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Wei K, Zhu W, Kou Y, Zheng X, Zheng Y. Advances in Small Molecular Agents against Oral Cancer. Molecules 2024; 29:1594. [PMID: 38611874 PMCID: PMC11013889 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29071594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2024] [Revised: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Oral cancer is a common malignancy with a high mortality rate. Although surgery is the best treatment option for patients with cancer, this approach is ineffective for advanced metastases. Molecular agents are irreplaceable in preventing and treating distant metastases. This review aims to summarise the molecular agents used for the treatment of oral cancer in the last decade and describe their sources and curative effects. These agents are classified into phenols, isothiocyanates, anthraquinones, statins, flavonoids, terpenoids, and steroids. The mechanisms of action of these agents include regulating the expression of cell signalling pathways and related proteases to affect the proliferation, autophagy, migration, apoptosis, and other biological aspects of oral cancer cells. This paper may serve as a reference for subsequent studies on the treatment of oral cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Wei
- Medical School, Pingdingshan University, Pingdingshan 467000, China; (K.W.); (W.Z.); (X.Z.)
| | - Weiru Zhu
- Medical School, Pingdingshan University, Pingdingshan 467000, China; (K.W.); (W.Z.); (X.Z.)
| | - Yanan Kou
- Affiliated Stomatology Hospital, Pingdingshan University, Pingdingshan 467000, China
| | - Xinhua Zheng
- Medical School, Pingdingshan University, Pingdingshan 467000, China; (K.W.); (W.Z.); (X.Z.)
| | - Yunyun Zheng
- Medical School, Pingdingshan University, Pingdingshan 467000, China; (K.W.); (W.Z.); (X.Z.)
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Li W, Zou L, Huang S, Miao H, Liu K, Geng Y, Liu Y, Wu W. The anticancer activity of bile acids in drug discovery and development. Front Pharmacol 2024; 15:1362382. [PMID: 38444942 PMCID: PMC10912613 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1362382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Bile acids (BAs) constitute essential components of cholesterol metabolites that are synthesized in the liver, stored in the gallbladder, and excreted into the intestine through the biliary system. They play a crucial role in nutrient absorption, lipid and glucose regulation, and the maintenance of metabolic homeostasis. In additional, BAs have demonstrated the ability to attenuate disease progression such as diabetes, metabolic disorders, heart disease, and respiratory ailments. Intriguingly, recent research has offered exciting evidence to unveil their potential antitumor properties against various cancer cell types including tamoxifen-resistant breast cancer, oral squamous cell carcinoma, cholangiocarcinoma, gastric cancer, colon cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma, prostate cancer, gallbladder cancer, neuroblastoma, and others. Up to date, multiple laboratories have synthesized novel BA derivatives to develop potential drug candidates. These derivatives have exhibited the capacity to induce cell death in individual cancer cell types and display promising anti-tumor activities. This review extensively elucidates the anticancer activity of natural BAs and synthetic derivatives in cancer cells, their associated signaling pathways, and therapeutic strategies. Understanding of BAs and their derivatives activities and action mechanisms will evidently assist anticancer drug discovery and devise novel treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weijian Li
- Department of Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Renji Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Biliary Tract Disease Research, Shanghai, China
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Research Center of Biliary Tract Disease, Shanghai, China
| | - Lu Zou
- Department of Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Renji Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Biliary Tract Disease Research, Shanghai, China
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Research Center of Biliary Tract Disease, Shanghai, China
| | - Shuai Huang
- Department of Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Renji Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Huijie Miao
- Department of Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Renji Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Biliary Tract Disease Research, Shanghai, China
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Research Center of Biliary Tract Disease, Shanghai, China
| | - Ke Liu
- Department of Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Renji Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Biliary Tract Disease Research, Shanghai, China
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Research Center of Biliary Tract Disease, Shanghai, China
| | - Yajun Geng
- Department of Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Renji Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Biliary Tract Disease Research, Shanghai, China
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Research Center of Biliary Tract Disease, Shanghai, China
| | - Yingbin Liu
- Department of Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Renji Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Biliary Tract Disease Research, Shanghai, China
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Research Center of Biliary Tract Disease, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenguang Wu
- Department of Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Renji Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Biliary Tract Disease Research, Shanghai, China
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Research Center of Biliary Tract Disease, Shanghai, China
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Mechanism of Bile Acid-Induced Programmed Cell Death and Drug Discovery against Cancer: A Review. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23137184. [PMID: 35806184 PMCID: PMC9266679 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23137184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Revised: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Bile acids are major signaling molecules that play a significant role as emulsifiers in the digestion and absorption of dietary lipids. Bile acids are amphiphilic molecules produced by the reaction of enzymes with cholesterol as a substrate, and they are the primary metabolites of cholesterol in the body. Bile acids were initially considered as tumor promoters, but many studies have deemed them to be tumor suppressors. The tumor-suppressive effect of bile acids is associated with programmed cell death. Moreover, based on this fact, several synthetic bile acid derivatives have also been used to induce programmed cell death in several types of human cancers. This review comprehensively summarizes the literature related to bile acid-induced programmed cell death, such as apoptosis, autophagy, and necroptosis, and the status of drug development using synthetic bile acid derivatives against human cancers. We hope that this review will provide a reference for the future research and development of drugs against cancer.
