup was the least favorable.

CONCLUSION

The outcomes of our study should serve as a catalyst for further exploration of this important research domain. Our current research focuses on deeper insights into the potential of comprehensive meal options. Furthermore, the synergy/antagonism/non-interaction between respective soup ingredients as well as elements of individual soups' chemical composition is a very interesting topic currently under our intensive scientific investigation.

Computational Molecular Docking and Simulation-Based Assessment of Anti-Inflammatory Properties of Nyctanthes arbor-tristis Linn Phytochemicals

The leaves, flowers, seeds, and bark of the Nyctanthes arbor-tristis Linn plant have been pharmacologically evaluated to signify the medicinal importance traditionally described for various ailments. We evaluated the anti-inflammatory potentials of 26 natural compounds using AutoDock 4.2 and Molecular Dynamics (MDS) performed with the GROMACS tool. SwissADME evaluated ADME (adsorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion) parameters. Arb_E and Beta-sito, natural compounds of the plant, showed significant levels of binding affinity against COX-1, COX-2, PDE4, PDE7, IL-17A, IL-17D, TNF-α, IL-1β, prostaglandin E2, and prostaglandin F synthase. The control drug celecoxib exhibited a binding energy of -9.29 kcal/mol, and among the tested compounds, Arb_E was the most significant (docking energy: -10.26 kcal/mol). Beta_sito was also observed with high and considerable docking energy of -8.86 kcal/mol with the COX-2 receptor. COX-2 simulation in the presence of Arb_E and control drug celecoxib, RMSD ranged from 0.15 to 0.25 nm, showing stability until the end of the simulation. Also, MM-PBSA analysis showed that Arb_E bound to COX-2 exhibited the lowest binding energy of -277.602 kJ/mol. Arb_E and Beta_sito showed interesting ADME physico-chemical and drug-like characteristics with significant drug-like effects. Therefore, the studied natural compounds could be potential anti-inflammatory molecules and need further in vitro/in vivo experimentation to develop novel anti-inflammatory drugs.

Mechanism of baixiangdan capsules on anti-neuroinflammation: combining dry and wet experiments

Neuroinflammation plays an important role in the pathogenesis of neurological disorders, and despite intensive research, treatment of neuroinflammation remains limited. BaiXiangDan capsule (BXD) is widely used in clinical practice. However, systematic studies on the direct role and mechanisms of BXD in neuroinflammation are still lacking. We systematically evaluated the potential pharmacological mechanisms of BXD on neuroinflammation using network pharmacological analysis combined with experimental validation. Multiple databases are used to mine potential targets for bioactive ingredients, drug targets and neuroinflammation. GO and KEGG pathway analysis was also performed. Interactions between active ingredients and pivotal targets were confirmed by molecular docking. An experimental model of neuroinflammation was used to evaluate possible therapeutic mechanisms for BXD. Network pharmacological analysis revealed that Chrysoeriol, Kaempferol and Luteolin in BXD exerted their anti-neuroinflammatory effects mainly by acting on targets such as NCOA2, PIK3CA and PTGS2. Molecular docking results showed that their average affinity was less than -5 kcal/mol, with an average affinity of -8.286 kcal/mol. Pathways in cancer was found to be a potentially important pathway, with involvement of PI3K/AKT signaling pathways. In addition, in vivo experiments showed that BXD treatment ameliorated neural damage and reduced neuronal cell death. Western blotting, RT-qPCR and ELISA analysis showed that BXD inhibited not only the expression of IL-1β, TNF-α and NO, but also NF-κB, MMP9 and PI3K/AKT signaling pathways. This study applied network pharmacology and in vivo experiments to explore the possible mechanisms of BXD against neuroinflammation, providing insight into the treatment of neuroinflammation.