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Sentellas S, Saurina J. Authentication of Cocoa Products Based on Profiling and Fingerprinting Approaches: Assessment of Geographical, Varietal, Agricultural and Processing Features. Foods 2023; 12:3120. [PMID: 37628119 PMCID: PMC10453789 DOI: 10.3390/foods12163120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2023] [Revised: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Cocoa and its derivative products, especially chocolate, are highly appreciated by consumers for their exceptional organoleptic qualities, thus being often considered delicacies. They are also regarded as superfoods due to their nutritional and health properties. Cocoa is susceptible to adulteration to obtain illicit economic benefits, so strategies capable of authenticating its attributes are needed. Features such as cocoa variety, origin, fair trade, and organic production are increasingly important in our society, so they need to be guaranteed. Most of the methods dealing with food authentication rely on profiling and fingerprinting approaches. The compositional profiles of natural components -such as polyphenols, biogenic amines, amino acids, volatile organic compounds, and fatty acids- are the source of information to address these issues. As for fingerprinting, analytical techniques, such as chromatography, infrared, Raman, and mass spectrometry, generate rich fingerprints containing dozens of features to be used for discrimination purposes. In the two cases, the data generated are complex, so chemometric methods are usually applied to extract the underlying information. In this review, we present the state of the art of cocoa and chocolate authentication, highlighting the pros and cons of the different approaches. Besides, the relevance of the proposed methods in quality control and the novel trends for sample analysis are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Sentellas
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Chemistry, Universitat de Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1-11, 08028 Barcelona, Spain;
- Research Institute in Food Nutrition and Food Safety, Universitat de Barcelona, Av. Prat de la Riba 171, Edifici Recerca (Gaudí), 08921 Santa Coloma de Gramenet, Spain
- Serra Húnter Fellow Programme, Generalitat de Catalunya, Via Laietana 2, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Javier Saurina
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Chemistry, Universitat de Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1-11, 08028 Barcelona, Spain;
- Research Institute in Food Nutrition and Food Safety, Universitat de Barcelona, Av. Prat de la Riba 171, Edifici Recerca (Gaudí), 08921 Santa Coloma de Gramenet, Spain
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Comparison of Thermal Characteristics and Fatty Acids Composition in Raw and Roasted Cocoa Beans from Peru (Criollo) and Ecuador (Forastero). APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/app11062698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this research was to complete the characteristics of cocoa beans and cocoa butter extracted from two different Theobroma cacao species: Criollo originated from Peru and Forastero originated from Ecuador, both in the version of raw (unroasted) and roasted beans. Before extraction, the cocoa beans were characterized by proximate analysis. The determination of fatty acids composition was carried out by gas chromatography (GC). The positional distribution of fatty acids in the sn-2 positions of triacylglycerols (TAGs) was also determined. The thermogravimetric analyses (TGA/DTG) were performed under the nitrogen and oxygen atmosphere of roasted and unroasted cocoa beans. The kinetic information was helpful to assess the oxidative stability of cocoa butter. The cocoa butter extracted from unroasted Forastero from Ecuador had the highest values of oxidation activation energy Ea. The melting characteristics of cocoa butter extracted from roasted Criollo species were very similar to their unroasted versions. The same trend was not observed for Forastero species. TGA and DTG were revealed to be useful tools for the analysis of whole cocoa beans and the fats extracted from these cocoa beans.
