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Rawle DJ, Hugo LE, Cox AL, Devine GJ, Suhrbier A. Generating prophylactic immunity against arboviruses in vertebrates and invertebrates. Nat Rev Immunol 2024; 24:621-636. [PMID: 38570719 DOI: 10.1038/s41577-024-01016-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
The World Health Organization recently declared a global initiative to control arboviral diseases. These are mainly caused by pathogenic flaviviruses (such as dengue, yellow fever and Zika viruses) and alphaviruses (such as chikungunya and Venezuelan equine encephalitis viruses). Vaccines represent key interventions for these viruses, with licensed human and/or veterinary vaccines being available for several members of both genera. However, a hurdle for the licensing of new vaccines is the epidemic nature of many arboviruses, which presents logistical challenges for phase III efficacy trials. Furthermore, our ability to predict or measure the post-vaccination immune responses that are sufficient for subclinical outcomes post-infection is limited. Given that arboviruses are also subject to control by the immune system of their insect vectors, several approaches are now emerging that aim to augment antiviral immunity in mosquitoes, including Wolbachia infection, transgenic mosquitoes, insect-specific viruses and paratransgenesis. In this Review, we discuss recent advances, current challenges and future prospects in exploiting both vertebrate and invertebrate immune systems for the control of flaviviral and alphaviral diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Rawle
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Leon E Hugo
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Abigail L Cox
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Gregor J Devine
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- GVN Centre of Excellence, Australian Infectious Disease Research Centre, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Andreas Suhrbier
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
- GVN Centre of Excellence, Australian Infectious Disease Research Centre, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
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Zhong D, Zheng J, Ma Z, Wang Y, Wei J. Rapid Detection of Getah Virus Antibodies in Horses Using a Recombinant E2 Protein-Based Immunochromatographic Strip. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:2309. [PMID: 39199843 PMCID: PMC11350704 DOI: 10.3390/ani14162309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2024] [Revised: 08/06/2024] [Accepted: 08/07/2024] [Indexed: 09/01/2024] Open
Abstract
The prevalence and impact of Getah virus (GETV) are significant concerns in China. GETV can infect a wide range of animals, including horses, pigs, sheep, cattle, birds, and humans, resulting in substantial losses in the livestock and agricultural industries. GETV infection can cause the development of ulcers and inflammation in the mouth and gums of horses, which result in pain and discomfort and lead to symptoms such as reduced appetite, drooling, and difficulty chewing. As a result, there is a pressing need for efficient and rapid disease diagnosis methods. However, the currently available diagnostic methods have limitations in terms of operational time, equipment, and the experience of the individuals using them. In this study, a rapid, specific, and sensitive detection method was developed using a colloidal gold-based immunochromatographic strip (ICS) for the detection of antibodies against GETV in horses. To prepare the ICS, the antigen domain of the E2 glycoprotein of GETV was expressed using the Escherichia coli expression system after analysis with DNAstar v7.1 software. The nitrocellulose membrane was coated with rE2 protein or SPA to form the test line and control line, respectively. After optimizing the reaction conditions, the sensitivity, specificity, and repeatability of the strip were verified. The results showed that the test strip had a detection limit of up to 1:320 dilutions for GETV-positive serum, with no cross-reactivity observed with other equine-susceptible pathogens such as equine arteritis virus (EAV), equine herpesvirus-1 (EHV-I), equine infectious anemia virus (EIAV), equine influenza virus (EIV), African horse sickness virus (AHSV), and Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV). Furthermore, the ICS exhibited a concordance rate of 94.0% when testing 182 clinical serum samples compared to the virus neutralization test. Overall, this ICS diagnosis method will be an effective tool for the rapid detection of GETV in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dengke Zhong
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Shanghai Vocational College of Agriculture and Forestry, Shanghai 201699, China;
| | - Jiayang Zheng
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China; (J.Z.); (Z.M.)
| | - Zhiyong Ma
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China; (J.Z.); (Z.M.)
| | - Yan Wang
- Technical Center for Animal, Plant and Food Inspection and Quarantine of Shanghai Customs, Shanghai 200135, China
| | - Jianchao Wei
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China; (J.Z.); (Z.M.)
