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Rosain J, Le Voyer T, Liu X, Gervais A, Polivka L, Cederholm A, Berteloot L, Parent AV, Pescatore A, Spinosa E, Minic S, Kiszewski AE, Tsumura M, Thibault C, Esnaola Azcoiti M, Martinovic J, Philippot Q, Khan T, Marchal A, Charmeteau-De Muylder B, Bizien L, Deswarte C, Hadjem L, Fauvarque MO, Dorgham K, Eriksson D, Falcone EL, Puel M, Ünal S, Geraldo A, Le Floc'h C, Li H, Rheault S, Muti C, Bobrie-Moyrand C, Welfringer-Morin A, Fuleihan RL, Lévy R, Roelens M, Gao L, Materna M, Pellegrini S, Piemonti L, Catherinot E, Goffard JC, Fekkar A, Sacko-Sow A, Soudée C, Boucherit S, Neehus AL, Has C, Hübner S, Blanchard-Rohner G, Amador-Borrero B, Utsumi T, Taniguchi M, Tani H, Izawa K, Yasumi T, Kanai S, Migaud M, Aubart M, Lambert N, Gorochov G, Picard C, Soudais C, L'Honneur AS, Rozenberg F, Milner JD, Zhang SY, Vabres P, Trpinac D, Marr N, Boddaert N, Desguerre I, Pasparakis M, Miller CN, Poziomczyk CS, Abel L, Okada S, Jouanguy E, Cheynier R, Zhang Q, Cobat A, Béziat V, Boisson B, Steffann J, Fusco F, Ursini MV, Hadj-Rabia S, Bodemer C, Bustamante J, Luche H, Puel A, Courtois G, Bastard P, Landegren N, Anderson MS, Casanova JL. Incontinentia pigmenti underlies thymic dysplasia, autoantibodies to type I IFNs, and viral diseases. J Exp Med 2024; 221:e20231152. [PMID: 39352576 PMCID: PMC11448874 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20231152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Revised: 07/17/2024] [Accepted: 08/27/2024] [Indexed: 10/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Human inborn errors of thymic T cell tolerance underlie the production of autoantibodies (auto-Abs) neutralizing type I IFNs, which predispose to severe viral diseases. We analyze 131 female patients with X-linked dominant incontinentia pigmenti (IP), heterozygous for loss-of-function (LOF) NEMO variants, from 99 kindreds in 10 countries. Forty-seven of these patients (36%) have auto-Abs neutralizing IFN-α and/or IFN-ω, a proportion 23 times higher than that for age-matched female controls. This proportion remains stable from the age of 6 years onward. On imaging, female patients with IP have a small, abnormally structured thymus. Auto-Abs against type I IFNs confer a predisposition to life-threatening viral diseases. By contrast, patients with IP lacking auto-Abs against type I IFNs are at no particular risk of viral disease. These results suggest that IP accelerates thymic involution, thereby underlying the production of auto-Abs neutralizing type I IFNs in at least a third of female patients with IP, predisposing them to life-threatening viral diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérémie Rosain
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, Inserm U1163, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, France
- Imagine Institute, University of Paris Cité , Paris, France
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
- Study Center for Primary Immunodeficiencies, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) , Paris, France
| | - Tom Le Voyer
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, Inserm U1163, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, France
- Imagine Institute, University of Paris Cité , Paris, France
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
- Clinical Immunology Department, AP-HP, Saint-Louis Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Xian Liu
- Diabetes Center, University of California San Francisco , San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Adrian Gervais
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, Inserm U1163, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, France
- Imagine Institute, University of Paris Cité , Paris, France
| | - Laura Polivka
- Department of Dermatology, Reference Center for Genodermatosis and Rare Skin Diseases (MAGEC), University of Paris Cité, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, AP-HP, Paris, France
- Reference Center for Mastocytosis (CEREMAST), Necker Hospital for Sick Children, AP-HP , Paris, France
| | - Axel Cederholm
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Laureline Berteloot
- Pediatric Radiology Department, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Imagine Inserm Institute, U1163, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Audrey V Parent
- Diabetes Center, University of California San Francisco , San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Alessandra Pescatore
- Institute of Genetics and Biophysics "Adriano Buzzati-Traverso," IGB-CNR , Naples, Italy
| | - Ezia Spinosa
- Institute of Genetics and Biophysics "Adriano Buzzati-Traverso," IGB-CNR , Naples, Italy
| | - Snezana Minic
- Clinics of Dermatovenerology, Clinical Center of Serbia , Belgrade, Serbia
- School of Medicine, University of Belgrade , Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Ana Elisa Kiszewski
- Section of Dermatology, Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Section of Pediatric Dermatology, Hospital da Criança Santo Antônio, Irmandade da Santa Casa de Misericórdia de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Miyuki Tsumura
- Hiroshima University Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences , Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Chloé Thibault
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, Inserm U1163, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, France
- Imagine Institute, University of Paris Cité , Paris, France
| | - Maria Esnaola Azcoiti
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, Inserm U1163, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, France
- Imagine Institute, University of Paris Cité , Paris, France
| | - Jelena Martinovic
- Unit of Fetal Pathology, Hospital Antoine Béclère, Paris Saclay University , Paris, France
