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Liao D, Su X, Wang J, Yu J, Luo H, Tian W, Ye Z, He J. Pushing the envelope: Immune mechanism and application landscape of macrophage-activating lipopeptide-2. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1113715. [PMID: 36761746 PMCID: PMC9902699 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1113715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasma fermentans can cause respiratory diseases, arthritis, genitourinary tract infections, and chronic fatigue syndrome and have been linked to the development of the human immunodeficiency virus. Because mycoplasma lacks a cell wall, its outer membrane lipoproteins are one of the main factors that induce inflammation in the organism and contribute to disease development. Macrophage-activating lipopeptide-2 (MALP-2) modulates the inflammatory response of monocytes/macrophages in a bidirectional fashion, indirectly enhances the cytotoxicity of NK cells, promotes oxidative bursts in neutrophils, upregulates surface markers on lymphocytes, enhances antigen presentation on dendritic cells and induces immune inflammatory responses in sebocytes and mesenchymal cells. MALP-2 is a promising vaccine adjuvant for this application. It also promotes vascular healing and regeneration, accelerates wound and bone healing, suppresses tumors and metastasis, and reduces lung infections and inflammation. MALP-2 has a simple structure, is easy to synthesize, and has promising prospects for clinical application. Therefore, this paper reviews the mechanisms of MALP-2 activation in immune cells, focusing on the application of MALP-2 in animals/humans to provide a basis for the study of pathogenesis in Mycoplasma fermentans and the translation of MALP-2 into clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daoyong Liao
- The Affiliated Nanhua Hospital, Department of Clinical Laboratory, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Xiaoling Su
- The Affiliated Nanhua Hospital, Department of Clinical Laboratory, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Jingyun Wang
- The Affiliated Nanhua Hospital, Department of Clinical Laboratory, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Jianwei Yu
- Department of Public Health Laboratory Sciences, School of Public Health, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Haodang Luo
- The Affiliated Nanhua Hospital, Department of Clinical Laboratory, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, China,Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Hengyang Medical School, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Wei Tian
- The Affiliated Nanhua Hospital, Department of Clinical Laboratory, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Zufeng Ye
- The Affiliated Nanhua Hospital, Department of Clinical Laboratory, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Jun He
- The Affiliated Nanhua Hospital, Department of Clinical Laboratory, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, China,*Correspondence: Jun He,
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Rehman SU, Day J, Afshar B, Rowlands RS, Billam H, Joseph A, Guiver M, Maddocks SE, Chalker VJ, Beeton ML. Molecular exploration for Mycoplasma amphoriforme, Mycoplasma fermentans and Ureaplasma spp. in patient samples previously investigated for Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection. Clin Microbiol Infect 2021; 27:1697.e1-1697.e5. [PMID: 34186210 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmi.2021.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/12/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To determine the presence and genotypic macrolide susceptibility of Mycoplasma amphoriforme, and the presence of Ureaplasma spp. and Mycoplasma fermentans among clinical samples from England previously investigated for Mycoplasma pneumoniae. METHODS Quantitative and conventional PCR methods were used to retrospectively screen a collection of 160 clinical samples previously submitted to Public Health England (PHE) for the detection of M. pneumoniae between October 2016 and December 2017. Samples which were positive for M. amphoriforme DNA were further investigated for mutations associated with genotypic macrolide resistance by sequencing domain V of the 23s rRNA. RESULTS M. amphoriforme was detected in 10/160 samples (6.3%), Ureaplasma parvum was detected in 4/160 samples (2.5%), and M. fermentans was not detected in any samples (0/160). Of the nine individuals (two samples were from the same patient) in which M. amphoriforme was detected, eight were male (age range 10-60 years) and one was female (age range 30-40 years). One individual with cystic fibrosis was positive for both M. amphoriforme and U. parvum. All M. amphoriforme DNA was genotypically susceptible to macrolides. CONCLUSIONS Mycoplasma amphoriforme was found in clinical samples, including lower respiratory tract samples of patients with pneumonia. In the absence of other respiratory pathogens, these data suggest a potential role for this organism in human disease, with no evidence of acquired macrolide resistance. Ureaplasma parvum was detected in cerebrospinal fluid and respiratory tract samples. These data suggest that there is a need to consider these atypical respiratory pathogens in future diagnostic investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Safi U Rehman
- Microbiology and Infection Research Group, Cardiff School of Sport and Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, CF5 2YB, UK; Public Health England, UK
| | | | | | - Richard S Rowlands
- Microbiology and Infection Research Group, Cardiff School of Sport and Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, CF5 2YB, UK
| | | | | | | | - Sarah E Maddocks
- Microbiology and Infection Research Group, Cardiff School of Sport and Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, CF5 2YB, UK
| | | | - Michael L Beeton
- Microbiology and Infection Research Group, Cardiff School of Sport and Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, CF5 2YB, UK; Public Health England, UK.
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Curreli S, Tettelin H, Benedetti F, Krishnan S, Cocchi F, Reitz M, Gallo RC, Zella D. Analysis of DnaK Expression from a Strain of Mycoplasma fermentans in Infected HCT116 Human Colon Carcinoma Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22083885. [PMID: 33918708 PMCID: PMC8069837 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22083885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Several species of mycoplasmas, including Mycoplasma fermentans, are associated with certain human cancers. We previously isolated and characterized in our laboratory a strain of human mycoplasma M. fermentans subtype incognitus (MF-I1) able to induce lymphoma in a Severe Combined Immuno-Deficient (SCID) mouse model, and we demonstrated that its chaperone protein, DnaK, binds and reduces functions of human poly-ADP ribose polymerase-1 (PARP1) and ubiquitin carboxyl-terminal hydrolase protein-10 (USP10), which are required for efficient DNA repair and proper p53 activities, respectively. We also showed that other bacteria associated with human cancers (including Mycoplasmapneumoniae, Helicobacterpylori, Fusobacteriumnucleatum, Chlamydiathrachomatis, and Chlamydia pneumoniae) have closely related DnaK proteins, indicating a potential common mechanism of cellular transformation. Here, we quantify dnaK mRNA copy number by RT-qPCR analysis in different cellular compartments following intracellular MF-I1 infection of HCT116 human colon carcinoma cells. DnaK protein expression in infected cells was also detected and quantified by Western blot. The amount of viable intracellular mycoplasma reached a steady state after an initial phase of growth and was mostly localized in the cytoplasm of the invaded cells, while we detected a logarithmically increased number of viable extracellular bacteria. Our data indicate that, after invasion, MF-I1 is able to establish a chronic intracellular infection. Extracellular replication was more efficient while MF-I1 cultured in cell-free axenic medium showed a markedly reduced growth rate. We also identified modifications of important regulatory regions and heterogeneous lengths of dnaK mRNA transcripts isolated from intracellular and extracellular MF-I1. Both characteristics were less evident in dnaK mRNA transcripts isolated from MF-I1 grown in cell-free axenic media. Taken together, our data indicate that MF-I1, after establishing a chronic infection in eukaryotic cells, accumulates different forms of dnaK with efficient RNA turnover.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Curreli
- Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; (F.B.); (S.K.); (F.C.); (M.R.); (R.C.G.)
- Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
- Correspondence: (S.C.); (D.Z.)
| | - Hervé Tettelin
- Institute for Genome Sciences, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA;
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Francesca Benedetti
- Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; (F.B.); (S.K.); (F.C.); (M.R.); (R.C.G.)
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Selvi Krishnan
- Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; (F.B.); (S.K.); (F.C.); (M.R.); (R.C.G.)
| | - Fiorenza Cocchi
- Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; (F.B.); (S.K.); (F.C.); (M.R.); (R.C.G.)
- Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Marvin Reitz
- Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; (F.B.); (S.K.); (F.C.); (M.R.); (R.C.G.)
| | - Robert C. Gallo
- Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; (F.B.); (S.K.); (F.C.); (M.R.); (R.C.G.)
- Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Davide Zella
- Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; (F.B.); (S.K.); (F.C.); (M.R.); (R.C.G.)
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
- Correspondence: (S.C.); (D.Z.)
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