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Chu PP, Guo H, Zhou X, Chen SN, Sun X, Tian S, Zou YG, Li CL, Zhang R, Zhai SL. Emergence of a novel GIII Getah virus variant in pigs in Guangdong, China, 2023. Microbiol Spectr 2024; 12:e0048324. [PMID: 38916356 PMCID: PMC11302130 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.00483-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 06/26/2024] Open
Abstract
From May to July of 2023, one pig farm in Heyuan city, Guangdong Province of China, suffered severe piglet death and sow reproductive disorders. The common pig viruses and bacteria tested negative. To uncover the possible cause of the disease, a metagenomic analysis was performed in the pooled small intestine samples from three 8-day-old diseased piglets. The results showed that Getah virus (GETV), an RNA virus, might be the potential pathogen that affects pig health. Subsequently, GETV nucleotide was detected in all of the 15 samples collected from three diseased piglets using quantitative reverse transcription PCR, suggesting GETV as the main pathogen of the disease. A GETV strain, designated as GDHYLC23, was successfully isolated using the swine testicle cell line. Sequence analysis showed that the epidemic strain had a unique 32-nucleotide repeat insertion in the 3' noncoding region. Phylogenetic analysis showed that GDHYLC23 belonged to the pandemic group III. The identification of GETV with new variations implies the continuous evolution of the virus, which poses potential threats to the swine industry.IMPORTANCEPig farms are faced with emerging and re-emerging viruses that may cause substantial economic loss. The identification of potentially pathogenic viruses helps to prevent and control the spread of diseases. In this study, by using metagenomic analysis, we found that a neglected virus, GETV with a unique insertion in the genome, was the main pathogen in one pig farm that suffered severe piglet death and sow reproductive disorders. Although the potential impact of such an insertion on viral pathogenicity is unknown, the surveillance of the continuing evolution of GETV in pig farms cannot be ignored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pin-Pin Chu
- Department of Swine Diseases, Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hongyuan Guo
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Pathogenic Microorganisms and Infection, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xia Zhou
- Department of Swine Diseases, Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Sheng-Nan Chen
- Guangzhou Sino-science Gene Testing Service Co.Ltd, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xinran Sun
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Pathogenic Microorganisms and Infection, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Sicheng Tian
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Pathogenic Microorganisms and Infection, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu-Gen Zou
- Guangzhou Sino-science Gene Testing Service Co.Ltd, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chun-Ling Li
- Department of Swine Diseases, Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Disease Prevention of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
- Scientific Observation and Experiment Station of Veterinary Drugs and Diagnostic Techniques of Guangdong Province, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou, China
| | - Rong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Pathogenic Microorganisms and Infection, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shao-Lun Zhai
- Department of Swine Diseases, Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Disease Prevention of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
- Scientific Observation and Experiment Station of Veterinary Drugs and Diagnostic Techniques of Guangdong Province, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou, China
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Ren T, Liu M, Zhou L, Zhang L, Qin Y, Ouyang K, Chen Y, Huang W, Wei Z. A recombinant Getah Virus expressing a GFP gene for rapid neutralization testing and antiviral drug screening assay. Virology 2024; 598:110174. [PMID: 39029332 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2024.110174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2024] [Revised: 07/02/2024] [Accepted: 07/11/2024] [Indexed: 07/21/2024]
Abstract
