1
|
Uwanibe JN, Kayode TA, Oluniyi PE, Akano K, Olawoye IB, Ugwu CA, Happi CT, Folarin OA. The Prevalence of Undiagnosed Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhi in Healthy School-Aged Children in Osun State, Nigeria. Pathogens 2023; 12:pathogens12040594. [PMID: 37111480 PMCID: PMC10140884 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12040594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Revised: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Typhoid fever remains a significant public health concern due to cases of mis-/overdiagnosis. Asymptomatic carriers play a role in the transmission and persistence of typhoid fever, especially among children, where limited data exist in Nigeria and other endemic countries. We aim to elucidate the burden of typhoid fever among healthy school-aged children using the best surveillance tool(s). In a semi-urban/urban state (Osun), 120 healthy school-aged children under 15 years were enrolled. Whole blood and fecal samples were obtained from consenting children. ELISA targeting the antigen lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and anti-LPS antibodies of Salmonella Typhi, culture, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and next-generation sequencing (NGS) were used to analyze the samples. At least one of the immunological markers was detected in 65.8% of children, with 40.8%, 37.5%, and 39% of children testing positive for IgM, IgG, and antigen, respectively. Culture, PCR, and NGS assays did not detect the presence of Salmonella Typhi in the isolates. This study demonstrates a high seroprevalence of Salmonella Typhi in these healthy children but no carriage, indicating the inability to sustain transmission. We also demonstrate that using a single technique is insufficient for typhoid fever surveillance in healthy children living in endemic areas.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jessica N Uwanibe
- African Center of Excellence for Genomics of Infectious Diseases (ACEGID), Redeemer's University, Ede 232103, Osun State, Nigeria
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Redeemer's University, Oshogbo 232102, Osun State, Nigeria
| | - Tolulope A Kayode
- African Center of Excellence for Genomics of Infectious Diseases (ACEGID), Redeemer's University, Ede 232103, Osun State, Nigeria
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Redeemer's University, Oshogbo 232102, Osun State, Nigeria
| | - Paul E Oluniyi
- African Center of Excellence for Genomics of Infectious Diseases (ACEGID), Redeemer's University, Ede 232103, Osun State, Nigeria
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Redeemer's University, Oshogbo 232102, Osun State, Nigeria
| | - Kazeem Akano
- African Center of Excellence for Genomics of Infectious Diseases (ACEGID), Redeemer's University, Ede 232103, Osun State, Nigeria
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Redeemer's University, Oshogbo 232102, Osun State, Nigeria
| | - Idowu B Olawoye
- African Center of Excellence for Genomics of Infectious Diseases (ACEGID), Redeemer's University, Ede 232103, Osun State, Nigeria
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Redeemer's University, Oshogbo 232102, Osun State, Nigeria
| | - Chinedu A Ugwu
- African Center of Excellence for Genomics of Infectious Diseases (ACEGID), Redeemer's University, Ede 232103, Osun State, Nigeria
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Redeemer's University, Oshogbo 232102, Osun State, Nigeria
| | - Christian T Happi
- African Center of Excellence for Genomics of Infectious Diseases (ACEGID), Redeemer's University, Ede 232103, Osun State, Nigeria
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Redeemer's University, Oshogbo 232102, Osun State, Nigeria
| | - Onikepe A Folarin
- African Center of Excellence for Genomics of Infectious Diseases (ACEGID), Redeemer's University, Ede 232103, Osun State, Nigeria
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Redeemer's University, Oshogbo 232102, Osun State, Nigeria
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Kim CL, Cruz Espinoza LM, Vannice KS, Tadesse BT, Owusu-Dabo E, Rakotozandrindrainy R, Jani IV, Teferi M, Bassiahi Soura A, Lunguya O, Steele AD, Marks F. The Burden of Typhoid Fever in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Perspective. Res Rep Trop Med 2022; 13:1-9. [PMID: 35308424 PMCID: PMC8932916 DOI: 10.2147/rrtm.s282461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
While typhoid fever has largely been eliminated in high-income regions which have developed modern water, sanitation, and hygiene facilities, it remains a significant public health burden resulting in morbidity and mortality among millions of individuals in resource-constrained settings. Prevention and control efforts are needed that integrate several high-impact interventions targeting facilities and infrastructure, including those addressing improvements in sanitation, access to safe water, and planned urbanization, together with parallel efforts directed at effective strategies for use of typhoid conjugate vaccines (TCV). The use of TCVs is a critical tool with the potential of having a rapid impact on typhoid fever disease burden; their introduction will also serve as an important strategy to combat evolving antimicrobial resistance to currently available typhoid fever treatments. Well-designed epidemiological surveillance studies play a critical role in establishing the need for, and monitoring the impact of, typhoid fever control and prevention strategies implemented by public health authorities. Here, we present a perspective based on a narrative review of the impact of typhoid fever on morbidity and mortality in sub-Saharan Africa and discuss ongoing surveillance activities and the role of vaccination in prevention and control efforts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cara Lynn Kim
- International Vaccine Institute, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Kirsten S Vannice
- Enteric and Diarrheal Diseases, Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Birkneh Tilahun Tadesse
- International Vaccine Institute, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
- Center for Innovative Drug Development and Therapeutic Trials for Africa, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Ellis Owusu-Dabo
- School of Public Health, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | | | - Ilesh V Jani
- Instituto Nacional de Saúde (INS), Maputo Province, Mozambique
| | | | - Abdramane Bassiahi Soura
- Institut Supérieur des Sciences de la Population, Université Joseph Ki-Zerbo de Ouagadougou, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Octavie Lunguya
- Department of Microbiology, Institut National de Recherche Biomédicale, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
- Department of Medical Biology, University Teaching Hospital of Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - A Duncan Steele
- Enteric and Diarrheal Diseases, Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Florian Marks
- International Vaccine Institute, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- University of Antananarivo, Antananarivo, Madagascar
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK
- Heidelberg Institute of Global Health, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
- Correspondence: Florian Marks, Tel +82-2-881-1133, Email
| |
Collapse
|