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Wang TW, Sofras D, Montelongo-Jauregui D, Paiva TO, Carolus H, Dufrêne YF, Alfaifi AA, McCracken C, Bruno VM, Van Dijck P, Jabra-Rizk MA. Functional Redundancy in Candida auris Cell Surface Adhesins Crucial for Cell-Cell Interaction and Aggregation. RESEARCH SQUARE 2024:rs.3.rs-4077218. [PMID: 38562859 PMCID: PMC10984083 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-4077218/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Candida auris is an emerging nosocomial fungal pathogen associated with life-threatening invasive disease due to its persistent colonization, high level of transmissibility and multi-drug resistance. Aggregative and non-aggregative growth phenotypes for C. auris strains with different biofilm forming abilities, drug susceptibilities and virulence characteristics have been described. Using comprehensive transcriptional analysis we identified key cell surface adhesins that were highly upregulated in the aggregative phenotype during in vitro and in vivo grown biofilms using a mouse model of catheter infection. Phenotypic and functional evaluations of generated null mutants demonstrated crucial roles for the adhesins Als5 and Scf1 in mediating cell-cell adherence, coaggregation and biofilm formation. While individual mutants were largely non-aggregative, in combination cells were able to co-adhere and aggregate, as directly demonstrated by measuring cell adhesion forces using single-cell atomic force spectroscopy. This co-adherence indicates their role as complementary adhesins, which despite their limited similarity, may function redundantly to promote cell-cell interaction and biofilm formation. Functional diversity of cell wall proteins may be a form of regulation that provides the aggregative phenotype of C. auris with flexibility and rapid adaptation to the environment, potentially impacting persistence and virulence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tristan W. Wang
- Department of Oncology and Diagnostic Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Dimitrios Sofras
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Department of Biology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Daniel Montelongo-Jauregui
- Department of Oncology and Diagnostic Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Telmo O. Paiva
- Louvain Institute of Biomolecular Science and Technology, UCLouvain, Croix du Sud, 4-5, L7.07.07, B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Hans Carolus
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Department of Biology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Yves F. Dufrêne
- Louvain Institute of Biomolecular Science and Technology, UCLouvain, Croix du Sud, 4-5, L7.07.07, B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Areej A. Alfaifi
- Department of Oncology and Diagnostic Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Carrie McCracken
- Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Vincent M. Bruno
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Patrick Van Dijck
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Department of Biology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Mary Ann Jabra-Rizk
- Department of Oncology and Diagnostic Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
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2
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Wang TW, Sofras D, Montelongo-Jauregui D, Paiva TO, Carolus H, Dufrêne YF, Alfaifi AA, McCracken C, Bruno VM, Van Dijck P, Jabra-Rizk MA. Functional Redundancy in Candida auris Cell Surface Adhesins Crucial for Cell-Cell Interaction and Aggregation. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.03.21.586120. [PMID: 38562758 PMCID: PMC10983922 DOI: 10.1101/2024.03.21.586120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Candida auris is an emerging nosocomial fungal pathogen associated with life-threatening invasive disease due to its persistent colonization, high level of transmissibility and multi-drug resistance. Aggregative and non-aggregative growth phenotypes for C. auris strains with different biofilm forming abilities, drug susceptibilities and virulence characteristics have been described. Using comprehensive transcriptional analysis we identified key cell surface adhesins that were highly upregulated in the aggregative phenotype during in vitro and in vivo grown biofilms using a mouse model of catheter infection. Phenotypic and functional evaluations of generated null mutants demonstrated crucial roles for the adhesins Als5 and Scf1 in mediating cell-cell adherence, coaggregation and biofilm formation. While individual mutants were largely non-aggregative, in combination cells were able to co-adhere and aggregate, as directly demonstrated by measuring cell adhesion forces using single-cell atomic force spectroscopy. This co-adherence indicates their role as complementary adhesins, which despite their limited similarity, may function redundantly to promote cell-cell interaction and biofilm formation. Functional diversity of cell wall proteins may be a form of regulation that provides the aggregative phenotype of C. auris with flexibility and rapid adaptation to the environment, potentially impacting persistence and virulence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tristan W. Wang