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Liu SP, Shibu MA, Tsai FJ, Hsu YM, Tsai CH, Chung JG, Yang JS, Tang CH, Wang S, Li Q, Huang CY. Tetramethylpyrazine reverses high-glucose induced hypoxic effects by negatively regulating HIF-1α induced BNIP3 expression to ameliorate H9c2 cardiomyoblast apoptosis. Nutr Metab (Lond) 2020; 17:12. [PMID: 32021640 PMCID: PMC6995207 DOI: 10.1186/s12986-020-0432-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2019] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Diabetic patients are highly vulnerable to hypoxic injury, which is associated with hypoxia induced BNIP3 expression that subsequently activate apoptosis. Our previous research show that Tetramethylpyrazine (TMP), a food flavoring agent, represses the hypoxia induced BNIP3 expression attenuate myocardial apoptosis. In this study, we evaluate the effect of TMP to provide protection against hypoxia aggravated high-glucose associated cellular apoptosis. Methods The cytoprotective effect of TMP against high glucose induced cellular damages was determined on embryo derived H9c2 cardiomyoblast cells that were subjected to 5% hypoxia for 24 h and subjected to different duration of 33 mM high glucose challenge. Further, the involvement of HIF-1α and BNIP3 in cellular damage and the mechanism of protection of TMP were determined by overexpression and silencing HIF-1α and BNIP3 protein expression. Results The results show that hypoxic effects on cell viability aggravates with high glucose challenge and this augmentative effect is mediated through BNIP3 in H9c2 cardiomyoblast cells. However, TMP administration effectively reversed the augmented HIF-1α levels and BNIP3 elevation. TMP improved the survival of H9c2 cells and effectively suppressed apoptosis in H9c2 cells. Further comparison on the effects of TMP on H9c2 cells challenged with high glucose and those challenged with hypoxia show that TMP precisely regulated the hypoxic intensified apoptotic effects in high-glucose condition. Conclusion The results clearly show that flavoring agent-TMP attenuates cytotoxicity amplified by hypoxia challenge in high glucose condition by destabilizing HIF-1α.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shih-Ping Liu
- 1Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Marthandam Asokan Shibu
- 2College of Medicine, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Fuu-Jen Tsai
- 3School of Chinese Medicine, College of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, 40402 Taiwan.,4China Medical University Children's Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yuan-Man Hsu
- 5Department of Biological Science and Technology, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chang-Hai Tsai
- 4China Medical University Children's Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Jing-Gung Chung
- 5Department of Biological Science and Technology, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Jai-Sing Yang
- 6Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Hsin Tang
- 7Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Shulin Wang
- 8Department of Cardiology, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People's Hospital, Qingyuan, 511518 Guangdong China
| | - Qiaowen Li
- 8Department of Cardiology, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People's Hospital, Qingyuan, 511518 Guangdong China
| | - Chih-Yang Huang
- 2College of Medicine, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan.,7Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,9Department of Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan
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Satapathy M, Quereshi D, Hanh Nguyen TT, Pani D, Mohanty B, Anis A, Maji S, Kim D, Sarkar P, Pal K. Preparation and characterization of cocoa butter and whey protein isolate based emulgels for pharmaceutical and probiotics delivery applications. J DISPER SCI TECHNOL 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/01932691.2019.1583577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Monalisha Satapathy
- Department of Biotechnology and Medical Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, India
| | - Dilshad Quereshi
- Department of Biotechnology and Medical Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, India
| | - Thi Thanh Hanh Nguyen
- Department of International Agricultural Technology & Institute of Green Bioscience and Technology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | | | | | - Arfat Anis
- Department of Chemical Engineering, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Samarendra Maji
- Department of Chemistry and Research Institute, SRM Institute of Science and Technology (SRMIST), Kattankulathur, Chennai, India
| | - Doman Kim
- Department of International Agricultural Technology & Institute of Green Bioscience and Technology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Preetam Sarkar
- Department of Food Process Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, India
| | - Kunal Pal
- Department of Biotechnology and Medical Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, India
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Hoge A, Guillaume M, Albert A, Tabart J, Dardenne N, Donneau AF, Kevers C, Defraigne JO, Pincemail J. Validation of a food frequency questionnaire assessing dietary polyphenol exposure using the method of triads. Free Radic Biol Med 2019; 130:189-195. [PMID: 30395973 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2018.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2018] [Revised: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 11/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
When conducting research on polyphenols and their effects on health, it is of primary importance to use standardised and validated dietary assessment tools. This paper aims at assessing the validity of a food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) for quantifying dietary polyphenol exposure among healthy adults using the method of triads. Fifty-three healthy adults, aged 20-60, were included in the study. Total dietary polyphenol intake (TDP) estimated by the FFQ was compared with TDP measured by a 3-day food record (FR) and with urinary excretion levels of total polyphenols (TUP). Pearson correlations were calculated between methods. Validity coefficients (VC) were estimated between the three measurements and the 'unknown' true intake. There was a strong correlation between both dietary methods (r = 0.70, p < 0.0001). A moderate but significant association was observed between FFQ-derived TDP and TUP (r = 0.32, p = 0.020). The method of triads yielded a VC for the FFQ of 0.63 (95%CI: 0.41-0.84), indicating a strong relationship between FFQ-derived TDP and the true polyphenol intake. This study shows that the FFQ is an adequate tool not only for measuring dietary polyphenol exposure in nutrition epidemiological studies but also for guiding clinicians in dietary advice and counselling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Axelle Hoge
- Department of Public Health, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium.