| | - Quentin Philippot
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, Inserm U1163, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, France
- Imagine Institute, University of Paris Cité , Paris, France
| | - Taushif Khan
- Department of Immunology, Sidra Medicine, Doha, Qatar
| | - Astrid Marchal
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, Inserm U1163, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, France
- Imagine Institute, University of Paris Cité , Paris, France
| | | | - Lucy Bizien
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, Inserm U1163, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, France
- Imagine Institute, University of Paris Cité , Paris, France
| | - Caroline Deswarte
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, Inserm U1163, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, France
- Imagine Institute, University of Paris Cité , Paris, France
| | - Lillia Hadjem
- Immunophenomics Center (CIPHE), Aix Marseille University, Inserm, CNRS , Marseille, France
| | | | - Karim Dorgham
- Sorbonne University, Inserm, Centre for Immunology and Microbial Infections, CIMI-Paris , Paris, France
| | - Daniel Eriksson
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Emilia Liana Falcone
- Center for Immunity, Inflammation and Infectious Diseases, Montréal Clinical Research Institute (IRCM) , Montréal, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Montréal University, Montréal, Canada
| | - Mathilde Puel
- Study Center for Primary Immunodeficiencies, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) , Paris, France
| | - Sinem Ünal
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, Inserm U1163, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, France
- Imagine Institute, University of Paris Cité , Paris, France
| | - Amyrath Geraldo
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, Inserm U1163, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, France
- Imagine Institute, University of Paris Cité , Paris, France
| | - Corentin Le Floc'h
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, Inserm U1163, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, France
- Imagine Institute, University of Paris Cité , Paris, France
| | - Hailun Li
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, Inserm U1163, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, France
- Imagine Institute, University of Paris Cité , Paris, France
| | - Sylvie Rheault
- Department of Medicine, Montréal University, Montréal, Canada
- Center of Research of the Geriatric University Institute of Montréal, University of Montréal , Montréal, Canada
| | - Christine Muti
- Department of Genetics, André Mignot Hospital, Versailles, France
| | | | - Anne Welfringer-Morin
- Department of Dermatology, Reference Center for Genodermatosis and Rare Skin Diseases (MAGEC), University of Paris Cité, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Ramsay L Fuleihan
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Romain Lévy
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, Inserm U1163, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, France
- Imagine Institute, University of Paris Cité , Paris, France
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
- Pediatric Hematology-Immunology and Rheumatology Unit, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Marie Roelens
- Imagine Institute, University of Paris Cité , Paris, France
- Study Center for Primary Immunodeficiencies, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) , Paris, France
| | - Liwei Gao
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, Inserm U1163, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, France
- Imagine Institute, University of Paris Cité , Paris, France
| | - Marie Materna
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, Inserm U1163, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, France
- Imagine Institute, University of Paris Cité , Paris, France
| | - Silvia Pellegrini
- Diabetes Research Institute, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele , Milan, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Piemonti
- Diabetes Research Institute, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele , Milan, Italy
| | | | - Jean-Christophe Goffard
- Internal Medicine, Brussels University Hospital, Free University of Brussels, Anderlecht, Belgium
| | - Arnaud Fekkar
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, Inserm U1163, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, France
- Imagine Institute, University of Paris Cité , Paris, France
- Department of Parasitology Mycology, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Aissata Sacko-Sow
- Department of Pediatrics, Jean Verdier Hospital, AP-HP, Bondy, France
| | - Camille Soudée
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, Inserm U1163, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, France
- Imagine Institute, University of Paris Cité , Paris, France
| | - Soraya Boucherit
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, Inserm U1163, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, France
- Imagine Institute, University of Paris Cité , Paris, France
| | - Anna-Lena Neehus
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, Inserm U1163, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, France
- Imagine Institute, University of Paris Cité , Paris, France
| | - Cristina Has
- Department of Dermatology, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
- European Reference Network (ERN) for Rare and Undiagnosed Skin Disorders
| | - Stefanie Hübner
- Department of Dermatology, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Géraldine Blanchard-Rohner