- Department of Oncology and Diagnostic Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Dimitrios Sofras
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Department of Biology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Daniel Montelongo-Jauregui
- Department of Oncology and Diagnostic Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Telmo O. Paiva
- Louvain Institute of Biomolecular Science and Technology, UCLouvain, Croix du Sud, 4-5, L7.07.07, B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Hans Carolus
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Department of Biology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Yves F. Dufrêne
- Louvain Institute of Biomolecular Science and Technology, UCLouvain, Croix du Sud, 4-5, L7.07.07, B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Areej A. Alfaifi
- Department of Oncology and Diagnostic Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Carrie McCracken
- Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Vincent M. Bruno
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Patrick Van Dijck
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Department of Biology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Mary Ann Jabra-Rizk
- Department of Oncology and Diagnostic Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
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Zhang YG, Zhang T, Lin L. Identification of Flo11-like Adhesin in Schizosaccharomyces pombe and the Mechanism of Small-Molecule Compounds Mediating Biofilm Formation in Yeasts. Microorganisms 2024; 12:358. [PMID: 38399762 PMCID: PMC10893080 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12020358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2023] [Revised: 02/04/2024] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Fungal infection is initiated by the adhesion of pathogens to biotic and abiotic surfaces, with various manifestations including biofilm formation and invasive growth, etc. A previous report, though devoid of functional data, speculated that the Schizosaccharomyces pombe glycoprotein SPBPJ4664.02 could be the homology of Saccharomyces cerevisiae Flo11. Here, our studies with S. pombe substantiated the previously proposed speculation by (1) the deletion of SPBPJ4664.02 attenuated biofilm formation and invasive growth in S. pombe; (2) the S. pombe's lack of SPBPJ4664.02 could be complemented by expressing S. cerevisiae flo11. Furthermore, indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and dodecanol were examined in S. pombe for their respective effects on biofilm formation. IAA and dodecanol at high concentrations could inhibit biofilm formation, whereas opposing effects were observed with low concentrations of these molecules. Mechanism studies with the SPBPJ4664.02Δ and SPBPJ4664.02Δ/flo11OE versus the wild type have demonstrated that IAA or dodecanol might exert regulatory effects downstream of SPBPJ4664.02 in the signaling pathway for biofilm formation. Moreover, our research extrapolated to Candida albicans has pinpointed that IAA inhibited biofilm formation at high concentrations, consistent with the transcriptional downregulation of the biofilm-related genes. Dodecanol suppressed C. albicans biofilm formation at all the concentrations tested, in accord with the downregulation of biofilm-related transcripts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Gang Zhang
- Medical School, Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Diseases (MOE), School of Life Science and Technology, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China;
| | - Tong Zhang
- Department of Bioengineering, Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China;
| | - Lan Lin
- Medical School, Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Diseases (MOE), School of Life Science and Technology, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China;
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Snyman C, Mekoue Nguela J, Sieczkowski N, Divol B, Marangon M. Characterization of Mannoprotein Structural Diversity in Wine Yeast Species. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:19727-19738. [PMID: 38049383 PMCID: PMC10722544 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c05742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Revised: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/06/2023]
Abstract
