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Mohamed MYI, Lakshmi GB, Sodagari H, Habib I. A One Health Perspective on Camel Meat Hygiene and Zoonoses: Insights from a Decade of Research in the Middle East. Vet Sci 2024; 11:344. [PMID: 39195797 PMCID: PMC11359195 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci11080344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2024] [Revised: 07/13/2024] [Accepted: 07/24/2024] [Indexed: 08/29/2024] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this review was to investigatethe microbial and chemical safety of camel meat and the zoonotic diseases associated with camels in the Middle East over the past decade, emphasizing the crucial role of a One Health approach. By systematically analyzing recent studies (in the past decade, from 2014), we assessed pathogen prevalence, contamination with heavy metals and pesticide residues, and the impact of zoonotic diseases like Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV). The findings revealed significant variability in pathogen prevalence, with the frequent detection of traditional foodborne pathogens (e.g., Salmonella and E. coli O157), as well as antibiotic-resistant strains like methicillin-resistant and vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing E. coli, underscoring the need for stringent antibiotic use policies and robust food safety measures. Additionally, the review highlighted substantial contamination of camel meat with heavy metals and pesticide residues, posing significant public health concerns that necessitate stringent regulatory measures and regular monitoring. The persistent occurrence of zoonotic diseases, particularly MERS-CoV, along with other threats like trypanosomiasis, brucellosis, and Clostridium perfringens, emphasizes the importance of strengthening ongoing surveillance. Enhancing investment in diagnostic infrastructures, training programs, and planning capabilities is crucial to address these issues at the camel-human interface in the Middle East. Adopting a One Health perspective is vital to ensuring the safety and quality of camel meat and managing zoonotic risks effectively to ultimately safeguard public health and promote sustainable livestock practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed-Yousif Ibrahim Mohamed
- Veterinary Public Health Research Laboratory, Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain P.O. Box 1555, United Arab Emirates; (M.-Y.I.M.); (G.B.L.)
- ASPIRE Research Institute for Food Security in the Drylands (ARIFSID), United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain P.O. Box 1555, United Arab Emirates
| | - Glindya Bhagya Lakshmi
- Veterinary Public Health Research Laboratory, Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain P.O. Box 1555, United Arab Emirates; (M.-Y.I.M.); (G.B.L.)
- ASPIRE Research Institute for Food Security in the Drylands (ARIFSID), United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain P.O. Box 1555, United Arab Emirates
| | - Hamidreza Sodagari
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61802, USA;
| | - Ihab Habib
- Veterinary Public Health Research Laboratory, Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain P.O. Box 1555, United Arab Emirates; (M.-Y.I.M.); (G.B.L.)
- ASPIRE Research Institute for Food Security in the Drylands (ARIFSID), United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain P.O. Box 1555, United Arab Emirates
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Wahdan A, Elhaig MM. Epidemiology and diagnostic accuracy of Clostridium perfringens toxins in the intestinal contents of camels, sheep, and cattle: a cross-sectional study in Dakahlia governorate, Egypt. Trop Anim Health Prod 2024; 56:205. [PMID: 39001933 PMCID: PMC11246295 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-024-04034-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 07/15/2024]
Abstract
This study aimed to establish an accurate epidemiological surveillance tool for the detection of different C. perfringens types from 76 diseased and 34 healthy animals in Dakhalia Governorate, Egypt. A total of 110 intestinal content samples were randomly collected from camels, sheep, and cattle. C. perfringens was isolated and biochemically identified by the VITEK2 system. Toxinotyping and genotyping of C. perfringens isolates were specified by a multiscreen ELISA and real-time qPCR (rt-qPCR). The occurrence of C. perfringens was highest among camels (20% in healthy and 25% in diseased) and was lowest in cattle (23.1% and 14.7%). The cpa toxin was detected in all isolates by rt-qPCR and in 7 isolates by ELISA, ext toxin was detected in 7 isolates by rt-qPCR and in 6 isolates by ELISA, and cpb toxin was detected in 2 isolates by both rt-qPCR and ELISA. Four types of C. perfringens were identified by rt-qPCR, type A (65.2%), B (4.3%), C (4.3%), and D (26.1%), and three types by ELISA, type D (17.4%), A (8.7%) and C (4.3%). Our study indicated the prevalence of infection in Dakahlia by C. perfringens type A and D, particularly camels, and recommends adopting an appropriate vaccination strategy among the studied animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Wahdan
- Bacteriology, Immunology, and Mycology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, 41522, Egypt.
