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Frant MP, Mazur-Panasiuk N, Gal-Cisoń A, Bocian Ł, Łyjak M, Szczotka-Bochniarz A. Porcine Circovirus Type 3 (PCV3) in Poland: Prevalence in Wild Boar Population in Connection with African Swine Fever (ASF). Viruses 2024; 16:754. [PMID: 38793635 PMCID: PMC11125846 DOI: 10.3390/v16050754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2024] [Revised: 05/06/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Human health is dependent on food safety and, therefore, on the health of farm animals. One of the most significant threats in regard to swine diseases is African swine fever (ASF). Infections caused by porcine circoviruses (PCVs) represent another important swine disease. Due to the ubiquitous nature of PCV2, it is not surprising that this virus has been detected in ASFV-affected pigs. However, recent data indicate that coinfection of PCV3 and ASFV also occurs. It is still unclear whether PCV infection plays a role in ASFV infection, and that subject requires further analysis. The aim of this study was to assess whether PCV3 and PCV4 are present in the wild boar population in Poland (real-time PCR). The analysis was performed on wild boar samples collected for routine ASF surveillance in Poland, between 2018 and 2021. By extension, the obtained data were compared in regard to ASFV presence in these samples, thus investigating the odds of ASFV infection on the grounds of the PCV carrier state in free-ranging Suidae in Poland. In addition, sequencing of PCV3 and phylogenetic analysis were performed, based on a full genome and a capsid gene. In the current study, we demonstrated the high prevalence of PCV3 in the wild boar population in Poland; meanwhile, PCV4 was not detected. The odds of ASFV infection on the grounds of the PCV3 carrier state in free-ranging Suidae in Poland was more than twice as high. Ten full genome sequences of PCV3 were obtained, all of them belonging to clade 3a. The similarity between them was in the range of 98.78-99.80%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maciej Piotr Frant
- Department of Swine Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, Partyzantów Avenue 57, 24-100 Puławy, Poland; (A.G.-C.); (M.Ł.); (A.S.-B.)
| | - Natalia Mazur-Panasiuk
- Virogenetics Laboratory of Virology, Małopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7A, 30-387 Kraków, Poland;
| | - Anna Gal-Cisoń
- Department of Swine Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, Partyzantów Avenue 57, 24-100 Puławy, Poland; (A.G.-C.); (M.Ł.); (A.S.-B.)
| | - Łukasz Bocian
- Department of Epidemiology and Risk Assessment, National Veterinary Research Institute, Partyzantów Avenue 57, 24-100 Puławy, Poland;
| | - Magdalena Łyjak
- Department of Swine Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, Partyzantów Avenue 57, 24-100 Puławy, Poland; (A.G.-C.); (M.Ł.); (A.S.-B.)
| | - Anna Szczotka-Bochniarz
- Department of Swine Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, Partyzantów Avenue 57, 24-100 Puławy, Poland; (A.G.-C.); (M.Ł.); (A.S.-B.)
- Department of Cattle and Sheep Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, Partyzantów Avenue 57, 24-100 Puławy, Poland
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Kruszyński M, Śróda K, Juszkiewicz M, Siuda D, Olszewska M, Woźniakowski G. Nine Years of African Swine Fever in Poland. Viruses 2023; 15:2325. [PMID: 38140566 PMCID: PMC10748056 DOI: 10.3390/v15122325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Revised: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: African swine fever (ASF) is a highly contagious and fatal haemorrhagic disease in domestic pigs and wild boars, causing significant economic loss to the swine industry in the European Union. The genotype II of African swine fever has spread in many European countries since the virus was detected in 2007 in Georgia. In Poland, the genotype II of the ASF virus was confirmed on 17 February 2014 in the eastern part of the country and appeared to have been transmitted to Poland from Belarus. Poland has been particularly affected by ASF epidemics in the last decade, resulting in a significant decline in the Polish pig population. Wild boars are the main reservoir of the African swine fever virus (ASFV), but human activities such as transportation and illegal animal trade are the primary reasons for the long-distance transmission of the disease. (2) Conclusions: During the nine years of ASF in Poland, multiple measures have been taken to prevent the spread of the virus among the wild boar population via the passive and active surveillance of these animals. With regard to pig farms, the only effective measure for preventing the spread of ASF is the efficient enforcement by state authorities of the biosecurity standards and the farmers' compliance with them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mateusz Kruszyński
- County Veterinary Inspectorate, Stanisława Dubois 3, 46-100 Namyslow, Poland;
| | - Kacper Śróda
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Lwowska 1, 87-100 Torun, Poland;
| | - Małgorzata Juszkiewicz
- Department of Swine Diseases, National veterinary Research Institute, Partyzanotw 57 Avenue, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland;
| | - Dominika Siuda
- Academia Copernicana Interdisciplinary Doctoral School, Bojarskiego 1, 87-100 Torun, Poland;
| | - Monika Olszewska
- Department of Infectious, Invasive Diseases and Veterinary Administration, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Lwowska 1, 87-100 Torun, Poland;
| | - Grzegorz Woźniakowski
- Department of Infectious, Invasive Diseases and Veterinary Administration, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Lwowska 1, 87-100 Torun, Poland;
