Research Progress on the Anti-Aging Potential of the Active Components of Ginseng

The efficacy and safety of Bazi Bushen Capsule in treating premature aging: A randomized, double blind, multicenter, placebo-controlled clinical trial

PURPOSE

It is unclear whether traditional Chinese patent medicines can resist premature aging. This prospective study investigated the effects of Bazi Bushen Capsule (BZBS) which is a traditional Chinese patent medicine for tonifying the kidney essence on premature senility symptoms and quality of life, telomerase activity and telomere length.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS

It was a parallel, multicenter, double-blind, randomized, and placebo-controlled trial. Subjects (n = 530) aged 30-78 years were randomized to receive BZBS or placebo capsules 12 weeks. The primary outcome was the clinical feature of change in kidney deficiency for aging evaluation scale (CFCKD-AES) and tilburg frailty indicator (TFI). The secondary outcomes were SF-36, serum sex hormone level, five times sit-to-stand time (FTSST), 6MWT, motor function test-grip strength, balance test, walking speed, muscle mass measurement, telomerase and telomere length.

RESULTS

After 12 weeks of treatment, the CFCKD-AES and TFI scores in the BZBS group decreased by 13.79 and 1.50 respectively (6.42 and 0.58 in the placebo group, respectively); The SF-36 in the BZBS group increased by 98.38 (23.79 in the placebo group). The FTSST, motor function test grip strength, balance test, walking speed, and muscle mass in the elderly subgroup were all improved in the BZBS group. The telomerase content in the BZBS group increased by 150.04 ng/ml compared to the placebo group. The fever led one patient in the placebo group to discontinue the trial. One patient in the placebo group withdrew from the trial due to pregnancy. None of the serious AEs led to treatment discontinuation, and 3 AEs (1.14%) were assessed as related to BZBS by the primary investigator.

CONCLUSIONS

BZBS can improve premature aging symptoms, frailty scores, and quality of life, as well as improve FTSST, motor function: grip strength, balance test, walking speed, and muscle mass in elderly subgroups of patients, and enhance telomerase activity, but it is not significantly associated with increasing telomere length which is important for healthy aging.

TRIAL REGISTRY

https://www.chictr.org.cn/showproj.html?proj=166181.

Research on the anti-aging mechanisms of Panax ginseng extract in mice: a gut microbiome and metabolomics approach

Introduction: Aged-related brain damage and gut microbiome disruption are common. Research affirms that modulating the microbiota-gut-brain axis can help reduce age-related brain damage. Methods: Ginseng, esteemed in traditional Chinese medicine, is recognized for its anti-aging capabilities. However, previous Ginseng anti-aging studies have largely focused on diseased animal models. To this end, efforts were hereby made to explore the potential neuroprotective effects of fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) from Ginseng-supplemented aged mice to those pre-treated with antibiotics. Results: As a result, FMT with specific modifications in natural aging mice improved animal weight gain, extended the telomere length, anti-oxidative stress in brain tissue, regulated the serum levels of cytokine, and balanced the proportion of Treg cells. Besides, FMT increased the abundance of beneficial bacteria of Lachnospiraceae, Dubosiella, Bacteroides, etc. and decreased the levels of potential pathogenic bacteria of Helicobacter and Lachnoclostridium in the fecal samples of natural aged mice. This revealed that FMT remarkably reshaped gut microbiome. Additionally, FMT-treated aged mice showed increased levels of metabolites of Ursolic acid, β-carotene, S-Adenosylmethionine, Spermidine, Guanosine, Celecoxib, Linoleic acid, etc., which were significantly positively correlated with critical beneficial bacteria above. Additionally, these identified critical microbiota and metabolites were mainly enriched in the pathways of Amino acid metabolism, Lipid metabolism, Nucleotide metabolism, etc. Furthermore, FMT downregulated p53/p21/Rb signaling and upregulated p16/p14, ATM/synapsin I/synaptophysin/PSD95, CREB/ERK/AKT signaling in brain damage following natural aging. Discussion: Overall, the study demonstrates that reprogramming of gut microbiota by FMT impedes brain damage in the natural aging process, possibly through the regulation of microbiota-gut-brain axis.

Exploring the anti-atherosclerosis mechanism of ginsenoside Rb1 by integrating network pharmacology and experimental verification

Ginsenoside Rb1 is the major active constituent of ginseng, which is widely used in traditional Chinese medicine for the atherosclerosis treatment by anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant and reducing lipid accumulation. We explored cellular target and molecular mechanisms of ginsenoside Rb1 based on network pharmacology and in vitro experimental validation. In this study, we predicted 17 potential therapeutic targets for ginsenoside Rb1 with atherosclerosis from public databases. We then used protein-protein interaction network to screen the hub targets. Gene Ontology enrichment and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway enrichment showed that the effects of ginsenoside Rb1 were meditated through multiple targets and pathways. Next, molecular docking results revealed that in the 10 core targets, CCND1 has the highest binding energy with ginsenoside Rb1. Vascular cell proliferation plays a critical role in atherosclerosis development. However, the effect and direct target of ginsenoside Rb1 in regulating vascular cell proliferation in atherosclerosis remains unclear. Edu straining results indicated that ginsenoside Rb1 inhibited the cell proliferation of endothelial cells, macrophages, and vascular smooth muscle cells. The protein immunoprecipitation (IP) analysis showed that ginsenoside Rb1 inhibited the vascular cell proliferation by suppressing the interaction of CCDN1 and CDK4. These findings systematically reveal that the anti-atherosclerosis mechanism of ginsenoside Rb1 by integrating network pharmacology and experimental validation, which provide evidence to treat atherosclerosis by using ginsenoside Rb1 and targeting CCND1.