| | - Mahmoud M Elhaig
- Department of Animal Medicine (Infectious Diseases), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, 41522, Egypt
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Belguith K, Jrad Z, Oussaief O, Debara M, Bouhemda T, Sebii H, Hammadi M, El Hatmi H. Reformulation of Tunisian Sun-Dried Merguez with Camel Meat: Characterization of Physicochemical and Compositional Changes in Organic Acids, Fatty Acids, Volatile Compounds, and Minerals. Foods 2024; 13:1032. [PMID: 38611337 PMCID: PMC11011335 DOI: 10.3390/foods13071032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Traditional sun-dried merguez is an authentic Tunisian dried sausage made with a large number of spices and herbs, which was reformulated in this study with camel meat and hump fat and dried as in the artisanal process. This research studied the physicochemical, microbiological, and chemical compositional changes that occurred in fresh camel merguez (FCM) after 12 days of drying to achieve traditional dried camel merguez (DCM). The results showed significant weight loss (54.1%), as well as significant decreases in pH (5.20-4.97), moisture (60.5-12.3%), and water activity (0.986-0.673). These results and the acceptable microbiological quality of DCM can explain the safety of traditionally practiced long-term storage at room temperature. All chemical compositions increased upon drying. The composition of DCM included several organic acids, mainly lactate (2820 mg.kg-1); diverse unsaturated fatty acids, in particular oleic acid (33.2%); and various minerals, specifically iron (8 mg per 100 g), in addition to volatile compounds impacted by herbs and spices rich in terpenes (56.3%). These results can be useful for investing in indigenous products and promoting the exploitation of camel meat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khaoula Belguith
- Physiopathology, Food and Biomolecules Laboratory (LR17ES03), Higher Institute of Biotechnology Sidi Thabet, University of Manouba, Ariana 2020, Tunisia
| | - Zeineb Jrad
- Livestock and Wildlife Laboratory (LR16IRA04), Institute of Arid Land, University of Gabes, Medenine 4100, Tunisia (M.H.); (H.E.H.)
| | - Olfa Oussaief
- Livestock and Wildlife Laboratory (LR16IRA04), Institute of Arid Land, University of Gabes, Medenine 4100, Tunisia (M.H.); (H.E.H.)
| | - Mohamed Debara
- Central Laboratory, Institute of Arid Land, University of Gabes, Medenine 4100, Tunisia; (M.D.)
| | - Talel Bouhemda
- Central Laboratory, Institute of Arid Land, University of Gabes, Medenine 4100, Tunisia; (M.D.)
| | - Haifa Sebii
- Laboratory of Analysis Valorization and Food Safety, National Engineering School of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax 3038, Tunisia
| | - Mohamed Hammadi
- Livestock and Wildlife Laboratory (LR16IRA04), Institute of Arid Land, University of Gabes, Medenine 4100, Tunisia (M.H.); (H.E.H.)
| | - Halima El Hatmi
- Livestock and Wildlife Laboratory (LR16IRA04), Institute of Arid Land, University of Gabes, Medenine 4100, Tunisia (M.H.); (H.E.H.)