| | | | - Adelin Albert
- Department of Public Health, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Jessica Tabart
- Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Unit, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Nadia Dardenne
- Department of Public Health, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | | | - Claire Kevers
- Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Unit, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Jean-Olivier Defraigne
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, University Hospital of Liège; Research Centre for Experimental Surgery (CREDEC), University of Liège, and Plateforme Nutrition Antioxydante & Santé (NAS), Liège, Belgium
| | - Joël Pincemail
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, University Hospital of Liège; Research Centre for Experimental Surgery (CREDEC), University of Liège, and Plateforme Nutrition Antioxydante & Santé (NAS), Liège, Belgium
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Garcia C, Britto D, Marelli JP. Transcription Factors: Their Role in the Regulation of Somatic Embryogenesis in Theobroma cacao L. and Other Species. Methods Mol Biol 2018; 1815:385-396. [PMID: 29981137 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-8594-4_27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Transcription factors are proteins that help with the control and regulation in the transcription of the DNA to mRNA by binding to special DNA sequences. With the aim to understand more about gene transcription regulation in Theobroma cacao L., this review outlines the principal transcription factors that were reported in other plants especially Arabidopsis thaliana and attempts at looking for the homologies with transcription factors in T. cacao. The information cited in this work is about the initiation, development, and maturation of the cacao somatic embryos and other crops. It is important to underline that there are very few publications in T. cacao discussing transcription factors that control the somatic embryogenesis process, but there is some information about transcription factors in other crops that we have used as a guide to try to understand this process.
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8
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Vargas Jentzsch P, Ciobotă V, Salinas W, Kampe B, Aponte PM, Rösch P, Popp J, Ramos LA. Distinction of Ecuadorian varieties of fermented cocoa beans using Raman spectroscopy. Food Chem 2016; 211:274-80. [PMID: 27283632 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2015] [Revised: 04/28/2016] [Accepted: 05/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Cocoa (Theobroma cacao) is a crop of economic importance. In Ecuador, there are two predominant cocoa varieties: National and CCN-51. The National variety is the most demanded, since its cocoa beans are used to produce the finest chocolates. Raman measurements of fermented, dried and unpeeled cocoa beans were performed using a handheld spectrometer. Samples of the National and CCN-51 varieties were collected from different provinces and studied in this work. For each sample, 25 cocoa beans were considered and each bean was measured at 4 different spots. The most important Raman features of the spectra were assigned and discussed. The spectroscopic data were processed using chemometrics, resulting in a distinction of varieties with 91.8% of total accuracy. Differences in the average Raman spectra of cocoa beans from different sites but within the same variety can be attributed to environmental factors affecting the cocoa beans during the fermentation and drying processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Vargas Jentzsch
- Ecuadorian Agency for Quality Assurance in Agriculture, AGROCALIDAD, Av. Interoceánica km 14 ½, 170184 Tumbaco, Ecuador; Departamento de Ciencias Nucleares, Facultad de Ingeniería Química y Agroindustria, Escuela Politécnica Nacional, Ladrón de Guevara E11-253, 170525 Quito, Ecuador
| | - Valerian Ciobotă
- Rigaku Analytical Devices, Pasedagplatz 3-4, 13088 Berlin, Germany
| | - Wilson Salinas
- Ecuadorian Agency for Quality Assurance in Agriculture, AGROCALIDAD, Av. Interoceánica km 14 ½, 170184 Tumbaco, Ecuador
| | - Bernd Kampe
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie, and Abbe Center of Photonics, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Helmholtzweg 4, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Pedro M Aponte