The pharmaceutical effect of Korean wild ginseng residue extract on the performance, microbiota quality, cytokine expression, and the ginseng saponin content of laying hen

In this study, a total of 312 Hyline brown laying hen of 1.92 ± 0.12 kg acquired at 24-wk old were employed to evaluate the pharmaceutical effect of Korean wild ginseng residue extract administered via drinking water on the performance, microbiota quality, cytokine expression, and the ginsenoside saponin (GS) content of laying hen for 12 wk. In the experiments, basic feed (CON) was compared with basic feed + 0.05% wild ginseng in drinking water (WGD1), basic feed + 0.1% wild ginseng in drinking water (WGD2), and basic feed + 0.5% wild ginseng in drinking water (WGD3). At the end of study, hen-day egg production (HDEP), average egg weight (AEW), and egg mass (EM) were linearly higher (p < 0.05) in WGD3 at wk 30 to 33, 34 to 37 wk, and the cumulative wk compared with CON. Feed conversion ratio (FCR) was linearly lower in WGD3 at 34 to 37 wk, and the cumulative wk compared with CON. Relative expression of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) was linearly lower (p < 0.05) in the WGD3 at wk 30 to 33, and 34 to 37 wk compared with CON. The GS in egg yolk was linearly higher (p < 0.05) in laying hens supplemented the WGD3 treatment at wk 34 to 37, while the fecal microflora quantity of Lactobacillus was linearly higher (p < 0.05) in WGD3 at wk 30 to 33, till 34 to 37 wk, and Escherichia coli (E. coli) was linearly lower (p < 0.05) in the WGD2 and WGD3 from 2637 wk compared with CON. We concluded the result in HDEP, AEW, EM, and FCR were due to the increase in GS content, tentatively leading to an improvement in the TNF-α, and fecal microflora quality such as Lactobacillus and E. coli in the WGD3. We therefore recommend the use of WGD3 at application level 0.5% in drinking water for optimum laying performance from 30 to 37 wk.

Cutaneous Redox Senescence

Our current understanding of skin cell senescence involves the role of environmental stressors (UV, O3, cigarette smoke, particulate matter, etc.), lifestyle (diet, exercise, etc.) as well as genetic factors (metabolic changes, hormonal, etc.). The common mechanism of action of these stressors is the disturbance of cellular redox balance characterized by increased free radicals and reactive oxygen species (ROS), and when these overload the intrinsic antioxidant defense system, it can lead to an oxidative stress cellular condition. The main redox mechanisms that activate cellular senescence in the skin involve (1) the oxidative damage of telomeres causing their shortening; (2) the oxidation of proteomes and DNA damage; (3) an a in lysosomal mass through the increased activity of resident enzymes such as senescence-associated β-galactosidase (SA-β-gal) as well as other proteins that are products of lysosomal activity; (4) and the increased expression of SASP, in particular pro-inflammatory cytokines transcriptionally regulated by NF-κB. However, the main targets of ROS on the skin are the proteome (oxi-proteome), followed by telomeres, nucleic acids (DNAs), lipids, proteins, and cytoplasmic organelles. As a result, cell cycle arrest pathways, lipid peroxidation, increased lysosomal content and dysfunctional mitochondria, and SASP synthesis occur. Furthermore, oxidative stress in skin cells increases the activity of p16INK4A and p53 as inhibitors of Rb and CDks, which are important for maintaining the cell cycle. p53 also promotes the inactivation of mTOR-mediated autophagic and apoptotic pathways, leading to senescence. However, these markers alone cannot establish the state of cellular senescence, and multiple analyses are encouraged for confirmation. An updated and more comprehensive approach to investigating skin senescence should include further assays of ox-inflammatory molecular pathways that can consolidate the understanding of cutaneous redox senescence.

Therapeutic potential and possible mechanisms of ginseng for depression associated with COVID-19

Recently, a global outbreak of COVID-19 has rapidly spread to various national regions. As the number of COVID-19 patients has increased, some of those infected with SARS-CoV-2 have developed a variety of psychiatric symptoms, including depression, cognitive impairment, and fatigue. A distinct storm of inflammatory factors that contribute to the initial disease but also a persistent post-acute phase syndrome has been reported in patients with COVID-19. Neuropsychological symptoms including depression, cognitive impairment, and fatigue are closely related to circulating and local (brain) inflammatory factors. Natural products are currently being examined for their ability to treat numerous complications caused by COVID-19. Among them, ginseng has anti-inflammatory, immune system stimulating, neuroendocrine modulating, and other effects, which may help improve psychiatric symptoms. This review summarizes the basic mechanisms of COVID-19 pneumonia, psychiatric symptoms following coronavirus infections, effects of ginseng on depression, restlessness, and other psychiatric symptoms associated with post-COVID syn-dromes, as well as possible mechanisms underlying these effects.

Role of traditional Chinese medicine in age-related macular degeneration: exploring the gut microbiota's influence

The pathogenesis of age-related macular degeneration (AMD), a degenerative retinopathy, remains unclear. Administration of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor agents, antioxidants, fundus lasers, photodynamic therapy, and transpupillary warming has proven effective in alleviating symptoms; however, these interventions cannot prevent or reverse AMD. Increasing evidence suggests that AMD risk is linked to changes in the composition, abundance, and diversity of the gut microbiota (GM). Activation of multiple signaling pathways by GM metabolites, including lipopolysaccharides, oxysterols, short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), and bile acids (BAs), influences retinal physiology. Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), known for its multi-component and multi-target advantages, can help treat AMD by altering GM composition and regulating the levels of certain substances, such as lipopolysaccharides, reducing oxysterols, and increasing SCFA and BA contents. This review explores the correlation between GM and AMD and interventions for the two to provide new perspectives on treating AMD with TCM.