The structure of yeast cell wall (CW) mannoproteins (MPs) influences their impact on wine properties. Yeast species produce a diverse range of MPs, but the link between properties and specific structural features has been ill-characterized. This study compared the protein and polysaccharide moieties of MP-rich preparations from four strains of four different enologically relevant yeast species, named Saccharomyces boulardii (SB62), Saccharomyces cerevisiae (SC01), Metschnikowia fructicola (MF77), and Torulaspora delbrueckii (TD70), and a commercial MP preparation. Monosaccharide determination revealed that SB62 MPs contained the highest mannose/glucose ratio followed by SC01, while polysaccharide size distribution analyses showed maximum molecular weights ranging from 1349 kDa for MF77 to 483 kDa for TD70. Protein identification analysis led to the identification of unique CW proteins in SB62, SC01, and TD70, as well as some proteins shared between different strains. This study reveals MP composition diversity within wine yeasts and paves the way toward their industrial exploitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Snyman
- South
African Grape and Wine Research Institute, Department of Viticulture
and Oenology, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa
- Department
of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment (DAFNAE), University of Padova, Viale Dell’Università, 16, 35020 Legnaro, Padova, Italy
| | | | | | - Benoit Divol
- South
African Grape and Wine Research Institute, Department of Viticulture
and Oenology, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa
| | - Matteo Marangon
- Department
of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment (DAFNAE), University of Padova, Viale Dell’Università, 16, 35020 Legnaro, Padova, Italy
- Interdepartmental
Centre for Research in Viticulture and Enology (CIRVE), University of Padova, Via XXVIII Aprile 14, 31015 Conegliano, Italy
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Khan F, Jeong GJ, Javaid A, Thuy Nguyen Pham D, Tabassum N, Kim YM. Surface adherence and vacuolar internalization of bacterial pathogens to the Candida spp. cells: Mechanism of persistence and propagation. J Adv Res 2023; 53:115-136. [PMID: 36572338 PMCID: PMC10658324 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2022.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Revised: 12/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The co-existence of Candida albicans with the bacteria in the host tissues and organs displays interactions at competitive, antagonistic, and synergistic levels. Several pathogenic bacteria take advantage of such types of interaction for their survival and proliferation. The chemical interaction involves the signaling molecules produced by the bacteria or Candida spp., whereas the physical attachment occurs by involving the surface proteins of the bacteria and Candida. In addition, bacterial pathogens have emerged to internalize inside the C. albicans vacuole, which is one of the inherent properties of the endosymbiotic relationship between the bacteria and the eukaryotic host. AIM OF REVIEW The interaction occurring by the involvement of surface protein from diverse bacterial species with Candida species has been discussed in detail in this paper. An in silico molecular docking study was performed between the surface proteins of different bacterial species and Als3P of C. albicans to explain the molecular mechanism involved in the Als3P-dependent interaction. Furthermore, in order to understand the specificity of C. albicans interaction with Als3P, the evolutionary relatedness of several bacterial surface proteins has been investigated. Furthermore, the environmental factors that influence bacterial pathogen internalization into the Candida vacuole have been addressed. Moreover, the review presented future perspectives for disrupting the cross-kingdom interaction and eradicating the endosymbiotic bacterial pathogens. KEY SCIENTIFIC CONCEPTS OF REVIEW With the involvement of cross-kingdom interactions and endosymbiotic relationships, the bacterial pathogens escape from the environmental stresses and the antimicrobial activity of the host immune system. Thus, the study of interactions between Candida and bacterial pathogens is of high clinical significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fazlurrahman Khan
- Marine Integrated Biomedical Technology Center, The National Key Research Institutes in Universities, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea; Research Center for Marine Integrated Bionics Technology, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea.
| | - Geum-Jae Jeong
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea
| | - Aqib Javaid
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, University of Hyderabad, India
| | - Dung Thuy Nguyen Pham
- Institute of Applied Technology and Sustainable Development, Nguyen Tat Thanh University, Ho Chi Minh City 70000, Vietnam
| | - Nazia Tabassum
- Marine Integrated Biomedical Technology Center, The National Key Research Institutes in Universities, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea; Research Center for Marine Integrated Bionics Technology, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Mog Kim
- Marine Integrated Biomedical Technology Center, The National Key Research Institutes in Universities, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea; Research Center for Marine Integrated Bionics Technology, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea; Department of Food Science and Technology, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea.
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6
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Mohammadi K, Saris PEJ. Antibiofilm Effect of Curcumin on Saccharomyces boulardii during Beer Fermentation and Bottle Aging. Biomolecules 2023; 13:1367. [PMID: 37759767 PMCID: PMC10526157 DOI: 10.3390/biom13091367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Revised: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
In a prior study, we elucidated the biofilm formation of Saccharomyces boulardii on glass surfaces during beer bottle aging. Here, we supplemented brewing wort with curcumin at 25 μg/mL concentration to mitigate S. boulardii biofilm and enhance beer's functional and sensory attributes. An assessment encompassing biofilm growth and development, fermentation performance, FLO gene expression, yeast ultrastructure, bioactive content, and consumer acceptance of the beer was conducted throughout fermentation and aging. Crystal violet (CV) and XTT reduction assays unveiled a significant (p < 0.05) reduction in biofilm formation and development. Fluorescent staining (FITC-conA) and imaging with confocal laser scanning microscopy provided visual evidence regarding reduced exopolysaccharide content and biofilm thickness. Transcriptional analyses showed that key adhesins (FLO1, FLO5, FLO9, and FLO10) were downregulated, whereas FLO11 expression remained relatively stable. Although there were initial variations in terms of yeast population and fermentation performance, by day 6, the number of S. boulardii in the test group had almost reached the level of the control group (8.3 log CFU/mL) and remained stable thereafter. The supplementation of brewing wort with curcumin led to a significant (p < 0.05) increase in the beer's total phenolic and flavonoid content. In conclusion, curcumin shows promising potential for use as an additive in beer, offering potential antibiofilm and health benefits without compromising the beer's overall characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khosrow Mohammadi
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 56, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland;
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7
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Wang Z, Xu W, Gao Y, Zha M, Zhang D, Peng X, Zhang H, Wang C, Xu C, Zhou T, Liu D, Niu H, Liu Q, Chen Y, Zhu C, Guo T, Ying H. Engineering Saccharomyces cerevisiae for improved biofilm formation and ethanol production in continuous fermentation. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS AND BIOPRODUCTS 2023; 16:119. [PMID: 37525255 PMCID: PMC10391976 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-023-02356-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Biofilm-immobilized continuous fermentation has the potential to enhance cellular environmental tolerance, maintain cell activity and improve production efficiency. RESULTS In this study, different biofilm-forming genes (FLO5, FLO8 and FLO10) were integrated into the genome of S. cerevisiae for overexpression, while FLO5 and FLO10 gave the best results. The biofilm formation of the engineered strains 1308-FLO5 and 1308-FLO10 was improved by 31.3% and 58.7% compared to that of the WT strain, respectively. The counts of cells adhering onto the biofilm carrier were increased. Compared to free-cell fermentation, the average ethanol production of 1308, 1308-FLO5 and 1308-FLO10 was increased by 17.4%, 20.8% and 19.1% in the biofilm-immobilized continuous fermentation, respectively. Due to good adhering ability, the fermentation broth turbidity of 1308-FLO5 and 1308-FLO10 was decreased by 22.3% and 59.1% in the biofilm-immobilized fermentation, respectively. Subsequently, for biofilm-immobilized fermentation coupled with membrane separation, the engineered strain significantly reduced the pollution of cells onto the membrane and the membrane separation flux was increased by 36.3%. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, enhanced biofilm-forming capability of S. cerevisiae could offer multiple benefits in ethanol fermentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenyu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, China
| | - Weikai Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, China
| | - Yixuan Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, China
| | - Mingwei Zha
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, China
| | - Di Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, China
| | - Xiwei Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, China
| | - Huifang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, China
| | - Cheng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, China
| | - Chenchen Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, China
| | - Tingqiu Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, China
| | - Dong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, China.
| | - Huanqing Niu
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, China
| | - Qingguo Liu
- Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Jiangsu Industrial Technology Research Institute (JITRI), Nanjing, 210032, China
| | - Yong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, China
| | - Chenjie Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, China
| | - Ting Guo
- Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, 210014, China
| | - Hanjie Ying
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, China
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Alvarado M, Gómez-Navajas JA, Blázquez-Muñoz MT, Gómez-Molero E, Berbegal C, Eraso E, Kramer G, De Groot PWJ. Integrated post-genomic cell wall analysis reveals floating biofilm formation associated with high expression of flocculins in the pathogen Pichia kudriavzevii. PLoS Pathog 2023; 19:e1011158. [PMID: 37196016 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Revised: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The pathogenic yeast Pichia kudriavzevii, previously known as Candida krusei, is more distantly related to Candida albicans than clinically relevant CTG-clade Candida species. Its cell wall, a dynamic organelle that is the first point of interaction between pathogen and host, is relatively understudied, and its wall proteome remains unidentified to date. Here, we present an integrated study of the cell wall in P. kudriavzevii. Our comparative genomic studies and experimental data indicate that the general structure of the cell wall in P. kudriavzevii is similar to Saccharomyces cerevisiae and C. albicans and is comprised of β-1,3-glucan, β-1,6-glucan, chitin, and mannoproteins. However, some pronounced differences with C. albicans walls were observed, for instance, higher mannan and protein levels and altered protein mannosylation patterns. Further, despite absence of proteins with high sequence similarity to Candida adhesins, protein structure modeling identified eleven proteins related to flocculins/adhesins in S. cerevisiae or C. albicans. To obtain a proteomic comparison of biofilm and planktonic cells, P. kudriavzevii cells were grown to exponential phase and in static 24-h cultures. Interestingly, the 24-h static cultures of P. kudriavzevii yielded formation of floating biofilm (flor) rather than adherence to polystyrene at the bottom. The proteomic analysis of both conditions identified a total of 33 cell wall proteins. In line with a possible role in flor formation, increased abundance of flocculins, in particular Flo110, was observed in the floating biofilm compared to exponential cells. This study is the first to provide a detailed description of the cell wall in P. kudriavzevii including its cell wall proteome, and paves the way for further investigations on the importance of flor formation and flocculins in the pathogenesis of P. kudriavzevii.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Alvarado
- Regional Center for Biomedical Research, Castilla-La Mancha Science & Technology Park, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Albacete, Spain
| | - Jesús Alberto Gómez-Navajas
- Regional Center for Biomedical Research, Castilla-La Mancha Science & Technology Park, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Albacete, Spain
| | - María Teresa Blázquez-Muñoz
- Regional Center for Biomedical Research, Castilla-La Mancha Science & Technology Park, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Albacete, Spain
| | - Emilia Gómez-Molero
- Regional Center for Biomedical Research, Castilla-La Mancha Science & Technology Park, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Albacete, Spain
| | - Carmen Berbegal
- ENOLAB, Estructura de Recerca Interdisciplinar (ERI) BioTecMed and Departament de Microbiologia i Ecología, Universitat de València, Burjassot, Spain
| | - Elena Eraso
- Department of Immunology, Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Bilbao, Spain
| | - Gertjan Kramer
- Mass Spectrometry of Biomolecules, University of Amsterdam, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Piet W J De Groot
- Regional Center for Biomedical Research, Castilla-La Mancha Science & Technology Park, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Albacete, Spain
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9
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Alekseeva MG, Dyakov IN, Bushkova KK, Mavletova DA, Yunes RA, Chernyshova IN, Masalitin IA, Koshenko TA, Nezametdinova VZ, Danilenko VN. Study of the binding of ΔFN3.1 fragments of the Bifidobacterium longum GT15 with TNFα and prevalence of domain-containing proteins in groups of bacteria of the human gut microbiota. MICROBIOME RESEARCH REPORTS 2023; 2:10. [PMID: 38047275 PMCID: PMC10688814 DOI: 10.20517/mrr.2023.06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Revised: 03/25/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
Aim: This study is mainly devoted to determining the ability of ∆FN3.1 protein fragments of Bifidobacterium (B.) longum subsp. longum GT15, namely two FN3 domains (2D FN3) and a C-terminal domain (CD FN3), to bind to tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α). Methods: Fragments of the fn3 gene encoding the 2D FN3 and CD FN3 were cloned in Escherichia (E.) coli. In order to assess the binding specificity between 2D FN3 and CD FN3 to TNFα, we employed the previously developed sandwich ELISA system to detect any specific interactions between the purified protein and any of the studied cytokines. The trRosetta software was used to build 3D models of the ∆FN3.1, 2D FN3, and CD FN3 proteins. The detection of polymorphism in the amino acid sequences of the studied proteins and the analysis of human gut-derived bacterial proteins carrying FN3 domains were performed in silico. Results: We experimentally showed that neither 2D FN3 nor CD FN3 alone can bind to TNFα. Prediction of the 3D structures of ΔFN3.1, 2D FN3, and CD FN3 suggested that only ΔFN3.1 can form a pocket allowing binding with TNFα to occur. Polymorphism analysis of amino acid sequences of ΔFN3.1 proteins in B. longum strains uncovered substitutions that can alter the conformation of the spatial structure of the ΔFN3.1 protein. We also analyzed human gut-derived bacterial proteins harboring FN3 domains which allowed us to differentiate between those containing motifs of cytokine receptors (MCRs) in their FN3 domains and those lacking them. Conclusion: Only the complete ∆FN3.1 protein can selectively bind to TNFα. Analysis of 3D models of the 2D FN3, CD FN3, and ΔFN3.1 proteins showed that only the ΔFN3.1 protein is potentially capable of forming a pocket allowing TNFα binding to occur. Only FN3 domains containing MCRs exhibited sequence homology with FN3 domains of human proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria G. Alekseeva
- Laboratory of Genetics of Microorganisms, Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Ilya N. Dyakov
- Laboratory of Immunoglobulin biosynthesis, Mechnikov Research Institute of Vaccines and Sera, Moscow 105064, Russia
| | - Kristina K. Bushkova
- Laboratory of Immunoglobulin biosynthesis, Mechnikov Research Institute of Vaccines and Sera, Moscow 105064, Russia
| | - Dilara A. Mavletova
- Laboratory of Genetics of Microorganisms, Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Roman A. Yunes
- Laboratory of Genetics of Microorganisms, Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Irina N. Chernyshova
- Laboratory of Immunoglobulin biosynthesis, Mechnikov Research Institute of Vaccines and Sera, Moscow 105064, Russia
| | - Ilya A. Masalitin
- Laboratory of Immunoglobulin biosynthesis, Mechnikov Research Institute of Vaccines and Sera, Moscow 105064, Russia
| | - Tatiana A. Koshenko
- Laboratory of Genetics of Microorganisms, Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Venera Z. Nezametdinova
- Laboratory of Genetics of Microorganisms, Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Valery N. Danilenko
- Laboratory of Genetics of Microorganisms, Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119991, Russia
- Caspian International School of Medicine, Caspian University, Almaty 050000, Kazakhstan
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10
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Lipke PN, Ragonis-Bachar P. Sticking to the Subject: Multifunctionality in Microbial Adhesins. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:jof9040419. [PMID: 37108873 PMCID: PMC10144551 DOI: 10.3390/jof9040419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 03/25/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacterial and fungal adhesins mediate microbial aggregation, biofilm formation, and adhesion to host. We divide these proteins into two major classes: professional adhesins and moonlighting adhesins that have a non-adhesive activity that is evolutionarily conserved. A fundamental difference between the two classes is the dissociation rate. Whereas moonlighters, including cytoplasmic enzymes and chaperones, can bind with high affinity, they usually dissociate quickly. Professional adhesins often have unusually long dissociation rates: minutes or hours. Each adhesin has at least three activities: cell surface association, binding to a ligand or adhesive partner protein, and as a microbial surface pattern for host recognition. We briefly discuss Bacillus subtilis TasA, pilin adhesins, gram positive MSCRAMMs, and yeast mating adhesins, lectins and flocculins, and Candida Awp and Als families. For these professional adhesins, multiple activities include binding to diverse ligands and binding partners, assembly into molecular complexes, maintenance of cell wall integrity, signaling for cellular differentiation in biofilms and in mating, surface amyloid formation, and anchorage of moonlighting adhesins. We summarize the structural features that lead to these diverse activities. We conclude that adhesins resemble other proteins with multiple activities, but they have unique structural features to facilitate multifunctionality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter N. Lipke
- Biology Department, Brooklyn College of the City University of New York, Brooklyn, NY 11215, USA
- Correspondence:
| | - Peleg Ragonis-Bachar
- Department of Biology, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
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11
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Similarities and Differences among Species Closely Related to Candida albicans: C. tropicalis, C. dubliniensis, and C. auris. Cell Microbiol 2022. [DOI: 10.1155/2022/2599136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Although Candida species are widespread commensals of the microflora of healthy individuals, they are also among the most important human fungal pathogens that under certain conditions can cause diseases (candidiases) of varying severity ranging from mild superficial infections of the mucous membranes to life-threatening systemic infections. So far, the vast majority of research aimed at understanding the molecular basis of pathogenesis has been focused on the most common species—Candida albicans. Meanwhile, other closely related species belonging to the CTG clade, namely, Candida tropicalis and Candida dubliniensis, are becoming more important in clinical practice, as well as a relatively newly identified species, Candida auris. Despite the close relationship of these microorganisms, it seems that in the course of evolution, they have developed distinct biochemical, metabolic, and physiological adaptations, which they use to fit to commensal niches and achieve full virulence. Therefore, in this review, we describe the current knowledge on C. tropicalis, C. dubliniensis, and C. auris virulence factors, the formation of a mixed species biofilm and mutual communication, the environmental stress response and related changes in fungal cell metabolism, and the effect of pathogens on host defense response and susceptibility to antifungal agents used, highlighting differences with respect to C. albicans. Special attention is paid to common diagnostic problems resulting from similarities between these species and the emergence of drug resistance mechanisms. Understanding the different strategies to achieve virulence, used by important opportunistic pathogens of the genus Candida, is essential for proper diagnosis and treatment.
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12
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Golan N, Schwartz-Perov S, Landau M, Lipke PN. Structure and Conservation of Amyloid Spines From the Candida albicans Als5 Adhesin. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 9:926959. [PMID: 35874616 PMCID: PMC9306254 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.926959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Candida Als family adhesins mediate adhesion to biological and abiotic substrates, as well as fungal cell aggregation, fungal-bacterial co-aggregation and biofilm formation. The activity of at least two family members, Als5 and Als1, is dependent on amyloid-like protein aggregation that is initiated by shear force. Each Als adhesin has a ∼300-residue N-terminal Ig-like/invasin region. The following 108-residue, low complexity, threonine-rich (T) domain unfolds under shear force to expose a critical amyloid-forming segment 322SNGIVIVATTRTV334 at the interface between the Ig-like/invasin domain 2 and the T domain of Candida albicans Als5. Amyloid prediction programs identified six potential amyloidogenic sequences in the Ig-like/invasin region and three others in the T domain of C. albicans Als5. Peptides derived from four of these sequences formed fibrils that bound thioflavin T, the amyloid indicator dye, and three of these revealed atomic-resolution structures of cross-β spines. These are the first atomic-level structures for fungal adhesins. One of these segments, from the T domain, revealed kinked β-sheets, similarly to LARKS (Low-complexity, Amyloid-like, Reversible, Kinked segments) found in human functional amyloids. Based on the cross-β structures in Als proteins, we use evolutionary arguments to identify functional amyloidogenic sequences in other fungal adhesins, including adhesins from Candida auris. Thus, cross-β structures are often involved in fungal pathogenesis and potentially in antifungal therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nimrod Golan
- Department of Biology, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | | | - Meytal Landau
- Department of Biology, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL) and Centre for Structural Systems Biology, Hamburg, Germany
- *Correspondence: Meytal Landau, ; Peter N. Lipke,
| | - Peter N. Lipke
- Biology Department, Brooklyn College of the City University of New York, Brooklyn, NY, United States
- *Correspondence: Meytal Landau, ; Peter N. Lipke,
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Adhesion as a Focus in Trichoderma–Root Interactions. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:jof8040372. [PMID: 35448603 PMCID: PMC9026816 DOI: 10.3390/jof8040372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Revised: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/03/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Fungal spores, germlings, and mycelia adhere to substrates, including host tissues. The adhesive forces depend on the substrate and on the adhesins, the fungal cell surface proteins. Attachment is often a prerequisite for the invasion of the host, hence its importance. Adhesion visibly precedes colonization of root surfaces and outer cortex layers, but little is known about the molecular details. We propose that by starting from what is already known from other fungi, including yeast and other filamentous pathogens and symbionts, the mechanism and function of Trichoderma adhesion will become accessible. There is a sequence, and perhaps functional, homology to other rhizosphere-competent Sordariomycetes. Specifically, Verticillium dahliae is a soil-borne pathogen that establishes itself in the xylem and causes destructive wilt disease. Metarhizium species are best-known as insect pathogens with biocontrol potential, but they also colonize roots. Verticillium orthologs of the yeast Flo8 transcription factor, Som1, and several other relevant genes are already under study for their roles in adhesion. Metarhizium encodes relevant adhesins. Trichoderma virens encodes homologs of Som1, as well as adhesin candidates. These genes should provide exciting leads toward the first step in the establishment of beneficial interactions with roots in the rhizosphere.
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