- Ecuadorian Agency for Quality Assurance in Agriculture, AGROCALIDAD, Av. Interoceánica km 14 ½, 170184 Tumbaco, Ecuador; Colegio de Ciencias Biológicas y Ambientales COCIBA, Universidad San Francisco de Quito USFQ, Campus Cumbayá, Diego de Robles y Vía Interoceánica, 170157 Quito, Ecuador
| | - Petra Rösch
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie, and Abbe Center of Photonics, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Helmholtzweg 4, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Jürgen Popp
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie, and Abbe Center of Photonics, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Helmholtzweg 4, 07743 Jena, Germany; Leibniz-Institut für Photonische Technologien e.V. (IPHT), Albert-Einstein-Straße 9, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Luis A Ramos
- Ecuadorian Agency for Quality Assurance in Agriculture, AGROCALIDAD, Av. Interoceánica km 14 ½, 170184 Tumbaco, Ecuador.
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Massee LA, Ried K, Pase M, Travica N, Yoganathan J, Scholey A, Macpherson H, Kennedy G, Sali A, Pipingas A. The acute and sub-chronic effects of cocoa flavanols on mood, cognitive and cardiovascular health in young healthy adults: a randomized, controlled trial. Front Pharmacol 2015; 6:93. [PMID: 26042037 PMCID: PMC4438591 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2015.00093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2015] [Accepted: 04/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Cocoa supplementation has been associated with benefits to cardiovascular health. However, cocoa's effects on cognition are less clear. A randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind clinical trial (n = 40, age M = 24.13 years, SD = 4.47 years) was conducted to investigate the effects of both acute (same-day) and sub-chronic (daily for four-weeks) 250 mg cocoa supplementation on mood and mental fatigue, cognitive performance and cardiovascular functioning in young, healthy adults. Assessment involved repeated 10-min cycles of the Cognitive Demand Battery (CDB) encompassing two serial subtraction tasks (Serial Threes and Sevens), a Rapid Visual Information Processing task, and a mental fatigue scale over the course of half an hour. The Swinburne University Computerized Cognitive Assessment Battery (SUCCAB) was also completed to evaluate cognition. Cardiovascular function included measuring both peripheral and central blood pressure and cerebral blood flow. At the acute time point, consumption of cocoa significantly improved self-reported mental fatigue and performance on the Serial Sevens task in cycle one of the CDB. No other significant effects were found. This trial was registered with the Australian and New Zealand Clinical Trial Registry (Trial ID: ACTRN12613000626763). Accessible via http://www.anzctr.org.au/TrialSearch.aspx?searchTxt=ACTRN12613000626763&ddlSearch=Registered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura A Massee
- Centre for Human Psychopharmacology, Swinburne University of Technology Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Karin Ried
- National Institute of Integrative Medicine Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Matthew Pase
- Centre for Human Psychopharmacology, Swinburne University of Technology Melbourne, VIC, Australia ; Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine Boston, MA, USA
| | - Nikolaj Travica
- National Institute of Integrative Medicine Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Jaesshanth Yoganathan
- Centre for Human Psychopharmacology, Swinburne University of Technology Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Andrew Scholey
- Centre for Human Psychopharmacology, Swinburne University of Technology Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Helen Macpherson
- Centre for Human Psychopharmacology, Swinburne University of Technology Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Greg Kennedy
- Centre for Human Psychopharmacology, Swinburne University of Technology Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Avni Sali
- National Institute of Integrative Medicine Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Andrew Pipingas
- Centre for Human Psychopharmacology, Swinburne University of Technology Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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