Getah virus (GETV) is a re-emerging mosquito-borne RNA virus that induces fever, hind limb edema, swollen submandibular lymph nodes, and urticaria in horses. In pigs, the virus often results in stillbirths among pregnant sows, and neurological symptoms leading to death in piglets. Currently, there are no specific treatments or drugs available for GETV infection. The use of reporter viruses to monitor viral replication and spread in real-time within infected cells and animals provides a powerful tool for targeting antiviral drugs throughout the viral life cycle. Their fluorescence-tracked characteristics greatly facilitate virus neutralization tests (VNTs). In this study, we engineered two recombinant viruses by inserting different reporter protein genes at the 3' end of the structural protein gene, an unreported location that can accommodate exogenous genes. The rGEEiLOV and rGEEGFP viruses demonstrated genetic stability for at least five passages and replicated at a rate similar to that of the parental virus in BHK-21 cells. The rGEEGFP virus facilitated viral neutralization testing. Additionally, we used the reporter virus rGEEGFP to confirm ivermectin, a broad-spectrum antiparasitic agent, as a potential inhibitor of GETV in vitro. Ivermectin appears to inhibit the early replication stages of the virus and can block cell-to-cell viral transmission. In conclusion, rGEEGFP holds significant potential for antiviral screening to identify specific inhibitors against GETV and for use in viral neutralization tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tongwei Ren
- Laboratory of Animal infectious Diseases and molecular Immunology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530005, China
| | - Muyang Liu
- Laboratory of Animal infectious Diseases and molecular Immunology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530005, China
| | - Lingshan Zhou
- Laboratory of Animal infectious Diseases and molecular Immunology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530005, China
| | - Liping Zhang
- Laboratory of Animal infectious Diseases and molecular Immunology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530005, China
| | - Yifeng Qin
- Laboratory of Animal infectious Diseases and molecular Immunology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530005, China; Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Engineering Research Center of Veterinary Biologics, Nanning, 530005, China; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Animal Reproduction, Breeding and Disease Control, Nanning, 530005, China; Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Animal Disease, Nanning, 530005, China
| | - Kang Ouyang
- Laboratory of Animal infectious Diseases and molecular Immunology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530005, China; Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Engineering Research Center of Veterinary Biologics, Nanning, 530005, China; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Animal Reproduction, Breeding and Disease Control, Nanning, 530005, China; Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Animal Disease, Nanning, 530005, China
| | - Ying Chen
- Laboratory of Animal infectious Diseases and molecular Immunology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530005, China; Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Engineering Research Center of Veterinary Biologics, Nanning, 530005, China; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Animal Reproduction, Breeding and Disease Control, Nanning, 530005, China; Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Animal Disease, Nanning, 530005, China
| | - Weijian Huang
- Laboratory of Animal infectious Diseases and molecular Immunology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530005, China; Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Engineering Research Center of Veterinary Biologics, Nanning, 530005, China; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Animal Reproduction, Breeding and Disease Control, Nanning, 530005, China; Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Animal Disease, Nanning, 530005, China
| | - Zuzhang Wei
- Laboratory of Animal infectious Diseases and molecular Immunology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530005, China; Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Engineering Research Center of Veterinary Biologics, Nanning, 530005, China; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Animal Reproduction, Breeding and Disease Control, Nanning, 530005, China; Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Animal Disease, Nanning, 530005, China.