- Unit of Immunology, Vaccinology, and Rheumatology, Division of General Pediatrics, Department of Woman, Child, and Adolescent Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals and Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Blanca Amador-Borrero
- Internal Medicine Department, Lariboisière Hospital, AP-HP, University of Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Takanori Utsumi
- Hiroshima University Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences , Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Maki Taniguchi
- Hiroshima University Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences , Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Hiroo Tani
- Department of Pediatrics, Hiroshima University Hospital, Hiroshima, Japan
- Department of Pediatrics, Hiroshima Prefectural Hospital, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Kazushi Izawa
- Department of Pediatrics, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Takahiro Yasumi
- Department of Pediatrics, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Sotaro Kanai
- Division of Child Neurology, Department of Brain and Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Yonago, Japan
| | - Mélanie Migaud
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, Inserm U1163, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, France
- Imagine Institute, University of Paris Cité , Paris, France
| | - Mélodie Aubart
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, Inserm U1163, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, France
- Imagine Institute, University of Paris Cité , Paris, France
- Departments of Pediatric Neurology, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, AP-HP, University of Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Nathalie Lambert
- Study Center for Primary Immunodeficiencies, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) , Paris, France
| | - Guy Gorochov
- Sorbonne University, Inserm, Centre for Immunology and Microbial Infections, CIMI-Paris , Paris, France
- Department of Immunology, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Capucine Picard
- Imagine Institute, University of Paris Cité , Paris, France
- Study Center for Primary Immunodeficiencies, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) , Paris, France
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Activation and Susceptibility to EBV Infection, Inserm U1163, Paris, France
| | - Claire Soudais
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Activation and Susceptibility to EBV Infection, Inserm U1163, Paris, France
| | - Anne-Sophie L'Honneur
- Department of Virology, University of Paris Cité and Cochin Hospital, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Flore Rozenberg
- Department of Virology, University of Paris Cité and Cochin Hospital, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Joshua D Milner
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Shen-Ying Zhang
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, Inserm U1163, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, France
- Imagine Institute, University of Paris Cité , Paris, France
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Pierre Vabres
- MAGEC Reference Center for Rare Skin Diseases, Dijon Bourgogne University Hospital, Dijon, France
| | - Dusan Trpinac
- Institute of Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, University of Belgrade , Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Nico Marr
- Department of Immunology, Sidra Medicine, Doha, Qatar
- College of Health and Life Sciences, Hamad Bin Khalifa University , Doha, Qatar
| | - Nathalie Boddaert
- Pediatric Radiology Department, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Imagine Inserm Institute, U1163, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Isabelle Desguerre
- Departments of Pediatric Neurology, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, AP-HP, University of Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | | | - Corey N Miller
- Diabetes Center, University of California San Francisco , San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Laurent Abel
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, Inserm U1163, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, France
- Imagine Institute, University of Paris Cité , Paris, France
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Satoshi Okada
- Hiroshima University Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences , Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Emmanuelle Jouanguy
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, Inserm U1163, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, France
- Imagine Institute, University of Paris Cité , Paris, France
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Rémi Cheynier
- University of Paris Cité, CNRS, Inserm, Institut Cochin , Paris, France
| | - Qian Zhang
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, Inserm U1163, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, France
- Imagine Institute, University of Paris Cité , Paris, France
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Aurélie Cobat
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, Inserm U1163, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, France
- Imagine Institute, University of Paris Cité , Paris, France
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Vivien Béziat
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, Inserm U1163, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, France
- Imagine Institute, University of Paris Cité , Paris, France
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Bertrand Boisson
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, Inserm U1163, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, France