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Pepin KM, Borowik T, Frant M, Plis K, Podgórski T. Risk of African swine fever virus transmission among wild boar and domestic pigs in Poland. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1295127. [PMID: 38026636 PMCID: PMC10657852 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1295127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction African swine fever (ASF) is a notifiable disease of swine that impacts global pork trade and food security. In several countries across the globe, the disease persists in wild boar (WB) populations sympatric to domestic pig (DP) operations, with continued detections in both sectors. While there is evidence of spillover and spillback between the sectors, the frequency of occurrence and relative importance of different risk factors for transmission at the wildlife-livestock interface remain unclear. Methods To address this gap, we leveraged ASF surveillance data from WB and DP across Eastern Poland from 2014-2019 in an analysis that quantified the relative importance of different risk factors for explaining variation in each of the ASF surveillance data from WB and DP. Results ASF prevalence exhibited different seasonal trends across the sectors: apparent prevalence was much higher in summer (84% of detections) in DP, but more consistent throughout the year in WB (highest in winter with 45%, lowest in summer at 15%). Only 21.8% of DP-positive surveillance data included surveillance in WB nearby (within 5 km of the grid cell within the last 4 weeks), while 41.9% of WB-positive surveillance samples included any DP surveillance samples nearby. Thus, the surveillance design afforded twice as much opportunity to find DP-positive samples in the recent vicinity of WB-positive samples compared to the opposite, yet the rate of positive WB samples in the recent vicinity of a positive DP sample was 48 times as likely than the rate of positive DP samples in the recent vicinity of a positive WB sample. Our machine learning analyses found that positive samples in WB were predicted by WB-related risk factors, but not to DP-related risk factors. In contrast, WB risk factors were important for predicting detections in DP on a few spatial and temporal scales of data aggregation. Discussion Our results highlight that spillover from WB to DP might be more frequent than the reverse, but that the structure of current surveillance systems challenge quantification of spillover frequency and risk factors. Our results emphasize the importance of, and provide guidance for, improving cross-sector surveillance designs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim M. Pepin
- National Wildlife Research Center, USDA, APHIS, Wildlife Services, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Tomasz Borowik
- Mammal Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Białowieża, Poland
| | - Maciej Frant
- Department of Swine Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, Puławy, Poland
| | - Kamila Plis
- Mammal Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Białowieża, Poland
| | - Tomasz Podgórski
- Mammal Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Białowieża, Poland
- Department of Game Management and Wildlife Biology, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences, Prague, Czechia
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Bezymennyi M, Tarasov O, Kyivska GV, Mezhenska NA, Mandyhra S, Kovalenko G, Sushko M, Hudz N, Skorokhod SV, Datsenko R, Muzykina L, Milton E, Sapachova MA, Nychyk S, Halka I, Frant M, Huettmann F, Drown DM, Gerilovych A, Mezhenskyi AA, Bortz E, Lange CE. Epidemiological Characterization of African Swine Fever Dynamics in Ukraine, 2012-2023. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:1145. [PMID: 37514961 PMCID: PMC10384127 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11071145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
African swine fever (ASF) is a viral disease, endemic to Africa, that causes high mortality when introduced into domestic pig populations. Since the emergence of p72-genotype II African swine fever virus (ASFV) in Georgia in 2007, an ASF epidemic has been spreading across Europe and many countries in Asia. The epidemic first reached Ukraine in 2012. To better understand the dynamics of spread of ASF in Ukraine, we analyzed spatial and temporal outbreak data reported in Ukraine between 2012 and mid-2023. The highest numbers of outbreaks were reported in 2017 (N = 163) and 2018 (N = 145), with overall peak numbers of ASF outbreaks reported in August (domestic pigs) and January (wild boars). While cases were reported from most of Ukraine, we found a directional spread from the eastern and northern borders towards the western and southern regions of Ukraine. Many of the early outbreaks (before 2016) were adjacent to the border, which is again true for more recent outbreaks in wild boar, but not for recent outbreaks in domestic pigs. Outbreaks prior to 2016 also occurred predominantly in areas with a below average domestic pig density. This new analysis suggests that wild boars may have played an important role in the introduction and early spread of ASF in Ukraine. However, in later years, the dynamic suggests human activity as the predominant driver of spread and a separation of ASF epizootics between domestic pigs and in wild boars. The decline in outbreaks since 2019 suggests that the implemented mitigation strategies are effective, even though long-term control or eradication remain challenging and will require continued intensive surveillance of ASF outbreak patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maksym Bezymennyi
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine (IVM), National Academy of Agrarian Sciences of Ukraine, 03151 Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Oleksandr Tarasov
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine (IVM), National Academy of Agrarian Sciences of Ukraine, 03151 Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Ganna V Kyivska
- State Scientific Research Institute of Laboratory Diagnostics and Veterinary and Sanitary Expertise (SSRILDVSE), 03151 Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Nataliia A Mezhenska
- State Scientific Research Institute of Laboratory Diagnostics and Veterinary and Sanitary Expertise (SSRILDVSE), 03151 Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Svitlana Mandyhra
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine (IVM), National Academy of Agrarian Sciences of Ukraine, 03151 Kyiv, Ukraine
- State Scientific Research Institute of Laboratory Diagnostics and Veterinary and Sanitary Expertise (SSRILDVSE), 03151 Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Ganna Kovalenko
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine (IVM), National Academy of Agrarian Sciences of Ukraine, 03151 Kyiv, Ukraine
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alaska Anchorage, Anchorage, AK 99508, USA
| | - Mykola Sushko
- State Scientific Research Institute of Laboratory Diagnostics and Veterinary and Sanitary Expertise (SSRILDVSE), 03151 Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Nataliia Hudz
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine (IVM), National Academy of Agrarian Sciences of Ukraine, 03151 Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Serhii V Skorokhod
- State Scientific Research Institute of Laboratory Diagnostics and Veterinary and Sanitary Expertise (SSRILDVSE), 03151 Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Roman Datsenko
- State Scientific Research Institute of Laboratory Diagnostics and Veterinary and Sanitary Expertise (SSRILDVSE), 03151 Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Larysa Muzykina
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine (IVM), National Academy of Agrarian Sciences of Ukraine, 03151 Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Elaina Milton
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alaska Anchorage, Anchorage, AK 99508, USA
| | - Maryna A Sapachova
- State Scientific Research Institute of Laboratory Diagnostics and Veterinary and Sanitary Expertise (SSRILDVSE), 03151 Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Serhii Nychyk
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine (IVM), National Academy of Agrarian Sciences of Ukraine, 03151 Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Ihor Halka
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine (IVM), National Academy of Agrarian Sciences of Ukraine, 03151 Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Maciej Frant
- Department of Swine Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute (NVRI), 24-100 Pulawy, Poland
| | - Falk Huettmann
- Institute of Arctic Biology, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK 99775, USA
- Department of Biology and Wildlife, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK 99775, USA
| | - Devin M Drown
- Institute of Arctic Biology, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK 99775, USA
- Department of Biology and Wildlife, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK 99775, USA
| | - Anton Gerilovych
- State Scientific Research Institute of Laboratory Diagnostics and Veterinary and Sanitary Expertise (SSRILDVSE), 03151 Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Andrii A Mezhenskyi
- State Scientific Research Institute of Laboratory Diagnostics and Veterinary and Sanitary Expertise (SSRILDVSE), 03151 Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Eric Bortz
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine (IVM), National Academy of Agrarian Sciences of Ukraine, 03151 Kyiv, Ukraine
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alaska Anchorage, Anchorage, AK 99508, USA
| | - Christian E Lange
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alaska Anchorage, Anchorage, AK 99508, USA
- Metabiota Inc., San Francisco, CA 94104, USA
- Labyrinth Global Health, Saint Petersburg, FL 33704, USA
- Department of Biology, Kwantlen Polytechnic University, Surrey, BC V3W 2MB, Canada
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Abstract
Introduction African swine fever (ASF) is a lethal haemorrhagic disease of Suidae, present in Poland since 2014. The natural reservoir of ASF in Europe is the wild boar (Sus scrofa); however, human activity facilitates long-distance introductions of the disease. In ASF control it is important to identify areas at increased risk of infection. Such identification and estimation of the disease's progress and subsequent spread will help to identify the specific preventive action needs in given zones. Serving this purpose, this study is a spatial and statistical analysis of ASF spread through noted outbreak data. Material and Methods The spatial-temporal analysis was conducted on the basis of data including the time and location of all ASF outbreaks both in wild boars and domestic pigs in Poland in 2014-2021. Results The analysis indicates possible routes and directions for further ASF spread in Poland, estimates the annual increase of the affected area (approx. 25,000 km2 every year since 2017) and marks trends. The strong method-independent correlation between the year and the surface area affected by African swine fever indicated a near-linear generalised trend. Conclusion Given the growth trend, we can expect ASF to expand further into new territories of the country; however, it is important to realise that there is still a significant area to protect, because 60% of Poland remains ASF-free.
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Changes in Estimating the Wild Boar Carcasses Sampling Effort: Applying the EFSA ASF Exit Strategy by Means of the WBC-Counter Tool. Viruses 2022; 14:v14071424. [PMID: 35891404 PMCID: PMC9319840 DOI: 10.3390/v14071424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Revised: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
African swine fever (ASF) is a devastating disease, resulting in the high mortality of domestic and wild pigs, spreading quickly around the world. Ensuring the prevention and early detection of the disease is even more crucial given the absence of licensed vaccines. As suggested by the European Commission, those countries which intend to provide evidence of freedom need to speed up passive surveillance of their wild boar populations. If this kind of surveillance is well-regulated in domestic pig farms, the country-specific activities to be put in place for wild populations need to be set based on wild boar density, hunting bags, the environment, and financial resources. Following the indications of the official EFSA opinion 2021, a practical interpretation of the strategy was implemented based on the failure probabilities of wrongly declaring the freedom of an area even if the disease is still present but undetected. This work aimed at providing a valid, applicative example of an exit strategy based on two different approaches: the first uses the wild boar density to estimate the number of carcasses need to complete the exit strategy, while the second estimates it from the number of wild boar hunted and tested. A practical free access tool, named WBC-Counter, was developed to automatically calculate the number of needed carcasses. The practical example was developed using the ASF data from Sardinia (Italian island). Sardinia is ASF endemic from 43 years, but the last ASFV detection dates back to 2019. The island is under consideration for ASF eradication declaration. The subsequent results provide a practical example for other countries in approaching the EFSA exit strategy in the best choices for its on-field application.
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Experimental Evidence of the Long-Term Survival of Infective African Swine Fever Virus Strain Ba71V in Soil under Different Conditions. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11060648. [PMID: 35745502 PMCID: PMC9228371 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11060648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Revised: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The survival of African swine fever virus (ASFV) on different matrices and its infectivity in wild as well as domestic swine is still a matter of interest. ASFV is resistant to environmental effects; this fact is enhanced by the presence of organic material. Therefore, the aim of this work was to determine the ability of laboratory ASFV to survive in soil at different temperatures (4 and 22 °C) and with and without the presence of blood using culture procedures. The suitability of the procedure for determining the viability and titre of the ASFV field strain by the hemadsorption method was also verified, when a higher decrease in virus infectivity in the case of clay compared with peat was demonstrated. The stability of the virus was clearly temperature-dependent, the infectious virus was detected after 112 days, and the viral DNA was still detected in the matrix 210 days after inoculation in a relatively high and stable concentration (between 106 and 107 genome equivalents/mL). Based on this knowledge, soil and other environmental samples could provide rapid and reliable information on the disease outbreak and serve as indicators of the risk posed by the affected locality.
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African Swine Fever (ASF) Trend Analysis in Wild Boar in Poland (2014–2020). Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12091170. [PMID: 35565596 PMCID: PMC9105269 DOI: 10.3390/ani12091170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Revised: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary African swine fever (ASF) has been present in Poland since 2014. The article describes and explains the changes in the ASF epidemic in the wild boar population in the period 2014–2020. In that relatively short time, the disease has spread to about half of the territory of Poland, affecting eastern and western provinces. Most ASF-positive animals were molecular/virus-positive, however, the observation of the increase of serologically positive animals (potential survivors) in successive years of the epidemic, especially in areas where the virus has been present for a longer time, may indicate the potential beginning of ASF endemicity in Poland. Abstract African swine fever (ASF) is a lethal hemorrhagic disease of Suidae, i.e., domestic pigs and wild boars. The disease was introduced to Poland in 2014 and is now present in the wild boar population. Appropriate ASF prevention requires further research for answers to fundamental questions about the importance of vectors in virus transmission, the impact of environmental factors on the presence of ASFV in wild boar habitats, and the role of survivors as potential virus carriers and their part in the potential endemicity of ASF. In order to analyze the changes in the molecular and serological prevalence of ASFV in wild boar population in Poland, real-time PCR and ELISA/IPT tests were conducted. In the analyzed period (2014–2020), most of the ASF-positive wild boars were molecular/virus-positive, however, over the years the percentage and the number of seropositive animals has increased. At the beginning of the epidemic, the disease was limited to a small area of the country. Since then, it has spread to new provinces of Poland. From the beginning and until today, most notifications of ASF-positive wild boars were for carcasses (passive surveillance), however, the number of serologically positive animals is still increasing. Despite the fact that notifications of ASF outbreaks are still being received near the eastern border of Poland, the old ASF area seems to be limited mainly to ASF serologically positive animals, which may indicate the beginning of ASF endemicity in Poland.
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Gervasi V, Gubertì V. Combining hunting and intensive carcass removal to eradicate African swine fever from wild boar populations. Prev Vet Med 2022; 203:105633. [PMID: 35367934 PMCID: PMC9127340 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2022.105633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Revised: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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