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Jiang Z, Qin Y, Zhang L, Xing G, Shi Z, Song W, Dobrikov GM, Chen J, Su S. Development and application of a colloidal-gold immunochromatographic strip for detecting Getah virus antibodies. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2024; 108:355. [PMID: 38822832 PMCID: PMC11144135 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-024-13168-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Revised: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 06/03/2024]
Abstract
Getah virus (GETV) is a re-emerging mosquito-borne alphavirus that is highly pathogenic, mainly to pigs and horses. There are no vaccines or treatments available for GETV in swine in China. Therefore, the development of a simple, rapid, specific, and sensitive serological assay for GETV antibodies is essential for the prevention and control of GETV. Current antibody monitoring methods are time-consuming, expensive, and dependent on specialized instrumentation, and these features are not conducive to rapid detection in clinical samples. To address these problem, we developed immunochromatographic test strips (ICTS) using eukaryotically expressed soluble recombinant p62-E1 protein of GETV as a labelled antigen, which has good detection sensitivity and no cross-reactivity with other common porcine virus-positive sera. The ICTS is highly compatible with IFA and ELISA and can be stored for 1 month at 37 °C and for at least 3 months at room temperature. Hence, p62-E1-based ICTS is a rapid, accurate, and convenient method for rapid on-site detection of GETV antibodies. KEY POINTS: • We established a rapid antibody detection method that can monitor GETV infection • We developed colloidal gold test strips with high sensitivity and specificity • The development of colloidal gold test strips will aid in the field serologic detection of GETV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiwen Jiang
- Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Institute of Immunology and College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- Sanya Institute of Nanjing Agricultural University, Sanya, China
| | - Ying Qin
- Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Institute of Immunology and College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- Sanya Institute of Nanjing Agricultural University, Sanya, China
| | - Letian Zhang
- Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Institute of Immunology and College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Gang Xing
- MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Virology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Zhiyu Shi
- Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Institute of Immunology and College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Wanjie Song
- Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Institute of Immunology and College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Georgi M Dobrikov
- Institute of Organic Chemistry With Centre of Phytochemistry, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad. G. Bonchev Street, Bl. 9, 1113, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Jie Chen
- Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Institute of Immunology and College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Shuo Su
- Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Institute of Immunology and College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.
- Sanya Institute of Nanjing Agricultural University, Sanya, China.
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Sun X, Zhang Q, Shan H, Cao Z, Huang J. Genome characteristics of atypical porcine pestivirus from abortion cases in Shandong Province, China. Virol J 2023; 20:282. [PMID: 38031135 PMCID: PMC10688472 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-023-02247-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/19/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Atypical porcine pestivirus (APPV) is a novel, highly variable porcine pestivirus. Previous reports have suggested that the virus is associated with congenital tremor (CT) type A-II in piglets, and little information is available about the correlation between the virus and sow abortion, or on coinfection with other viruses. In China, reported APPV strains were mainly isolated from South China and Central China, and data about the APPV genome from northern China are relatively scarce. METHODS Eleven umbilical cords, one placenta, and one aborted piglet, were collected from aborted sows of the same farm in Shandong Province of northern China. Nucleic acids were extracted from the above samples, and subsequently pooled for viral metagenomics sequencing and bioinformatics analysis. The viral coexistence status and complete genome characteristics of APPV in Shandong Province were determined. RESULTS In abortion cases, APPV was present with Getah virus, porcine picobirnavirus, porcine kobuvirus, porcine sapovirus, Po-Circo-like virus, porcine serum-associated circular virus, porcine bocavirus 1, porcine parvovirus 1, porcine parvovirus 3 and porcine circovirus 3, etc. The first complete genome sequence(11,556 nt) of APPV in Shandong Province of northern China, was obtained using viral metagenomics and designated APPV-SDHY-2022. Comparison with Chinese reference strains revealed that the polyprotein of APPV-SDHY-2022 shared 82.6-84.2%, 93.2-93.6%, and 80.7-85% nucleotide identity and 91.4-92.4%, 96.4-97.7%, and 90.6-92.2% amino acid identity with those of the Clade I, Clade II and Clade III strains, respectively. Phylogenetic analysis based on the complete polyprotein CDS and NS5A sequences concluded that APPV-SDHY-2022 belongs to Clade II. Analysis of the NS5A nucleotide sequences revealed homology of greater than 94.6% for the same isoform, 84.7-94.5% for different isoforms of the same clade and 76.8-81.1% for different clades. Therefore, Clade II was further divided into three subclades, and APPV-SDHY-2022 belonged to subclade 2.3. Members of Clade II have 20 unique amino acids in individual proteins, distinguishing them from Clade I and Clade III members. The E2 protein showed the greatest diversity of putative N-glycosylation sites with 9 patterns, and APPV-SDHY-2022 along with other Chinese APPV strains shared the conserved B-cell conformational epitope residues 39E, 70R, 173R, 190K and 191N of the E2 protein. CONCLUSIONS We reported viral coexistence and the first complete genome sequence of APPV from abortion cases and from Shandong Province. The new APPV isolate belongs to an independent branch of Clade II. Our results increase the molecular and epidemiological understanding of APPV in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Sun
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
- Shandong Collaborative Innovation Center for Development of Veterinary Pharmaceuticals, Qingdao, China
- Qingdao Research Center for Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Qiaoya Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
- Shandong Collaborative Innovation Center for Development of Veterinary Pharmaceuticals, Qingdao, China
- Qingdao Research Center for Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Hu Shan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China.
- Shandong Collaborative Innovation Center for Development of Veterinary Pharmaceuticals, Qingdao, China.
- Qingdao Research Center for Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Qingdao, China.
| | - Zhi Cao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China.
- Shandong Collaborative Innovation Center for Development of Veterinary Pharmaceuticals, Qingdao, China.
- Qingdao Research Center for Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Qingdao, China.
| | - Juan Huang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China.
- Shandong Collaborative Innovation Center for Development of Veterinary Pharmaceuticals, Qingdao, China.
- Qingdao Research Center for Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Qingdao, China.
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Gao X, Li J, Wu T, Dou J, Zhang W, Jia H, Zhang Z, Liu X, Li Y. The Isolation and Characterization of a Novel Group III-Classified Getah Virus from a Commercial Modified Live Vaccine against PRRSV. Viruses 2023; 15:2090. [PMID: 37896867 PMCID: PMC10611409 DOI: 10.3390/v15102090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Revised: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
As an epizootic causative agent, the Getah virus (GETV) can cause moderate illness in horses, lethal disease in foxes, and reproductive disorders and fetal death in pigs. Due to the wide range of hosts and multiple routes of transmission, GETV has become a growing potential threat to the global livestock industry, and even to public health. More attention and research on GETV are urgently needed. In this study, we successfully isolated a novel GETV strain, named BJ0304, from a commercial live vaccine against porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) and determined its growth kinetics. Then, genetic and phylogenetic analyses were performed. The results revealed that BJ0304 was clustered into Group III, and it was most related to the GETV-V1 strain based on the complete genome sequence. Furthermore, the pathogenicity of the isolate was assessed and found to be a low virulent strain in mice relative to its closest homolog GETV-V1. Finally, mutation and glycosylation analysis showed that a unique mutation (171 T > I) at one amino acid of E2, which affected the glycosylation of E2, may be associated with viral pathogenicity. In summary, the general characteristic of a novel Group III-classified GETV-BJ0304 isolated from commercial live PRRSV vaccine was defined and then mutation/glycosylation-related potential virulence factor was discussed. This study highlights the complexity of GETV transmission routes in swine and the need for more surveillance on commercial animal vaccines, contributes to the understanding of genetic characterization of clinical isolates, provides possible virulence factors in favor of unveiling the viral pathogenesis, and eventually lays the foundation for the prevention and control of GETV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xintao Gao
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; (X.G.); (J.L.); (T.W.); (J.D.); (Z.Z.)
| | - Jialei Li
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; (X.G.); (J.L.); (T.W.); (J.D.); (Z.Z.)
| | - Tong Wu
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; (X.G.); (J.L.); (T.W.); (J.D.); (Z.Z.)
| | - Jinping Dou
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; (X.G.); (J.L.); (T.W.); (J.D.); (Z.Z.)
| | - Wenrong Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100081, China;
| | - Hong Jia
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China;
| | - Zhifang Zhang
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; (X.G.); (J.L.); (T.W.); (J.D.); (Z.Z.)
| | - Xingjian Liu
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; (X.G.); (J.L.); (T.W.); (J.D.); (Z.Z.)
| | - Yinü Li
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; (X.G.); (J.L.); (T.W.); (J.D.); (Z.Z.)