- Imagine Institute, University of Paris Cité , Paris, France
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Julie Steffann
- Department of Genomic Medicine, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, AP-HP, University of Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Francesca Fusco
- Institute of Genetics and Biophysics "Adriano Buzzati-Traverso," IGB-CNR , Naples, Italy
| | - Matilde Valeria Ursini
- Institute of Genetics and Biophysics "Adriano Buzzati-Traverso," IGB-CNR , Naples, Italy
| | - Smail Hadj-Rabia
- Department of Dermatology, Reference Center for Genodermatosis and Rare Skin Diseases (MAGEC), University of Paris Cité, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Christine Bodemer
- Department of Dermatology, Reference Center for Genodermatosis and Rare Skin Diseases (MAGEC), University of Paris Cité, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Jacinta Bustamante
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, Inserm U1163, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, France
- Imagine Institute, University of Paris Cité , Paris, France
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
- Study Center for Primary Immunodeficiencies, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) , Paris, France
| | - Hervé Luche
- Immunophenomics Center (CIPHE), Aix Marseille University, Inserm, CNRS , Marseille, France
| | - Anne Puel
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, Inserm U1163, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, France
- Imagine Institute, University of Paris Cité , Paris, France
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Gilles Courtois
- University Grenoble Alpes, CEA, Inserm , BGE UA13, Grenoble, France
| | - Paul Bastard
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, Inserm U1163, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, France
- Imagine Institute, University of Paris Cité , Paris, France
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
- Pediatric Hematology-Immunology and Rheumatology Unit, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Nils Landegren
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine (Solna), Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mark S Anderson
- Diabetes Center, University of California San Francisco , San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jean-Laurent Casanova
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, Inserm U1163, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, France
- Imagine Institute, University of Paris Cité , Paris, France
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, AP-HP, Paris, France
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute , New York, NY, USA
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Bastard P, Gervais A, Le Voyer T, Philippot Q, Cobat A, Rosain J, Jouanguy E, Abel L, Zhang SY, Zhang Q, Puel A, Casanova JL. Human autoantibodies neutralizing type I IFNs: From 1981 to 2023. Immunol Rev 2024; 322:98-112. [PMID: 38193358 PMCID: PMC10950543 DOI: 10.1111/imr.13304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2024]
Abstract
Human autoantibodies (auto-Abs) neutralizing type I IFNs were first discovered in a woman with disseminated shingles and were described by Ion Gresser from 1981 to 1984. They have since been found in patients with diverse conditions and are even used as a diagnostic criterion in patients with autoimmune polyendocrinopathy syndrome type 1 (APS-1). However, their apparent lack of association with viral diseases, including shingles, led to wide acceptance of the conclusion that they had no pathological consequences. This perception began to change in 2020, when they were found to underlie about 15% of cases of critical COVID-19 pneumonia. They have since been shown to underlie other severe viral diseases, including 5%, 20%, and 40% of cases of critical influenza pneumonia, critical MERS pneumonia, and West Nile virus encephalitis, respectively. They also seem to be associated with shingles in various settings. These auto-Abs are present in all age groups of the general population, but their frequency increases with age to reach at least 5% in the elderly. We estimate that at least 100 million people worldwide carry auto-Abs neutralizing type I IFNs. Here, we briefly review the history of the study of these auto-Abs, focusing particularly on their known causes and consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Bastard
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM U1163, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, France, EU
- Paris Cité University, Imagine Institute, Paris, France, EU
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
- Pediatric Hematology-Immunology and Rheumatology Unit, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Assistante Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Paris, France, EU
| | - Adrian Gervais
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM U1163, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, France, EU
- Paris Cité University, Imagine Institute, Paris, France, EU
| | - Tom Le Voyer
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM U1163, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, France, EU
- Paris Cité University, Imagine Institute, Paris, France, EU
| | - Quentin Philippot
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM U1163, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, France, EU
- Paris Cité University, Imagine Institute, Paris, France, EU
| | - Aurélie Cobat
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM U1163, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, France, EU
- Paris Cité University, Imagine Institute, Paris, France, EU
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jérémie Rosain
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM U1163, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, France, EU
- Paris Cité University, Imagine Institute, Paris, France, EU
| | - Emmanuelle Jouanguy
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM U1163, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, France, EU
- Paris Cité University, Imagine Institute, Paris, France, EU
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Laurent Abel
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM U1163, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, France, EU
- Paris Cité University, Imagine Institute, Paris, France, EU
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Shen-Ying Zhang
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM U1163, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, France, EU
- Paris Cité University, Imagine Institute, Paris, France, EU
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Qian Zhang
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM U1163, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, France, EU
- Paris Cité University, Imagine Institute, Paris, France, EU
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Anne Puel
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM U1163, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, France, EU
- Paris Cité University, Imagine Institute, Paris, France, EU
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jean-Laurent Casanova
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM U1163, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, France, EU
- Paris Cité University, Imagine Institute, Paris, France, EU
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, APHP, Paris, France, EU
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Bastard P, Gervais A, Taniguchi M, Saare L, Särekannu K, Le Voyer T, Philippot Q, Rosain J, Bizien L, Asano T, Garcia-Prat M, Parra-Martínez A, Migaud M, Tsumura M, Conti F, Belot A, Rivière JG, Morio T, Tanaka J, Javouhey E, Haerynck F, Duvlis S, Ozcelik T, Keles S, Tandjaoui-Lambiotte Y, Escoda S, Husain M, Pan-Hammarström Q, Hammarström L, Ahlijah G, Abi Haidar A, Soudee C, Arseguel V, Abolhassani H, Sahanic S, Tancevski I, Nukui Y, Hayakawa S, Chrousos GP, Michos A, Tatsi EB, Filippatos F, Rodriguez-Palmero A, Troya J, Tipu I, Meyts I, Roussel L, Ostrowski SR, Schidlowski L, Prando C, Condino-Neto A, Cheikh N, Bousfiha AA, El Bakkouri J, Peterson P, Pujol A, Lévy R, Quartier P, Vinh DC, Boisson B, Béziat V, Zhang SY, Borghesi A, Pession A, Andreakos E, Marr N, Mentis AFA, Mogensen TH, Rodríguez-Gallego C, Soler-Palacin P, Colobran R, Tillmann V, Neven B, Trouillet-Assant S, Brodin P, Abel L, Jouanguy E, Zhang Q, Martinón-Torres F, Salas A, Gómez-Carballa A, Gonzalez-Granado LI, Kisand K, Okada S, Puel A, Cobat A, Casanova JL. Higher COVID-19 pneumonia risk associated with anti-IFN-α than with anti-IFN-ω auto-Abs in children. J Exp Med 2024; 221:e20231353. [PMID: 38175961 PMCID: PMC10771097 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20231353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Revised: 10/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024] Open
Abstract
We found that 19 (10.4%) of 183 unvaccinated children hospitalized for COVID-19 pneumonia had autoantibodies (auto-Abs) neutralizing type I IFNs (IFN-α2 in 10 patients: IFN-α2 only in three, IFN-α2 plus IFN-ω in five, and IFN-α2, IFN-ω plus IFN-β in two; IFN-ω only in nine patients). Seven children (3.8%) had Abs neutralizing at least 10 ng/ml of one IFN, whereas the other 12 (6.6%) had Abs neutralizing only 100 pg/ml. The auto-Abs neutralized both unglycosylated and glycosylated IFNs. We also detected auto-Abs neutralizing 100 pg/ml IFN-α2 in 4 of 2,267 uninfected children (0.2%) and auto-Abs neutralizing IFN-ω in 45 children (2%). The odds ratios (ORs) for life-threatening COVID-19 pneumonia were, therefore, higher for auto-Abs neutralizing IFN-α2 only (OR [95% CI] = 67.6 [5.7-9,196.6]) than for auto-Abs neutralizing IFN-ω only (OR [95% CI] = 2.6 [1.2-5.3]). ORs were also higher for auto-Abs neutralizing high concentrations (OR [95% CI] = 12.9 [4.6-35.9]) than for those neutralizing low concentrations (OR [95% CI] = 5.5 [3.1-9.6]) of IFN-ω and/or IFN-α2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Bastard
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM U1163, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, France
- University Paris Cité, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
- Pediatric Hematology-Immunology and Rheumatology Unit, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Paris, France
| | - Adrian Gervais
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM U1163, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, France
- University Paris Cité, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
| | - Maki Taniguchi
- Dept. of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Liisa Saare
- Dept. of Pediatrics, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Karita Särekannu
- Molecular Pathology, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Tom Le Voyer
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM U1163, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, France
- University Paris Cité, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
| | - Quentin Philippot
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM U1163, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, France
- University Paris Cité, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
| | - Jérémie Rosain
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM U1163, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, France
- University Paris Cité, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
| | - Lucy Bizien
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM U1163, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, France
- University Paris Cité, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
| | - Takaki Asano
- Dept. of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Marina Garcia-Prat
- Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Immunodeficiencies Unit, Hospital Universitari Vall d’Hebron, Vall d’Hebron Research Institute, Vall d’Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alba Parra-Martínez
- Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Immunodeficiencies Unit, Hospital Universitari Vall d’Hebron, Vall d’Hebron Research Institute, Vall d’Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mélanie Migaud
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM U1163, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, France
- University Paris Cité, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
| | - Miyuki Tsumura
- Dept. of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Francesca Conti
- Pediatric Unit, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
- Dept. of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Alexandre Belot
- National Reference Center for Rheumatic, and Autoimmune and Systemic Diseases in Children, Lyon, France
- Immunopathology Federation LIFE, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
- Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
- International Center of Research in Infectiology, Lyon University, International Center of Research in Infectiology, Lyon University, INSERM U1111, CNRS UMR 5308, ENS, UCBL, Lyon, France
| | - Jacques G. Rivière
- Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Immunodeficiencies Unit, Hospital Universitari Vall d’Hebron, Vall d’Hebron Research Institute, Vall d’Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Tomohiro Morio
- Dept. of Pediatrics and Developmental Biology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Junko Tanaka
- Dept. of Epidemiology, Infectious Disease Control and Prevention, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Etienne Javouhey
- Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Hopital Femme Mère Enfant, Lyon, France
| | - Filomeen Haerynck
- Dept. of Paediatric Immunology and Pulmonology, Center for Primary Immunodeficiency Ghent, Jeffrey Modell Diagnosis and Research Center, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Sotirija Duvlis
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, University “Goce Delchev”, Stip, Republic of Northern Macedonia
- Institute of Public Health of the Republic of North Macedonia, Skopje, North Macedonia
| | - Tayfun Ozcelik
- Dept. of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Bilkent University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Sevgi Keles
- Meram Medical Faculty, Necmettin Erbakan University, Konya, Turkey
| | - Yacine Tandjaoui-Lambiotte
- Pulmonology and Infectious Disease Department, Saint Denis Hospital, Saint Denis, France
- INSERM UMR 1137 IAME, Paris, France
- INSERM UMR 1272 Hypoxia and Lung, Bobigny, France
| | - Simon Escoda
- Pediatric Dept., Saint-Denis Hospital, Saint-Denis, France
| | - Maya Husain
- Pediatric Dept., Saint-Denis Hospital, Saint-Denis, France
| | - Qiang Pan-Hammarström
- Division of Immunology, Dept. of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lennart Hammarström
- Division of Immunology, Dept. of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Gloria Ahlijah
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM U1163, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, France
| | - Anthony Abi Haidar
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM U1163, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, France
| | - Camille Soudee
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM U1163, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, France
| | - Vincent Arseguel
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM U1163, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, France
| | - Hassan Abolhassani
- Division of Immunology, Dept. of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Pediatrics Center of Excellence, Children’s Medical Center, Pediatrics Center of Excellence, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sabina Sahanic
- Dept. of Internal Medicine II, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Ivan Tancevski
- Dept. of Internal Medicine II, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Yoko Nukui
- Dept. of Infection Control and Prevention, Medical Hospital, TMDU, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Seiichi Hayakawa
- Dept. of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - George P. Chrousos
- University Research Institute of Maternal and Child Health and Precision Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Athanasios Michos
- University Research Institute of Maternal and Child Health and Precision Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
- First Dept. of Pediatics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Elizabeth-Barbara Tatsi
- University Research Institute of Maternal and Child Health and Precision Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
- First Dept. of Pediatics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Filippos Filippatos
- University Research Institute of Maternal and Child Health and Precision Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
- First Dept. of Pediatics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Agusti Rodriguez-Palmero
- Neurometabolic Diseases Laboratory, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
- Dept. of Pediatrics, Germans Trias i Pujol University Hospital, UAB, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Madrid, Spain
| | - Jesus Troya
- Dept. of Internal Medicine, Infanta Leonor University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | - Imran Tipu
- University of Management and Technology, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Isabelle Meyts
- Dept. of Immunology, Laboratory of Inborn Errors of Immunity, Microbiology and Transplantation, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Dept. of Pediatrics, Jeffrey Modell Diagnostic and Research Network Center, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lucie Roussel
- Dept. of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Canada
- Infectious Disease Susceptibility Program, Research Institute–McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Canada
| | - Sisse Rye Ostrowski
- Dept. of Clinical Immunology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Laire Schidlowski
- Faculdades Pequeno Príncipe, Instituto de Pesquisa Pelé Pequeno Príncipe, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Carolina Prando
- Faculdades Pequeno Príncipe, Instituto de Pesquisa Pelé Pequeno Príncipe, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Antonio Condino-Neto
- Dept. of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Nathalie Cheikh
- Pediatric Hematology Unit, University Hospital of Besançon, Besançon, France
| | - Ahmed A. Bousfiha
- Dept. of Pediatric Infectious Disease and Clinical Immunology, CHU Ibn Rushd and LICIA, Laboratoire d’Immunologie Clinique, Inflammation et Allergie, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Hassan II University, Casablanca, Morocco
| | - Jalila El Bakkouri
- Laboratory of Immunology, CHU Ibn Rushd and LICIA, Laboratoire d’Immunologie Clinique, Inflammation et Allergie, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Hassan II University, Casablanca, Morocco
| | - Pärt Peterson
- Molecular Pathology, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Aurora Pujol
- Neurometabolic Diseases Laboratory, IDIBELL-Hospital Duran i Reynals, CIBERER U759, and Catalan Institution of Research and Advanced Studies, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Romain Lévy
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM U1163, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, France
- University Paris Cité, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
- Pediatric Hematology-Immunology and Rheumatology Unit, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Paris, France
| | - Pierre Quartier
- University Paris Cité, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
- Pediatric Hematology-Immunology and Rheumatology Unit, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Paris, France
| | - Donald C. Vinh
- Dept. of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Canada
- Infectious Disease Susceptibility Program, Research Institute–McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Canada
| | - Bertrand Boisson
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM U1163, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, France
- University Paris Cité, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Vivien Béziat
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM U1163, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, France
- University Paris Cité, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Shen-Ying Zhang
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM U1163, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, France
- University Paris Cité, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Alessandro Borghesi
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Andrea Pession
- Pediatric Unit, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Evangelos Andreakos
- Center for Clinical, Experimental Surgery and Translational Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Nico Marr
- Research Branch, Sidra Medicine, Doha, Qatar
| | - Alexios-Fotios A. Mentis
- University Research Institute of Maternal and Child Health and Precision Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Trine H. Mogensen
- Dept. of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, Skejby, Denmark
- Dept. of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Carlos Rodríguez-Gallego
- Hospital Universitario de Gran Canaria Dr Negrín, Canarian Health System, Las Palmas, Spain
- Dept. of Clinical Sciences, University Fernando Pessoa Canarias, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
- Dept. of Medical and Surgical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - Pere Soler-Palacin
- Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Immunodeficiencies Unit, Hospital Universitari Vall d’Hebron, Vall d’Hebron Research Institute, Vall d’Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Roger Colobran
- Immunology Division, Genetics Dept., Hospital Universitari Vall d’Hebron, Vall d’Hebron Research Institute, Vall d’Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, UAB, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Vallo Tillmann
- Dept. of Pediatrics, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Bénédicte Neven
- University Paris Cité, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
- Pediatric Hematology-Immunology and Rheumatology Unit, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Paris, France
| | - Sophie Trouillet-Assant
- Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
- International Center of Research in Infectiology, Lyon University, International Center of Research in Infectiology, Lyon University, INSERM U1111, CNRS UMR 5308, ENS, UCBL, Lyon, France
- Joint Research Unit, Hospices Civils de Lyon-bio Mérieux, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon Sud Hospital, Pierre-Bénite, France
- International Center of Research in Infectiology, Lyon University, INSERM U1111, CNRS UMR 5308, ENS, UCBL, Lyon, France
| | - