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Migliore S, Condorelli L, Galluzzo P, Galuppo L, Corrente A, Lepri E, Ridley A, Loria GR, Puleio R. First Description of Mycoplasma agalactiae Anatomical Localization in Naturally Infected Hard Ticks ( Rhipicephalus bursa). Microorganisms 2024; 12:1390. [PMID: 39065159 PMCID: PMC11278558 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12071390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2024] [Revised: 06/21/2024] [Accepted: 07/06/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasma agalactiae (Ma) is considered the primary causative agent of contagious agalactia (CA) in sheep and goats, which causes severe losses to the small ruminant dairy industry. As early as 1816, it was thought that environmental factors played a role in pathogen maintenance in endemic areas. Specifically, recent studies hypothesized a vector role for arthropods in the epidemiology of disease. The aim of this study was to investigate the presence and anatomical localization of Ma in naturally infected Riphicephalus bursa ticks to better evaluate tick-pathogen interactions. Salivary glands and ovaries of confirmed Ma-positive R. bursa were analyzed to look for the Ma antigen using immunohistochemistry (IHC). IHC showed strong positivity to Ma in the cytoplasm of salivary cells as well as in cells from the ovary. Our work demonstrated for the first time the crossing of the tick midgut barrier by Ma and the subsequent infection of organs capable of spreading the infection, and this result represents an absolute novelty in disease-related knowledge. Our preliminary results provide conclusive evidence of the potential vector role represented by hard ticks in the epidemiology of CA. Further field and laboratory investigations are necessary to confirm the tick role in the transmission of clinical CA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Migliore
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia, Via Gino Marinuzzi 3, 90129 Palermo, Italy; (S.M.); (P.G.); (L.G.); (A.C.); (G.R.L.); (R.P.)
| | - Lucia Condorelli
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia, Via Gino Marinuzzi 3, 90129 Palermo, Italy; (S.M.); (P.G.); (L.G.); (A.C.); (G.R.L.); (R.P.)
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Science and Technology (STEBICEF), University of Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, 90128 Palermo, Italy
| | - Paola Galluzzo
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia, Via Gino Marinuzzi 3, 90129 Palermo, Italy; (S.M.); (P.G.); (L.G.); (A.C.); (G.R.L.); (R.P.)
| | - Lucia Galuppo
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia, Via Gino Marinuzzi 3, 90129 Palermo, Italy; (S.M.); (P.G.); (L.G.); (A.C.); (G.R.L.); (R.P.)
| | - Angelica Corrente
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia, Via Gino Marinuzzi 3, 90129 Palermo, Italy; (S.M.); (P.G.); (L.G.); (A.C.); (G.R.L.); (R.P.)
| | - Elvio Lepri
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, 06126 Perugia, Italy;
| | - Anne Ridley
- Department of Bacteriology, OIE Reference Centre for Contagious Agalactia, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Addlestone KT15 3NB, UK;
| | - Guido Ruggero Loria
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia, Via Gino Marinuzzi 3, 90129 Palermo, Italy; (S.M.); (P.G.); (L.G.); (A.C.); (G.R.L.); (R.P.)
| | - Roberto Puleio
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia, Via Gino Marinuzzi 3, 90129 Palermo, Italy; (S.M.); (P.G.); (L.G.); (A.C.); (G.R.L.); (R.P.)
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Semmate N, Bamouh Z, Elkarhat Z, Elmejdoub S, Saleh M, Fihri OF, Elharrak M. The Development and Evaluation of a New Inactivated Vaccine against Mycoplasma capricolum subsp. capricolum. Microorganisms 2024; 12:1118. [PMID: 38930500 PMCID: PMC11206004 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12061118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2024] [Revised: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasma capricolum subsp. capricolum (Mcc) and Mycoplasma capricolum subsp. capripneumoniae (Mccp) are pathogens that affect large and small ruminants. Indeed, Mcc affects both sheep and goats, causing contagious agalactia (CA). Mccp affects only goats, causing contagious caprine pleuropneumonia (CCPP). CA and CCPP are mainly controlled using inactivated Mcc and Mccp vaccines. However, producing the vaccine with the Mccp strain is complex, fastidious, and costly due to the slow growth of the bacterium. In this study, we present new oil-adjuvanted and inactivated Mcc and Mccp vaccines for sheep and goats against CA and CCPP. The vaccines were evaluated for safety and efficacy using experimental infection. A serological response was observed one week after of the first vaccination of sheep and goats with Mcc and goats with Mccp. The vaccinated animals were subsequently challenged with the virulent Mcc MOR20 strain. The Mcc vaccine was demonstrated to provide robust protection when the animals were challenged with Mcc MOR20. Cross-protection against the Mcc MOR20 challenge was also obtained with the Mccp vaccine. This finding revealed, for the first time, the safety and efficacy of an inactivated Mcc vaccine against contagious agalactia and cross-protection between Mcc and Mccp strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noha Semmate
- Department of Pathology and Veterinary Public Health, Agronomic and Veterinary Institute Hassan II, BP 6202, Rabat-Instituts, Rabat 10101, Morocco; (Z.B.); (O.F.F.)
- Department of Research and Development, Multi-Chemical Industry Santé Animale, P.O. Box 278, Mohammedia 28810, Morocco; (Z.E.); (S.E.); (M.E.)
| | - Zahra Bamouh
- Department of Pathology and Veterinary Public Health, Agronomic and Veterinary Institute Hassan II, BP 6202, Rabat-Instituts, Rabat 10101, Morocco; (Z.B.); (O.F.F.)
- Department of Research and Development, Multi-Chemical Industry Santé Animale, P.O. Box 278, Mohammedia 28810, Morocco; (Z.E.); (S.E.); (M.E.)
| | - Zouhair Elkarhat
- Department of Research and Development, Multi-Chemical Industry Santé Animale, P.O. Box 278, Mohammedia 28810, Morocco; (Z.E.); (S.E.); (M.E.)
- Institute of Thematic Research Specialized in Medical, Food and Environmental Biotechnology of Benslimane, Hassan II University of Casablanca (UH2C), Casablanca 20670, Morocco
| | - Soufiane Elmejdoub
- Department of Research and Development, Multi-Chemical Industry Santé Animale, P.O. Box 278, Mohammedia 28810, Morocco; (Z.E.); (S.E.); (M.E.)
| | - Mazen Saleh
- School of Natural Sciences, Laurentian University, Sudbury, ON P3E 2C6, Canada; and the Northern Ontario School of Medicine University, Sudbury, ON P3E 5Z6, Canada;
| | - Ouafaa Fassi Fihri
- Department of Pathology and Veterinary Public Health, Agronomic and Veterinary Institute Hassan II, BP 6202, Rabat-Instituts, Rabat 10101, Morocco; (Z.B.); (O.F.F.)
| | - Mehdi Elharrak
- Department of Research and Development, Multi-Chemical Industry Santé Animale, P.O. Box 278, Mohammedia 28810, Morocco; (Z.E.); (S.E.); (M.E.)
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Barbosa MS, Sampaio BA, Spergser J, Rosengarten R, Marques LM, Chopra-Dewasthaly R. Mycoplasma agalactiae Vaccines: Current Status, Hurdles, and Opportunities Due to Advances in Pathogenicity Studies. Vaccines (Basel) 2024; 12:156. [PMID: 38400139 PMCID: PMC10892753 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines12020156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Revised: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Contagious agalactia (CA) is a serious multietiological disease whose classic etiological agent is Mycoplasma agalactiae and which causes high morbidity and mortality rates in infected herds. CA is classified as a notifiable disease by the World Organization for Animal Health due to its significant worldwide economic impact on livestock, primarily involving goat and sheep farms. The emergence of atypical symptoms and strains of M. agalactiae in wildlife ungulates reestablishes its highly plastic genome and is also of great epidemiological significance. Antimicrobial therapy is the main form of control, although several factors, such as intrinsic antibiotic resistance and the selection of resistant strains, must be considered. Available vaccines are few and mostly inefficient. The virulence and pathogenicity mechanisms of M. agalactiae mainly rely on surface molecules that have direct contact with the host. Because of this, they are essential for the development of vaccines. This review highlights the currently available vaccines and their limitations and the development of new vaccine possibilities, especially considering the challenge of antigenic variation and dynamic genome in this microorganism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maysa Santos Barbosa
- Department of Biointeraction, Multidisciplinary Institute of Health, Federal University of Bahia, Vitoria da Conquista 45029-094, Brazil; (M.S.B.)
| | | | - Joachim Spergser
- Institute of Microbiology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Wien, Austria
| | - Renate Rosengarten
- Institute of Microbiology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Wien, Austria
| | - Lucas Miranda Marques
- Department of Biointeraction, Multidisciplinary Institute of Health, Federal University of Bahia, Vitoria da Conquista 45029-094, Brazil; (M.S.B.)
- Department of Microbiology, State University of Santa Cruz (UESC), Ilheus 45662-900, Brazil
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Science, University of São Paulo, Sao Paulo 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Rohini Chopra-Dewasthaly
- Institute of Microbiology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Wien, Austria
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Chen J, Wang S, Dong D, Zhang Z, Huang Y, Zhang Y. Isolation and Characterization of Mycoplasma ovipneumoniae Infecting Goats with Pneumonia in Anhui Province, China. Life (Basel) 2024; 14:218. [PMID: 38398727 PMCID: PMC10890177 DOI: 10.3390/life14020218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Revised: 01/28/2024] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasma ovipneumoniae (M. ovipneumoniae) causes a fatal infection in goats, leading to significant economic losses in the small-ruminant industry worldwide. The present study aimed to characterize the strains of M. ovipneumoniae infecting goats with pneumonia in Anhui Province, China. From November 2021 to January 2023, among 20 flocks, a total of 1320 samples (600 samples of unvaccinated blood, 400 nasal swabs, 200 samples of pleural fluid, and 120 samples of lung tissue) were obtained from goats with typical signs of pneumonia, such as a low growth rate, appetite suppression, increased temperature, discharge from the nose, and a cough. Necropsied goats showed increased pleural fluid, fibrinous pleuropneumonia, and attached localized pleural adhesions. M. ovipneumoniae isolated from the samples were subjected to an indirect hemagglutination test (IHA), PCR amplicon sequencing, phylogenetic analysis, and biochemical identification tests. The overall positivity rate of M. ovipneumoniae was 27.50%. Mycoplasmas were obtained from 80 (20.0%) nasal swabs, 21 (10.5%) pleural fluid samples, and 15 (12.5%) lung samples. PCR amplicon (288 bp) sequencing identified eight strains of M. ovipneumoniae. In a phylogenetic tree, the isolated strains were homologous to the standard strain M. ovipneumoniae Y-98 and most similar to M. ovipneumoniae FJ-SM. Local strains of M. ovipneumoniae were isolated from goats in Anhui province. The identified genomic features and population structure will promote further study of M. ovipneumoniae pathogenesis and could form the basis for vaccine and therapy development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahong Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China;
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China; (S.W.); (Z.Z.); (Y.H.)
- Center of Agriculture Technology Cooperation and Promotion of Dingyuan County, Dingyuan 233200, China;
| | - Shijia Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China; (S.W.); (Z.Z.); (Y.H.)
| | - Dong Dong
- Center of Agriculture Technology Cooperation and Promotion of Dingyuan County, Dingyuan 233200, China;
| | - Zijun Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China; (S.W.); (Z.Z.); (Y.H.)
- Center of Agriculture Technology Cooperation and Promotion of Dingyuan County, Dingyuan 233200, China;
| | - Yafeng Huang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China; (S.W.); (Z.Z.); (Y.H.)
- Center of Agriculture Technology Cooperation and Promotion of Dingyuan County, Dingyuan 233200, China;
| | - Yong Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China;
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Toquet M, Bataller E, Gomis J, Sánchez A, Toledo-Perona R, De la Fe C, Corrales JC, Gómez-Martín Á. Antibacterial potential of commercial and wild lactic acid bacteria strains isolated from ovine and caprine raw milk against Mycoplasma agalactiae. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1197701. [PMID: 37426075 PMCID: PMC10324661 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1197701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The complexity of fighting contagious agalactia (CA) has raised the necessity of alternative antimicrobial therapies, such as probiotics. Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) are present in the mammary gland of small ruminants and their antimicrobial effect have been previously described against species like Mycoplasma bovis but never against Mycoplasma agalactiae (Ma). This in vitro study aims to evaluate the antimicrobial activity against Ma of ovine and caprine LAB strains and a human commercial probiotic (L2) of Lactobacillus spp. Methods A total of 63 possible LAB strains were isolated from nine ovine and caprine farms in Spain, three isolates (33B, 248D, and 120B) from the 63 strains were selected, based on their capacity to grow in a specific medium in vitro, for an in vitro experiment to assess their antimicrobial activity against Ma in Ultra High Temperature (UHT) processed goat milk (GM). A women commercial vaginal probiotic was also included in the study. The inoculum of L2 was prepared at a concentration of 3.24 × 108 CFU/mL and the average concentration of the inoculum of the wild LAB varied from 7.9 × 107 to 8.4 × 108 CFU/mL. Results The commercial probiotic L2 significantly reduced the concentration of Ma to 0.000 log CFU/mL (p < 0.001), strain 33B reduced it from 7.185 to 1.279 log CFU/mL (p < 0.001), and 120B from 6.825 to 6.466 log CFU/mL (p < 0.05). Strain 248D presented a bacteriostatic effect in GM. Moreover, the three wild strains and the commercial probiotic produced a significative reduction of the pH (p < 0.001). Discussion This is the first in vivo report of the antimicrobial potential of LAB strains against Ma and its interaction. Our results support possible future alternative strategies to antibiotic therapy, previously not contemplated, to fight CA in small ruminants. Further studies are necessary to elucidate the action mechanisms through which these LAB are able to inhibit Ma and to assess the safety of using these strains in possible in vivo studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion Toquet
- Microbiological Agents Associated With Animal Reproduction (ProVaginBIO) Research Group, Departamento Producción y Sanidad Animal, Salud Pública Veterinaria y Ciencia y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, Valencia, Spain
| | - Esther Bataller
- Microbiological Agents Associated With Animal Reproduction (ProVaginBIO) Research Group, Departamento Producción y Sanidad Animal, Salud Pública Veterinaria y Ciencia y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, Valencia, Spain
| | - Jesús Gomis
- Microbiological Agents Associated With Animal Reproduction (ProVaginBIO) Research Group, Departamento Producción y Sanidad Animal, Salud Pública Veterinaria y Ciencia y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, Valencia, Spain
| | - Antonio Sánchez
- Ruminant Health Research Group, Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Raquel Toledo-Perona
- Microbiological Agents Associated With Animal Reproduction (ProVaginBIO) Research Group, Departamento Producción y Sanidad Animal, Salud Pública Veterinaria y Ciencia y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, Valencia, Spain
| | - Christian De la Fe
- Ruminant Health Research Group, Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Juan Carlos Corrales
- Ruminant Health Research Group, Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Ángel Gómez-Martín
- Microbiological Agents Associated With Animal Reproduction (ProVaginBIO) Research Group, Departamento Producción y Sanidad Animal, Salud Pública Veterinaria y Ciencia y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, Valencia, Spain
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Liao D, Su X, Wang J, Yu J, Luo H, Tian W, Ye Z, He J. Pushing the envelope: Immune mechanism and application landscape of macrophage-activating lipopeptide-2. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1113715. [PMID: 36761746 PMCID: PMC9902699 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1113715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasma fermentans can cause respiratory diseases, arthritis, genitourinary tract infections, and chronic fatigue syndrome and have been linked to the development of the human immunodeficiency virus. Because mycoplasma lacks a cell wall, its outer membrane lipoproteins are one of the main factors that induce inflammation in the organism and contribute to disease development. Macrophage-activating lipopeptide-2 (MALP-2) modulates the inflammatory response of monocytes/macrophages in a bidirectional fashion, indirectly enhances the cytotoxicity of NK cells, promotes oxidative bursts in neutrophils, upregulates surface markers on lymphocytes, enhances antigen presentation on dendritic cells and induces immune inflammatory responses in sebocytes and mesenchymal cells. MALP-2 is a promising vaccine adjuvant for this application. It also promotes vascular healing and regeneration, accelerates wound and bone healing, suppresses tumors and metastasis, and reduces lung infections and inflammation. MALP-2 has a simple structure, is easy to synthesize, and has promising prospects for clinical application. Therefore, this paper reviews the mechanisms of MALP-2 activation in immune cells, focusing on the application of MALP-2 in animals/humans to provide a basis for the study of pathogenesis in Mycoplasma fermentans and the translation of MALP-2 into clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daoyong Liao
- The Affiliated Nanhua Hospital, Department of Clinical Laboratory, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Xiaoling Su
- The Affiliated Nanhua Hospital, Department of Clinical Laboratory, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Jingyun Wang
- The Affiliated Nanhua Hospital, Department of Clinical Laboratory, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Jianwei Yu
- Department of Public Health Laboratory Sciences, School of Public Health, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Haodang Luo
- The Affiliated Nanhua Hospital, Department of Clinical Laboratory, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, China,Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Hengyang Medical School, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Wei Tian
- The Affiliated Nanhua Hospital, Department of Clinical Laboratory, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Zufeng Ye
- The Affiliated Nanhua Hospital, Department of Clinical Laboratory, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Jun He
- The Affiliated Nanhua Hospital, Department of Clinical Laboratory, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, China,*Correspondence: Jun He,
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Mycoplasma ovipneumoniae: A Most Variable Pathogen. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11121477. [PMID: 36558811 PMCID: PMC9781387 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11121477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasma ovipneumoniae, a well-established respiratory pathogen of sheep and goats, has gained increased importance recently because of its detection in wild ruminants including members of the Cervidae family. Despite its frequent isolation from apparently healthy animals, it is responsible for outbreaks of severe respiratory disease which are often linked to infections with multiple heterologous strains. Furthermore, M. ovipneumoniae is characterized by an unusually wide host range, a high degree of phenotypic, biochemical, and genomic heterogeneity, and variable and limited growth in mycoplasma media. A number of mechanisms have been proposed for its pathogenicity, including the production of hydrogen peroxide, reactive oxygen species production, and toxins. It shows wide metabolic activity in vitro, being able to utilize substrates such as glucose, pyruvate, and isopropanol; these patterns can be used to differentiate strains. Treatment of infections in the field is complicated by large variations in the susceptibility of strains to antimicrobials, with many showing high minimum inhibitory concentrations. The lack of commercially available vaccines is probably due to the high cost of developing vaccines for diseases in small ruminants not presently seen as high priority. Multiple strains found in affected sheep and goats may also hamper the development of effective vaccines. This review summarizes the current knowledge and identifies gaps in research on M. ovipneumoniae, including its epidemiology in sheep and goats, pathology and clinical presentation, infection in wild ruminants, virulence factors, metabolism, comparative genomics, genotypic variability, phenotypic variability, evolutionary mechanisms, isolation and culture, detection and identification, antimicrobial susceptibility, variations in antimicrobial susceptibility profiles, vaccines, and control.
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Preliminary Study on the Host Response to Bivalent and Monovalent Autogenous Vaccines against Mycoplasma agalactiae in Dairy Sheep. Vet Sci 2022; 9:vetsci9120651. [PMID: 36548812 PMCID: PMC9785335 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci9120651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In Italy, dairy sheep farming represents a vital agro-industry sector, but it is still challenged by contagious agalactia (CA), which is endemic there, and vaccination is the most economical and sustainable tool for control. This study aimed to evaluate the combined Mycoplasma agalactiae (Ma)-Staphylococcus aureus (Sa) vaccine (Ma-Sa) against the Ma monovalent vaccine in ewes. Twelve primiparous Ma-free ewes were randomly grouped into three equal groups: first, the control group injected with placebo, second, the group vaccinated with the Ma monovalent vaccine, and third, the group vaccinated with Ma-Sa combined vaccine, with two S/C doses at 45-day intervals. The animals were examined for serological, hematological, and somatic cell count (SCC) changes for 17 successive weeks. A significant increase in anti-Ma antibody mean titers, leukocytes, and platelets was observed in the vaccinated animals, with the highest values in those who received the combined vaccine. Neutrophils were high only in the animals who received the combined vaccine. SCC was lower in the vaccinated animals during the first six weeks. This study concludes that the combined Ma-Sa vaccines enhance immune response and potentiate its efficacy against Ma. This improvement might be attributed to the sensitization/activation effect of S. aureus on platelets, which are recoded to act as a key regulator for the coordination of all components of the innate immune system. Even though this study included a small number of animals, its findings about the potentialities of this inactivated vaccine in the control of CA are strongly encouraging. Further confirmation might be needed through additional replicates and a challenge study is needed before proceeding with widespread use.
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