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Esfandiari Z, Shoaei P, Vakili B, Farajzadegan Z, Tarrahi MJ, Emami Z, Fakhri Y, Weese JS, Mahmudiono T. Prevalence and Antibiotic Resistance of Clostridioides ( Clostridium difficile) In Meat and Meat Products: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 52:2516-2527. [PMID: 38435778 PMCID: PMC10903320 DOI: 10.18502/ijph.v52i12.14313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
Background Meat and meat products are introduced as one of the frequent sources of Clostridioides difficile. We aimed to determine the prevalence and antibiotic resistance of C. difficile isolates in meat and meat products using a systematic review and meta-analysis. Methods A literature search was performed in the primary international and bibliographic databases such as MEDLINE (PubMed), Cochrane Library, Embase, Scopus, and Web of Science to achieve all articles related to the prevalence and antibiotic resistance rates from 2007 to 2022. Results The 278 retrieved articles were reduced to 54 worldwide eligible studies after screening and matching inclusion/exclusion criteria. C. difficile was examined in different types of samples and its resistance to 10 antibiotics. The pooled prevalence of C. difficile was 3.4% in all samples. C. difficile pooled prevalence was detected in fish, poultry, and red meat groups with 6.9%, 5.2%, and 3.2%, respectively. Regarding antibiotic resistance, the highest pooled prevalence was for ciprofloxacin (86.6%), followed by clindamycin (42.6%) and erythromycin (34%). The lowest pooled prevalence was observed in metronidazole (7.6%), vancomycin (6.6%), and chloramphenicol (6%). Conclusion Low resistance was found to commonly used drugs for C. difficile infection (CDI) treatment. Since each antibiotic can be predisposing cause for CDI development, this finding possibly will be warning from a One Health viewpoint about the misuse of antibiotics in the chain of farm to fork including agriculture, animal husbandry and the food industry and also their injudicious use in medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Esfandiari
- Nutrition and Food Security Research Center, Department of Food Science and Technology, School of Nutrition and Food Science, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Parisa Shoaei
- Nosocomial Infection Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Bahareh Vakili
- Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Ziba Farajzadegan
- Community and Preventive Medicine Department, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mohammad Javad Tarrahi
- Epidemiology Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Health, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Zahra Emami
- Department of Food Science and Technology, College of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Yadolah Fakhri
- Social Determinants in Health Promotion Research Center, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran
| | - J. Scott Weese
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Trias Mahmudiono
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Public Health, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
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Huong NT, Nhiem LT. Facile detection of botulinum neurotoxin using LSPR nanosensor based on Langmuir-Blodgett films of gold nanoparticles. RSC Adv 2023; 13:31176-31181. [PMID: 37881766 PMCID: PMC10594403 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra05386e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023] Open
Abstract
In this exploratory study, Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) films of gold nanoparticles (Au NPs) were utilized for the first time to detect botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT) based on localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR), acting as biosensors. Monolayers of Au NPs were initially transferred onto a transparent polymer substrate using the LB technique. This substrate was then used as the base material for subsequent depositions of capping ligands, and eventually, the BoNT at different concentrations. Upon each deposition, LSPR signals were recorded employing UV-Vis spectroscopy. As a result, it was demonstrated that the LB films transferred at a surface pressure of 35 mN m-1 were the optimal choice, capable of detecting BoNT at a concentration as low as 1 pg ml-1. Furthermore, it was discovered that the formation of Au NP clusters reduced the sensing capacity of the LB films. This sensor offers advantages such as easy fabrication and a quick detection process that utilizes visible light.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nguyen Thanh Huong
- Center for Biomedical Analysis Laboratories and Scientific Technical Services- Pasteur Institute in Ho Chi Minh City 167 Pasteur Street, Vo Thi Sau Ward, District 3 Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam
| | - Ly Tan Nhiem
- Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology and Education 01 Vo Van Ngan Street, Linh Chieu Ward, Thu Duc City Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam
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AlJindan R, AlEraky DM, Farhat M, Almandil NB, AbdulAzeez S, Borgio JF. Genomic Insights into Virulence Factors and Multi-Drug Resistance in Clostridium perfringens IRMC2505A. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:359. [PMID: 37368661 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15060359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Revised: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Clostridium perfringens is a spore-forming, Gram-positive anaerobic pathogen that causes several disorders in humans and animals. A multidrug-resistant Clostridium strain was isolated from the fecal sample of a patient who was clinically suspected of gastrointestinal infection and had a recent history of antibiotic exposure and diarrhea. The strain was identified by 16s rRNA sequencing as Clostridium perfringens. The strain's pathogenesis was analyzed through its complete genome, specifically antimicrobial resistance-related genes. The Clostridium perfringens IRMC2505A genome contains 19 (Alr, Ddl, dxr, EF-G, EF-Tu, folA, Dfr, folP, gyrA, gyrB, Iso-tRNA, kasA, MurA, rho, rpoB, rpoC, S10p, and S12p) antibiotic-susceptible genetic species according to the k-mer-based detection of antimicrobial resistance genes. Genome mapping using CARD and VFDB databases revealed significant (p-value = 1 × 10-26) genes with aligned reads against antibiotic-resistant genes or virulence factors, including phospholipase C, perfringolysin O, collagenase, hyaluronidase, alpha-clostripain, exo-alpha-sialidase, and sialidase activity. In conclusion, this is the first report on C. perfringens from Saudi Arabia that conducted whole genome sequencing of IRMC2505A and confirmed the strain as an MDR bacterium with several virulence factors. Developing control strategies requires a detailed understanding of the epidemiology of C. perfringens, its virulence factors, and regional antimicrobial resistance patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reem AlJindan
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia
| | - Doaa M AlEraky
- Department of Biomedical Dental Science, Microbiology and Immunology Division, Collage of Dentistry, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia
| | - Maha Farhat
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia
| | - Noor B Almandil
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy Research, Institute for Research and Medical Consultations (IRMC), Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sayed AbdulAzeez
- Department of Genetic Research, Institute for Research and Medical Consultations (IRMC), Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jesu Francis Borgio
- Department of Genetic Research, Institute for Research and Medical Consultations (IRMC), Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia
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Dost I, Abdel-Glil M, Schmoock G, Menge C, Berens C, González-Santamarina B, Wiegand E, Neubauer H, Schwarz S, Seyboldt C. Clostridioides difficile in South American Camelids in Germany: First Insights into Molecular and Genetic Characteristics and Antimicrobial Resistance. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:antibiotics12010086. [PMID: 36671289 PMCID: PMC9854998 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12010086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Little is known about zoonotic pathogens and their antimicrobial resistance in South American camelids (SAC) in Germany including Clostridioides (C.) difficile. The aim of this study was to investigate prevalence, molecular characteristics and antimicrobial resistance of C. difficile in SAC. Composite SAC faecal samples were collected in 43 husbandries in Central Germany and cultured for C. difficile. Toxinotyping and ribotyping was done by PCR. Whole genome sequencing was performed with Illumina® Miseq™. The genomes were screened for antimicrobial resistance determinants. Genetic relatedness of the isolates was investigated using core genome multi locus sequence typing (cgMLST) and single nucleotide polymorphism analysis. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was done using the Etest® method. Eight C. difficile isolates were recovered from seven farms. The isolates belonged to different PCR ribotypes. All isolates were toxinogenic. cgMLST revealed a cluster containing isolates recovered from different farms. Seven isolates showed similar resistance gene patterns. Different phenotypic resistance patterns were found. Agreement between phenotypic and genotypic resistance was identified only in some cases. Consequently, SAC may act as a reservoir for C. difficile. Thus, SAC may pose a risk regarding zoonotic transmission of toxinogenic, potentially human-pathogenic and resistant C. difficile isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ines Dost
- Institute of Bacterial Infections and Zoonoses, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Naumburger Straße 96a, 07743 Jena, Germany
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-3641-804-2488
| | - Mostafa Abdel-Glil
- Institute of Bacterial Infections and Zoonoses, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Naumburger Straße 96a, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Gernot Schmoock
- Institute of Bacterial Infections and Zoonoses, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Naumburger Straße 96a, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Christian Menge
- Institute of Molecular Pathogenesis, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Naumburger Straße 96a, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Christian Berens
- Institute of Molecular Pathogenesis, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Naumburger Straße 96a, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Belén González-Santamarina
- Institute of Molecular Pathogenesis, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Naumburger Straße 96a, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Wiegand
- Institute of Molecular Pathogenesis, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Naumburger Straße 96a, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Heinrich Neubauer
- Institute of Bacterial Infections and Zoonoses, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Naumburger Straße 96a, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Stefan Schwarz
- Institute of Microbiology and Epizootics, Centre for Infection Medicine, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, 14163 Berlin, Germany
- Veterinary Centre for Resistance Research (TZR), Freie Universität Berlin, 14163 Berlin, Germany
| | - Christian Seyboldt
- Institute of Bacterial Infections and Zoonoses, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Naumburger Straße 96a, 07743 Jena, Germany
