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Khalid H, Pierneef L, van Hooij A, Zhou Z, de Jong D, Tjon Kon Fat E, Connelley TK, Hope JC, Corstjens PLAM, Geluk A. Development of lateral flow assays to detect host proteins in cattle for improved diagnosis of bovine tuberculosis. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1193332. [PMID: 37655261 PMCID: PMC10465798 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1193332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Bovine tuberculosis (bTB), caused by Mycobacterium bovis (M. bovis) infection in cattle, is an economically devastating chronic disease for livestock worldwide. Efficient disease control measures rely on early and accurate diagnosis using the tuberculin skin test (TST) and interferon-gamma release assays (IGRAs), followed by culling of positive animals. Compromised performance of TST and IGRA, due to BCG vaccination or co-infections with non-tuberculous mycobacteria (NTM), urges improved diagnostics. Lateral flow assays (LFAs) utilizing luminescent upconverting reporter particles (UCP) for quantitative measurement of host biomarkers present an accurate but less equipment- and labor-demanding diagnostic test platform. UCP-LFAs have proven applications for human infectious diseases. Here, we report the development of UCP-LFAs for the detection of six bovine proteins (IFN-γ, IL-2, IL-6, CCL4, CXCL9, and CXCL10), which have been described by ELISA as potential biomarkers to discriminate M. bovis infected from naïve and BCG-vaccinated cattle. We show that, in line with the ELISA data, the combined PPDb-induced levels of IFN-γ, IL-2, IL-6, CCL4, and CXCL9 determined by UCP-LFAs can discriminate M. bovis challenged animals from naïve (AUC range: 0.87-1.00) and BCG-vaccinated animals (AUC range: 0.97-1.00) in this cohort. These initial findings can be used to develop a robust and user-friendly multi-biomarker test (MBT) for bTB diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamza Khalid
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
- Division of Immunology, The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Midlothian, United Kingdom
- Center for Inflammation Research, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh BioQuarter, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Louise Pierneef
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Anouk van Hooij
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Zijie Zhou
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Danielle de Jong
- Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Elisa Tjon Kon Fat
- Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Timothy K. Connelley
- Division of Immunology, The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Midlothian, United Kingdom
| | - Jayne C. Hope
- Division of Immunology, The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Midlothian, United Kingdom
| | - Paul L. A. M. Corstjens
- Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Annemieke Geluk
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
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Kanipe C, Boggiatto PM, Putz EJ, Palmer MV. Histopathologic differences in granulomas of Mycobacterium bovis bacille Calmette Guérin (BCG) vaccinated and non-vaccinated cattle with bovine tuberculosis. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:1048648. [PMID: 36425039 PMCID: PMC9678917 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1048648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 10/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium bovis (M. bovis) is the zoonotic bacterium responsible for bovine tuberculosis. An attenuated form of M. bovis, Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG), is a modified live vaccine known to provide variable protection in cattle and other species. Protection for this vaccine is defined as a reduction in disease severity rather than prevention of infection and is determined by evaluation of the characteristic lesion of tuberculosis: the granuloma. Despite its recognized ability to decrease disease severity, the mechanism by which BCG imparts protection remains poorly understood. Understanding the histopathologic differences between granulomas which form in BCG vaccinates compared to non-vaccinates may help identify how BCG imparts protection and lead to an improved vaccine. Utilizing special stains and image analysis software, we examined 88 lymph nodes obtained from BGC-vaccinated and non-vaccinated animals experimentally infected with M. bovis. We evaluated the number of granulomas, their size, severity (grade), density of multinucleated giant cells (MNGC), and the amounts of necrosis, mineralization, and fibrosis. BCG vaccinates had fewer granulomas overall and smaller high-grade granulomas with less necrosis than non-vaccinates. The relative numbers of high- and low- grade lesions were similar as were the amounts of mineralization and the density of MNGC. The amount of fibrosis was higher in low-grade granulomas from vaccinates compared to non-vaccinates. Collectively, these findings suggest that BCG vaccination reduces bacterial establishment, resulting in the formation of fewer granulomas. In granulomas that form, BCG has a protective effect by containing their size, reducing the relative amount of necrosis, and increasing fibrosis in low-grade lesions. Vaccination did not affect the amount of mineralization or density of MNGC.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. Kanipe
- Infectious Bacterial Diseases Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service (USDA), Ames, IA, United States
- Immunobiology Graduate Program, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - P. M. Boggiatto
- Infectious Bacterial Diseases Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service (USDA), Ames, IA, United States
| | - E. J. Putz
- Infectious Bacterial Diseases Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service (USDA), Ames, IA, United States
| | - M. V. Palmer
- Infectious Bacterial Diseases Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service (USDA), Ames, IA, United States
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