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Pan J, Zhang H, Chen X, Zeng M, Han H, Guo Y, Li J, Luo S, Yan G, Chen S, Mo M, Liu M, Huang L. Evolutionary characterization and pathogenicity of Getah virus from pigs in Guangdong Province of China. Arch Virol 2023; 168:258. [PMID: 37770803 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-023-05886-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023]
Abstract
Getah virus (GETV) is an emerging zoonotic virus that can infect humans and many mammals through mosquitoes. In this study, a novel pathogenic GETV strain, GDQY2022, was isolated from a pig farm in Guangdong Province, China. Sequence comparisons and phylogenetic analysis showed that GDQY2022 belongs to group III (GIII) and was most closely related to strain HeN202009-2, with 99.78% nucleotide sequence identity. Histopathological examination revealed significant pathological changes, such as widened alveolar septum in the lungs with mild congestion and hemorrhage. Differences in viral load between tissues were assessed by real-time RT-PCR, and significantly higher levels of GETV were found in abdominal lymph nodes and lungs of subclinically and clinically affected pigs (P < 0.01). This study provides valuable data for understanding the risk of GETV infection in the pig industry and a reliable basis for studying the pathogenic mechanisms and diagnostic surveillance of GETV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinghua Pan
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Haoquan Zhang
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Xiuqiao Chen
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Mengyi Zeng
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Hui Han
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Yajing Guo
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Jiaming Li
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Shicheng Luo
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Guangzhi Yan
- Guangdong Findergene Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Foshan, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Shengnan Chen
- Guangdong Findergene Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Foshan, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Meilian Mo
- Guangdong Findergene Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Foshan, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Mingjie Liu
- Guangdong Findergene Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Foshan, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Liangzong Huang
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, Guangdong Province, China.
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Tian F, He J, Shang S, Chen Z, Tang Y, Lu M, Huang C, Guo X, Tong Y. Survey of mosquito species and mosquito-borne viruses in residential areas along the Sino-Vietnam border in Yunnan Province in China. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1105786. [PMID: 36910188 PMCID: PMC9996012 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1105786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Mosquitoes are capable of carrying complex pathogens, and their feeding habits on the mammalian blood can easily mediate the spread of viruses. Surveillance of mosquito-based arbovirus enables the early prevention and control of mosquito-borne arboviral diseases. The climate and geography of Yunnan Province in China are ideal for mosquitoes. Yunnan shares borders with several other countries; therefore, there exists a high risk of international transmission of mosquito-mediated infectious diseases. Previous studies have focused more on the Sino-Laos and Sino-Myanmar borders. Therefore, we focused on the neighborhoods of Malipo and Funing counties in Wenshan Prefecture, Yunnan Province, China, which are located along the Sino-Vietnam border, to investigate the species of mosquitoes and mosquito-borne viruses in the residential areas of this region. This study collected 10,800 mosquitoes from 29 species of 8 genera and grouped to isolate mosquito-borne viruses. In total, 62 isolates were isolated and classified into 11 viral categories. We demonstrated a new distribution of mosquito-borne viruses among mosquitoes in border areas, including Tembusu and Getah viruses, which can cause animal outbreaks. In addition, Dak Nong and Sarawak viruses originating from Vietnam and Malaysia, respectively, were identified for the first time in China, highlighting the complexity of mosquito-borne viruses in the Sino-Vietnam border region. The awareness of the importance of viral surveillance and prevention measures in border areas should be further encouraged to prevent future outbreaks of potentially infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengjuan Tian
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Jimin He
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Shanlin Shang
- Malipo County Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wenshanzhou, Yunnan, China
| | - Zhongyan Chen
- Malipo County Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wenshanzhou, Yunnan, China
| | - Yumei Tang
- Funing County Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wenshanzhou, Yunnan, China
| | - Man Lu
- Funing County Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wenshanzhou, Yunnan, China
| | - Changzhi Huang
- Funing County Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wenshanzhou, Yunnan, China
| | - Xiaofang Guo
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Vector-borne Disease Control and Research, Yunnan Institute of Parasitic Diseases Control, Puer, Yunnan, China
| | - Yigang Tong
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China
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