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Alsaadi A, Imam M, Alghamdi AA, Alghoribi MF. Towards promising antimicrobial alternatives: The future of bacteriophage research and development in Saudi Arabia. J Infect Public Health 2022; 15:1355-1362. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jiph.2022.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Revised: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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Banawas SS. Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis on the Frequency of Antibiotic-Resistant Clostridium Species in Saudi Arabia. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:antibiotics11091165. [PMID: 36139945 PMCID: PMC9495114 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11091165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2022] [Revised: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Clostridium is a genus comprising Gram-positive, rod-shaped, spore-forming, anaerobic bacteria that cause a variety of diseases. However, there is a shortage of information regarding antibiotic resistance in the genus in Saudi Arabia. This comprehensive analysis of research results published up until December 2021 intends to highlight the incidence of antibiotic resistance in Clostridium species in Saudi Arabia. PubMed, Google Scholar, Web of Science, SDL, and ScienceDirect databases were searched using specific keywords, and ten publications on antibiotic resistance in Clostridium species in Saudi Arabia were identified. We found that the rates of resistance of Clostridium difficile to antibiotics were as follows: 42% for ciprofloxacin, 83% for gentamicin, 28% for clindamycin, 25% for penicillin, 100% for levofloxacin, 24% for tetracycline, 77% for nalidixic acid, 50% for erythromycin, 72% for ampicillin, and 28% for moxifloxacin; whereas those of C. perfringens were: 21% for metronidazole, 83% for ceftiofur, 39% for clindamycin, 59% for penicillin, 62% for erythromycin, 47% for oxytetracycline, and 47% for lincomycin. The current findings suggest that ceftiofur, erythromycin, lincomycin, and oxytetracycline should not be used in C. perfringens infection treatments in humans or animals in Saudi Arabia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeed S. Banawas
- Department of Medical Laboratories, College of Applied Medical Science, Majmaah University, Al-Majmaah 11952, Saudi Arabia; ; Tel.: +966-164041510
- Health and Basic Sciences Research Center, Majmaah University, Al-Majmaah 11952, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
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Bendary MM, Abd El-Hamid MI, El-Tarabili RM, Hefny AA, Algendy RM, Elzohairy NA, Ghoneim MM, Al-Sanea MM, Nahari MH, Moustafa WH. Clostridium perfringens Associated with Foodborne Infections of Animal Origins: Insights into Prevalence, Antimicrobial Resistance, Toxin Genes Profiles, and Toxinotypes. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:551. [PMID: 35453750 PMCID: PMC9028928 DOI: 10.3390/biology11040551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Revised: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Several food-poisoning outbreaks have been attributed to Clostridium perfringens (C. perfringens) worldwide. Despite that, this crisis was discussed in a few studies, and additional studies are urgently needed in this field. Therefore, we sought to highlight the prevalence, antimicrobial resistance, toxin profiles, and toxinotypes of C. perfringens isolates. In this study, 50 C. perfringens isolates obtained from 450 different animal origin samples (beef, chicken meat, and raw milk) were identified by phenotypic and genotypic methods. The antimicrobial susceptibility results were surprising, as most of the isolates (74%) showed multidrug-resistant (MDR) patterns. The phenotypic resistance to tetracycline, lincomycin, enrofloxacin, cefoxitin/ampicillin, and erythromycin was confirmed by the PCR detections of tet, lnu, qnr, bla, and erm(B) genes, respectively. In contrast to the toxinotypes C and E, toxinotype A prevailed (54%) among our isolates. Additionally, we found that the genes for C. perfringens enterotoxin (cpe) and C. perfringens beta2 toxin (cpb2) were distributed among the tested isolates with high prevalence rates (70 and 64%, respectively). Our findings confirmed that the C. perfringens foodborne crisis has been worsened by the evolution of MDR strains, which became the prominent phenotypes. Furthermore, we were not able to obtain a fixed association between the toxinotypes and antimicrobial resistance patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud M. Bendary
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Port Said University, Port Said 42511, Egypt; or
| | - Marwa I. Abd El-Hamid
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44511, Egypt; or
| | - Reham M. El-Tarabili
- Department of Bacteriology, Immunology and Mycology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt; or
| | - Ahmed A. Hefny
- Veterinary Hospital, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44511, Egypt;
| | - Reem M. Algendy
- Milk Hygiene Food Control Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44511, Egypt;
| | | | - Mohammed M. Ghoneim
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Pharmacy, AlMaarefa University, Ad Diriyah 13713, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Mohammad M. Al-Sanea
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, College of Pharmacy, Jouf University, Sakaka 72341, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed H. Nahari
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Najran University, Najran 66216, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Walaa H. Moustafa
- Microbiology and Immunology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Helwan University, Cairo 19448, Egypt;
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