2
|
Htet TD, Godneva A, Liu Z, Chalmers E, Kolobkov D, Snaith JR, Richens R, Toth K, Danta M, Hng TM, Elinav E, Segal E, Greenfield JR, Samocha-Bonet D. Rationale and design of a randomised controlled trial testing the effect of personalised diet in individuals with pre-diabetes or type 2 diabetes mellitus treated with metformin. BMJ Open 2020; 10:e037859. [PMID: 33040003 PMCID: PMC7552859 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2020-037859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Metformin and diets aimed at promoting healthy body weight are the first line in treating type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Clinical practice, backed by clinical trials, suggests that many individuals do not reach glycaemic targets using this approach alone. The primary aim of the Personalised Medicine in Pre-diabetes-Towards Preventing Diabetes in Individuals at Risk (PREDICT) Study is to test the efficacy of personalised diet as adjuvant to metformin in improving glycaemic control in individuals with dysglycaemia. METHODS AND ANALYSIS PREDICT is a two-arm, parallel group, single-masked randomised controlled trial in adults with pre-diabetes or early-stage T2DM (with glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) up to 8.0% (64 mmol/mol)), not treated with glucose-lowering medication. PREDICT is conducted at the Clinical Research Facility at the Garvan Institute of Medical Research (Sydney). Enrolment of participants commenced in December 2018 and expected to complete in December 2021. Participants are commenced on metformin (Extended Release, titrated to a target dose of 1500 mg/day) and randomised with equal allocation to either (1) the Personalised Nutrition Project algorithm-based diet or (2) low-fat high-dietary fibre diet, designed to provide caloric restriction (75%) in individuals with body mass index >25 kg/m2. Treatment duration is 6 months and participants visit the Clinical Research Facility five times over approximately 7 months. The primary outcome measure is HbA1c. The secondary outcomes are (1) time of interstitial glucose <7.8 mmol/L and (2) glycaemic variability (continuous glucose monitoring), (3) body weight, (4) fat mass and (5) abdominal visceral fat volume (dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry), serum (6) low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (7) high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and (8) triglycerides concentrations, (9) blood pressure, and (10) liver fat (Fibroscan). ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION The study has been approved by the St Vincent's Hospital Human Research Ethics Committee (File 17/080, Sydney, Australia) and the Weizmann Institutional Review Board (File 528-3, Rehovot, Israel). The findings will be published in peer-reviewed open access medical journals. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER NCT03558867; Pre-results.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thaw D Htet
- Healthy Ageing Theme, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- St Vincent's Clinical School, UNSW, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Department of Endocrinology, St Vincent's Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Anastasia Godneva
- Department of Computer Science & Applied Mathematics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Zhixin Liu
- Mark Wainwright Analytical Centre, UNSW, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Eliza Chalmers
- Healthy Ageing Theme, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Dmitry Kolobkov
- Department of Computer Science & Applied Mathematics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Jennifer R Snaith
- Healthy Ageing Theme, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- St Vincent's Clinical School, UNSW, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Department of Endocrinology, St Vincent's Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Renee Richens
- Healthy Ageing Theme, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Krisztina Toth
- Healthy Ageing Theme, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Mark Danta
- St Vincent's Clinical School, UNSW, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Department of Gastroenterology, St Vincent's Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Tien-Ming Hng
- Diabetes and Endocrinology, Blacktown Mount Druitt Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Blacktown Clinical School, Western Sydney University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Eran Elinav
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Eran Segal
- Department of Computer Science & Applied Mathematics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Jerry R Greenfield
- Healthy Ageing Theme, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- St Vincent's Clinical School, UNSW, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Department of Endocrinology, St Vincent's Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Dorit Samocha-Bonet
- Healthy Ageing Theme, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- St Vincent's Clinical School, UNSW, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Chalmers E, Samocha-Bonet D. The effect of body acid-base state and manipulations on body glucose regulation in human. Eur J Clin Nutr 2020; 74:20-26. [PMID: 32873953 DOI: 10.1038/s41430-020-0692-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Long-term exposure to high dietary acid load has been associated with insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes in epidemiological studies. However, it remains unclear whether the acid load of the diet translates to mild metabolic acidosis and whether it is responsible for the impairment in glucose regulation in humans. Previously, in a cross-sectional study we have reported that dietary acid load was not different between healthy individuals with normal weight and those with overweight/obesity, irrespective of insulin sensitivity. However, 4-week high acid load diet increased plasma lactate (a small component of the anion gap) and increased insulin resistance in healthy participants. The change in plasma lactate correlated significantly with the change in insulin resistance. Because cause-and-effect could not be evaluated in these settings, we sought to directly test the effect of an alkalizing treatment preload on postprandial glucose regulation. In a randomized placebo-controlled study with a crossover design, we administered sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3, 1.68 g) prior to high acid load meal to healthy individuals. We found that while the bicarbonate preload attenuated the post meal decrease in pH observed with placebo, no effect on postprandial glucose regulation (glucose, insulin, and C-peptide) was observed. Following 3-month treatment of nondiabetic individuals with bicarbonate, others have reported no change in insulin resistance markers, consistent with our findings. Together, studies in human suggest that insulin resistance associated with longstanding obesogenic diet may be mediated by mild metabolic acidosis. However, buffering the Western diet with bicarbonate and increasing body pH does not change glucose homeostasis in nondiabetic individuals. Further studies are required to shed light on the role of body acid-base balance and glucose homeostasis in health and disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eliza Chalmers
- Diabetes & Metabolism Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Dorit Samocha-Bonet
- Diabetes & Metabolism Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia. .,St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Della Guardia L, Thomas MA, Cena H. Insulin Sensitivity and Glucose Homeostasis Can Be Influenced by Metabolic Acid Load. Nutrients 2018; 10:E618. [PMID: 29762478 PMCID: PMC5986498 DOI: 10.3390/nu10050618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2018] [Revised: 05/08/2018] [Accepted: 05/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent epidemiological findings suggest that high levels of dietary acid load can affect insulin sensitivity and glucose metabolism. Consumption of high protein diets results in the over-production of metabolic acids which has been associated with the development of chronic metabolic disturbances. Mild metabolic acidosis has been shown to impair peripheral insulin action and several epidemiological findings suggest that metabolic acid load markers are associated with insulin resistance and impaired glycemic control through an interference intracellular insulin signaling pathways and translocation. In addition, higher incidence of diabetes, insulin resistance, or impaired glucose control have been found in subjects with elevated metabolic acid load markers. Hence, lowering dietary acid load may be relevant for improving glucose homeostasis and prevention of type 2 diabetes development on a long-term basis. However, limitations related to patient acid load estimation, nutritional determinants, and metabolic status considerably flaws available findings, and the lack of solid data on the background physiopathology contributes to the questionability of results. Furthermore, evidence from interventional studies is very limited and the trials carried out report no beneficial results following alkali supplementation. Available literature suggests that poor acid load control may contribute to impaired insulin sensitivity and glucose homeostasis, but it is not sufficiently supportive to fully elucidate the issue and additional well-designed studies are clearly needed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lucio Della Guardia
- Laboratory of Dietetics and Clinical Nutrition Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy.
| | - Michael Alex Thomas
- Department of Biology, Center for Obesity Reversal, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30302, USA.
| | - Hellas Cena
- Laboratory of Dietetics and Clinical Nutrition Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|