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Režen T, Rozman D, Kovács T, Kovács P, Sipos A, Bai P, Mikó E. The role of bile acids in carcinogenesis. Cell Mol Life Sci 2022; 79:243. [PMID: 35429253 PMCID: PMC9013344 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-022-04278-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Revised: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
AbstractBile acids are soluble derivatives of cholesterol produced in the liver that subsequently undergo bacterial transformation yielding a diverse array of metabolites. The bulk of bile acid synthesis takes place in the liver yielding primary bile acids; however, other tissues have also the capacity to generate bile acids (e.g. ovaries). Hepatic bile acids are then transported to bile and are subsequently released into the intestines. In the large intestine, a fraction of primary bile acids is converted to secondary bile acids by gut bacteria. The majority of the intestinal bile acids undergo reuptake and return to the liver. A small fraction of secondary and primary bile acids remains in the circulation and exert receptor-mediated and pure chemical effects (e.g. acidic bile in oesophageal cancer) on cancer cells. In this review, we assess how changes to bile acid biosynthesis, bile acid flux and local bile acid concentration modulate the behavior of different cancers. Here, we present in-depth the involvement of bile acids in oesophageal, gastric, hepatocellular, pancreatic, colorectal, breast, prostate, ovarian cancer. Previous studies often used bile acids in supraphysiological concentration, sometimes in concentrations 1000 times higher than the highest reported tissue or serum concentrations likely eliciting unspecific effects, a practice that we advocate against in this review. Furthermore, we show that, although bile acids were classically considered as pro-carcinogenic agents (e.g. oesophageal cancer), the dogma that switch, as lower concentrations of bile acids that correspond to their serum or tissue reference concentration possess anticancer activity in a subset of cancers. Differences in the response of cancers to bile acids lie in the differential expression of bile acid receptors between cancers (e.g. FXR vs. TGR5). UDCA, a bile acid that is sold as a generic medication against cholestasis or biliary surge, and its conjugates were identified with almost purely anticancer features suggesting a possibility for drug repurposing. Taken together, bile acids were considered as tumor inducers or tumor promoter molecules; nevertheless, in certain cancers, like breast cancer, bile acids in their reference concentrations may act as tumor suppressors suggesting a Janus-faced nature of bile acids in carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadeja Režen
- Centre for Functional Genomics and Bio-Chips, Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Damjana Rozman
- Centre for Functional Genomics and Bio-Chips, Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Tünde Kovács
- Department of Medical Chemistry, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1., Debrecen, 4032, Hungary
- MTA-DE Lendület Laboratory of Cellular Metabolism, Debrecen, 4032, Hungary
| | - Patrik Kovács
- Department of Medical Chemistry, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1., Debrecen, 4032, Hungary
| | - Adrienn Sipos
- Department of Medical Chemistry, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1., Debrecen, 4032, Hungary
| | - Péter Bai
- Department of Medical Chemistry, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1., Debrecen, 4032, Hungary
- MTA-DE Lendület Laboratory of Cellular Metabolism, Debrecen, 4032, Hungary
- Research Center for Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, 4032, Hungary
| | - Edit Mikó
- Department of Medical Chemistry, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1., Debrecen, 4032, Hungary.
- MTA-DE Lendület Laboratory of Cellular Metabolism, Debrecen, 4032, Hungary.
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Huang F. Ursodeoxycholic acid as a potential alternative therapeutic approach for neurodegenerative disorders: Effects on cell apoptosis, oxidative stress and inflammation in the brain. Brain Behav Immun Health 2021; 18:100348. [PMID: 34632427 PMCID: PMC7611783 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbih.2021.100348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Revised: 09/11/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) is a bile acid component with anti-apoptotic, anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. It has been used in clinical medicine for liver diseases for centuries. In neurodegenerative diseases, increased cell apoptosis, oxidative stress and inflammation are frequently observed as well. Due to those beneficial effects of UDCA, recent studies have started to investigate the effects of UDCA in pre-clinical models of neurodegeneration. On this account, I review the data reported so far to investigate the role of UDCA in regulating apoptosis, oxidative stress and inflammation in pre-clinical models of neurodegeneration, as well as in homeostatic state. Evidence have shown that UDCA can reduce apoptosis, inhibit reactive oxygen species and tumor necrosis factor - α production in neurodegenerative models. In addition, UDCA is able to induce apoptosis of brain blastoma cells in homeostatic conditions. Overall, this review suggests the therapeutic potential of UDCA in neurodegenerative disorders, proposing UDCA as a potential alternative therapeutic approach for patients suffering from these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Huang
- Stress, Psychiatry and Immunology Laboratory, Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, UK
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines, Shanghai R&D Center for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, PR China
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Bile-Acid-Appended Triazolyl Aryl Ketones: Design, Synthesis, In Vitro Anticancer Activity and Pharmacokinetics in Rats. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26195741. [PMID: 34641285 PMCID: PMC8510344 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26195741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
A library of bile-acid-appended triazolyl aryl ketones was synthesized and characterized by detailed spectroscopic techniques such as 1H and 13C NMR, HRMS and HPLC. All the synthesized conjugates were evaluated for their cytotoxicity at 10 µM against MCF-7 (human breast adenocarcinoma) and 4T1 (mouse mammary carcinoma) cells. In vitro cytotoxicity studies on the synthesized conjugates against MCF-7 and 4T1 cells indicated one of the conjugate 6cf to be most active against both cancer cell lines, with IC50 values of 5.71 µM and 8.71 µM, respectively, as compared to the reference drug docetaxel, possessing IC50 values of 9.46 µM and 13.85 µM, respectively. Interestingly, another compound 6af (IC50 = 2.61 µM) was found to possess pronounced anticancer activity as compared to the reference drug docetaxel (IC50 = 9.46 µM) against MCF-7. In addition, the potent compounds (6cf and 6af) were found to be non-toxic to normal human embryonic kidney cell line (HEK 293), as evident from their cell viability of greater than 86%. Compound 6cf induces higher apoptosis in comparison to 6af (46.09% vs. 33.89%) in MCF-7 cells, while similar apoptotic potential was observed for 6cf and 6af in 4T1 cells. The pharmacokinetics of 6cf in Wistar rats showed an MRT of 8.47 h with a half-life of 5.63 h. Clearly, these results suggest 6cf to be a potential candidate for the development of anticancer agents.
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Magnolol Triggers Caspase-Mediated Apoptotic Cell Death in Human Oral Cancer Cells through JNK1/2 and p38 Pathways. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9101295. [PMID: 34680412 PMCID: PMC8533260 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9101295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Revised: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Magnolol is a natural compound extracted from Chinese herbal medicine and can induce apoptosis in numerous types of cancer cells. However, the molecular mechanisms of magnolol in oral cancer are still unclear. In this study, we investigated the anti-cancer effects and underlying mechanisms of magnolol in human oral cancer cell lines. Our results exhibited that magnolol inhibited the cell proliferation via inducing the sub-G1 phase and cell apoptosis of HSC-3 and SCC-9 cells. The human apoptosis array and Western blot assay showed that magnolol increased the expression of cleaved caspase-3 proteins and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1). Moreover, we proved that magnolol induces apoptosis in oral cancer cell lines via the c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK)1/2 and p38 pathways. Overall, the current study supports the role for magnolol as a therapeutic approach for oral cancer through JNK1/2- and p38-mediated caspase activation.
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Lee J, Hong EM, Kim JH, Kim JH, Jung JH, Park SW, Koh DH, Jang HJ. Ursodeoxycholic acid shows antineoplastic effects in bile duct cancer cells via apoptosis induction; p53 activation; and EGFR-ERK, COX-2, and PI3K-AKT pathway inhibition. Mol Biol Rep 2021; 48:6231-6240. [PMID: 34392440 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-021-06331-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Unlike in normal cells, ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) causes apoptosis rather than protection in cancer cells. Aim of this study was to demonstrate whether UDCA actually inhibits proliferation and induces apoptosis in bile duct cancer cells; the effect of UDCA on the expression of COX-2, PI3K/AKT, ERK, and EGFR; how UDCA affects cancer cell invasiveness and metastasis, since these effects are not established in bile duct cancer cells. SNU-245 cells (human extrahepatic bile duct cancer cells) were cultured. MTT assays were performed to evaluate the effect of UDCA on the cell proliferation. A cell death detection enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and a caspase-3 activity assay were used to determine apoptosis. Western blot analysis measured expression levels of various proteins. The invasiveness of the cancer cells was evaluated by invasion assay. In cultured bile duct cancer cells, UDCA suppressed cell proliferation in bile duct cancer cells by inducing apoptosis and p53 activation, blocking deoxycholic acid (DCA)-induced activated EGFR-ERK signaling and COX-2, inhibiting DCA-induced activated PI3K-AKT signaling, and suppressing the invasiveness of bile duct cancer cells. In addition, a MEK inhibitor impaired UDCA-induced apoptosis in bile duct cancer cells. UDCA has antineoplastic and apoptotic effects in bile duct cancer cells. Thus, UDCA could be a chemopreventive agent in patients with a high risk of cancer, and/or a therapeutic option that enhances other chemotherapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Lee
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Hallym University College of Medicine, Chuncheon, Gangwon-Do, South Korea. .,Division of Gastroenterology, Hallym University Dongtan Sacred Heart Hospital, 7 Keunjaebong-Gil, Hwasung, Gyeonggi-Do, 18450, South Korea.
| | - Eun Mi Hong
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hallym University Dongtan Sacred Heart Hospital, 7 Keunjaebong-Gil, Hwasung, Gyeonggi-Do, 18450, South Korea
| | - Jung Han Kim
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Hallym University College of Medicine, Chuncheon, Gangwon-Do, South Korea
| | - Jung Hee Kim
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Hallym University College of Medicine, Chuncheon, Gangwon-Do, South Korea.,Division of Gastroenterology, Hallym University Dongtan Sacred Heart Hospital, 7 Keunjaebong-Gil, Hwasung, Gyeonggi-Do, 18450, South Korea
| | - Jang Han Jung
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Hallym University College of Medicine, Chuncheon, Gangwon-Do, South Korea.,Division of Gastroenterology, Hallym University Dongtan Sacred Heart Hospital, 7 Keunjaebong-Gil, Hwasung, Gyeonggi-Do, 18450, South Korea
| | - Se Woo Park
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Hallym University College of Medicine, Chuncheon, Gangwon-Do, South Korea.,Division of Gastroenterology, Hallym University Dongtan Sacred Heart Hospital, 7 Keunjaebong-Gil, Hwasung, Gyeonggi-Do, 18450, South Korea
| | - Dong Hee Koh
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Hallym University College of Medicine, Chuncheon, Gangwon-Do, South Korea.,Division of Gastroenterology, Hallym University Dongtan Sacred Heart Hospital, 7 Keunjaebong-Gil, Hwasung, Gyeonggi-Do, 18450, South Korea
| | - Hyun Joo Jang
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Hallym University College of Medicine, Chuncheon, Gangwon-Do, South Korea.,Division of Gastroenterology, Hallym University Dongtan Sacred Heart Hospital, 7 Keunjaebong-Gil, Hwasung, Gyeonggi-Do, 18450, South Korea
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Firus Khan AY, Ahmed QU, Nippun TS, Hilles A, Jalal TK, Teh LK, Salleh MZ, Noor SM, Seeni A, Khatib A, Wahab RA. Determination toxic effects of Hystrix Brachyura Bezoar extracts using cancer cell lines and embryo zebrafish (Danio rerio) models and identification of active principles through GC-MS analysis. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2020; 262:113138. [PMID: 32726681 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2020.113138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 06/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Porcupine bezoar (PB) is used as folk medicine for various medical conditions including cancer treatment in Malaysia. However, its toxicity profile has never been thoroughly ascertained to confirm its safe nature as an efficacious traditional medicine in the treatment of cancer as well as other ailments. AIM OF THE STUDY This study was aimed to reveal three different PBs' aqueous extracts(viz. PB-A, PB-B, PB-C) chemical constituent's profile using GC-MS analysis, anticancer property on A375, HeLa and MCF7 cancer cells, toxicity profile on zebrafish embryo morphology, EC50, LC50 and teratogenicity index. MATERIALS AND METHODS PBs' extracts characterization was performed through GC-MS analysis, in vitro anticancer effect was carried out on A375, HeLa and MCF7 cancer cell lines and finally and toxicity properties on three different PBs aqueous extracts (viz. PB-A, PB-B, PB-C) were determined using zebrafish embryo model. RESULTS The GC-MS analysis revealed 10 similar compounds in all PBs' extracts. Dilauryl thiodipropionate was found to be a major compound in all PBs' extracts followed by tetradecanoic acid. An in vitro anticancer study revealed PB extracts exerted median inhibition concentration (IC50) <50 μg/mL, on cancer cells viz. A375, HeLa and MCF7 with no significant toxicity on normal cells viz. NHDF cells. In vivo toxicity of PBs extracts found affecting tail detachment, hatching, craniofacial, brain morphology, soft tissues, edema, spinal, somites, notochord and cardiovascular system (brachycardia, disruption of blood circulation) deformities. The LC50 and EC50 demonstrated PB extracts effect as dose and time dependent with median concentration <150.0 μg/mL. Additionally, teratogenicity index (TI) viz. >1.0 revealed teratogenic property for PB extracts. CONCLUSIONS The findings revealed that all three PBs aqueous extracts possessed anticancer activity and exhibited significant toxicological effects on zebrafish embryos with high teratogenicity index. Hence, its use as an anticancer agent requires further investigation and medical attentions to determine its safe dose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Al'aina Yuhainis Firus Khan
- Department of Biomedical Science, Kuliyyah of Allied Health Sciences, International Islamic University Malaysia, 25200, Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia
| | - Qamar Uddin Ahmed
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Kuliyyah of Pharmacy, International Islamic University Malaysia, 25200, Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia
| | - Tanzina Sharmin Nippun
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Kuliyyah of Pharmacy, International Islamic University Malaysia, 25200, Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia
| | - Ayah Hilles
- Department of Biomedical Science, Kuliyyah of Allied Health Sciences, International Islamic University Malaysia, 25200, Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia
| | - Tara K Jalal
- Department of Biomedical Science, Kuliyyah of Allied Health Sciences, International Islamic University Malaysia, 25200, Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia
| | - Lay Kek Teh
- Pharmacogenomics Centre PROMISE, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Teknologi MARA, 42300, Kuala Selangor, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Zaki Salleh
- Pharmacogenomics Centre PROMISE, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Teknologi MARA, 42300, Kuala Selangor, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Suzita Mohd Noor
- Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603, Jalan Universiti, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Azman Seeni
- Cluster of Integrative Medicine, Advanced Medical and Dental Institute, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 13200, Bertam, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Alfi Khatib
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Kuliyyah of Pharmacy, International Islamic University Malaysia, 25200, Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia; Faculty of Pharmacy, Airlangga University, 60155, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Ridhwan Abdul Wahab
- Department of Biomedical Science, Kuliyyah of Allied Health Sciences, International Islamic University Malaysia, 25200, Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia.
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Yao Z, Zhang X, Zhao F, Wang S, Chen A, Huang B, Wang J, Li X. Ursodeoxycholic Acid Inhibits Glioblastoma Progression via Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress Related Apoptosis and Synergizes with the Proteasome Inhibitor Bortezomib. ACS Chem Neurosci 2020; 11:1337-1346. [PMID: 32239921 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.0c00095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) has demonstrated cancer suppressive potential in several tumors. Here, we investigated the antitumor potential and biochemical mechanism of UDCA on glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), the deadliest form of brain cancer with a median survival of 15 months. Cell viability was assessed using the CCK-8 and colony forming assays. Expression profiles were obtained using RNA sequencing, and PCR and Western blot were used to validate changes in related markers at the RNA and protein levels. Flow cytometry was used to examine cell cycle, apoptosis, mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), and reactive oxygen species (ROS). UDCA inhibited GBM cell viability in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Flow cytometry demonstrated that cells were arrested in the G1 phase and underwent apoptosis. The RNA sequencing results showed UDCA treatment in part targeted gene expression related to mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum (ER). UDCA indeed led to decreased MMP, overproduction of ROS, and ER stress. Three critical ER stress sensors ATF6, IRE1α, and PERK were increased in the acute phase. Additionally, combining UDCA with the proteasome inhibitor bortezomib (BTZ) achieved a synergistic effect through enhancing the PERK/ATF4/CHOP pathway and protracting ER stress. UDCA inhibited GBM progression, and the combination with BTZ achieved a synergistic effect via protracted ER stress. Thus, UDCA, alone or with combination of BTZ, shows promise as a possible therapeutic agent for the treatment of GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong Yao
- School of Clinical Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University and Institute of Brain and Brain-Inspired Science, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Brain Function Remodeling, Jinan, China
| | - Xun Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University and Institute of Brain and Brain-Inspired Science, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Brain Function Remodeling, Jinan, China
| | - Feihu Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University and Institute of Brain and Brain-Inspired Science, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Brain Function Remodeling, Jinan, China
| | - Shuai Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University and Institute of Brain and Brain-Inspired Science, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Brain Function Remodeling, Jinan, China
| | - Anjing Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University and Institute of Brain and Brain-Inspired Science, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Brain Function Remodeling, Jinan, China
| | - Bin Huang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University and Institute of Brain and Brain-Inspired Science, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Brain Function Remodeling, Jinan, China
| | - Jian Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University and Institute of Brain and Brain-Inspired Science, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Brain Function Remodeling, Jinan, China
- Translational Cancer Research Group, Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, 5200 Bergen, Norway
| | - Xingang Li
- School of Clinical Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University and Institute of Brain and Brain-Inspired Science, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
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Goossens JF, Bailly C. Ursodeoxycholic acid and cancer: From chemoprevention to chemotherapy. Pharmacol Ther 2019; 203:107396. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2019.107396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Synergistic effect of ursodeoxycholic acid on the antitumor activity of sorafenib in hepatocellular carcinoma cells via modulation of STAT3 and ERK. Int J Mol Med 2018; 42:2551-2559. [PMID: 30106087 PMCID: PMC6192782 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2018.3807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2018] [Accepted: 07/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Sorafenib has been approved for the treatment of advanced stage hepatocellular carcinoma but has limited efficacy. Ursodeoxycholic acid exerts cytoprotective activities in hepatocytes and is believed to suppress tumorigenesis through cell cycle arrest and induction of apoptosis. The present study examined whether co-treatment with ursodeoxycholic acid has a synergistic effect on the antitumor activity of sorafenib in hepatocellular carcinoma cells. Notably, co-treatment with both agents more effectively inhibited cell proliferation than sorafenib or ursodeoxycholic acid alone. Furthermore, co-treatment inhibited the phosphorylation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) and activated extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), a mitogen-activated protein kinase, accompanied by excessive intracellular reactive oxygen species generation in hepatocellular carcinoma cells. Thus, chemotherapy with sorafenib and ursodeoxycholic combination may be efficacious in hepatocellular carcinoma by inhibiting cell proliferation and inducing apoptosis through reactive oxygen species-dependent activation of ERK and dephosphorylation of STAT3. The present findings may represent a promising therapeutic strategy for patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma.
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Effect of different levels of intermittent hypoxia on autophagy of hippocampal neurons. Sleep Breath 2017; 21:791-798. [PMID: 28553681 DOI: 10.1007/s11325-017-1512-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2016] [Revised: 04/28/2017] [Accepted: 05/15/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The current study was carried out to assess the effects of different levels of intermittent hypoxia (IH) on autophagy in hippocampal neurons, and explore the extent, frequency and duration of IH for researching on autophagy in hippocampal neurons. METHODS Hippocampal neurons were exposed to different levels of IH. To analyze the oxygen level of neuronal exposure environment, we detected the oxygen concentration in the chamber by O2 analyzer, and monitored the oxygen partial pressure (PO2), carbon dioxide partial pressure (PCO2), and pH in the culture media by blood gas analyzer. After 4-, 8-, and 12-h IH, the morphology and quantity of neurons, as well as the expression of light chain 3 (LC3)-II positive dots were observed by immunofluorescence. The expression of apoptosis marker protein cleaved caspase-3 and autophagy marker protein LC3 were examined by western blotting. RESULTS The oxygen level in the chamber and the neuronal culture media both reached to the values set previously in three models. The level of cleaved caspase-3 and LC3 had no significant changes in IH-1 group. The morphology and quantity had no significant changes, while the levels of cleaved caspase-3 and LC3 were both increased in IH-2 group. The quantity of neurons was reduced significantly, and the chromatin condensed and nuclei fragmented in IH-3 group. CONCLUSIONS The effects of varying degrees of IH on autophagy in hippocampal neurons are different. The IH model, hypoxia phase (1.5% O2, 5% CO2, and balance N2) for 5 min and reoxygenation phase (21% O2, 5% CO2, and balance N2) for 10 min, may be the best condition for researching on autophagy in hippocampal neurons.
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Agarwal DS, Anantaraju HS, Sriram D, Yogeeswari P, Nanjegowda SH, Mallu P, Sakhuja R. Synthesis, characterization and biological evaluation of bile acid-aromatic/heteroaromatic amides linked via amino acids as anti-cancer agents. Steroids 2016; 107:87-97. [PMID: 26748355 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2015.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2015] [Revised: 12/01/2015] [Accepted: 12/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
A series of bile acid (Cholic acid and Deoxycholic acid) aryl/heteroaryl amides linked via α-amino acid were synthesized and tested against 3 human cancer cell-lines (HT29, MDAMB231, U87MG) and 1 human normal cell line (HEK293T). Some of the conjugates showed promising results to be new anticancer agents with good in vitro results. More specifically, Cholic acid derivatives 6a (1.35 μM), 6c (1.41 μM) and 6m (4.52 μM) possessing phenyl, benzothiazole and 4-methylphenyl groups showed fairly good activity against the breast cancer cell line with respect to Cisplatin (7.21 μM) and comparable with respect to Doxorubicin (1 μM), while 6e (2.49μM), 6i (2.46 μM) and 6m (1.62 μM) showed better activity against glioblastoma cancer cell line with respect to both Cisplatin (2.60 μM) and Doxorubicin (3.78 μM) drugs used as standards. Greater than 65% of the compounds were found to be safer on human normal cell line.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devesh S Agarwal
- Department of Chemistry, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani 333 031, Rajasthan, India
| | - Hasitha Shilpa Anantaraju
- Drug Discovery Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology & Science-Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Hyderabad 500078, India
| | - Dharmarajan Sriram
- Drug Discovery Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology & Science-Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Hyderabad 500078, India
| | - Perumal Yogeeswari
- Drug Discovery Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology & Science-Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Hyderabad 500078, India
| | - Shankara H Nanjegowda
- Department of Chemistry, Sri Jayachamarajendra College of Engineering, Mysore 570006, India
| | - P Mallu
- Department of Chemistry, Sri Jayachamarajendra College of Engineering, Mysore 570006, India
| | - Rajeev Sakhuja
- Department of Chemistry, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani 333 031, Rajasthan, India.
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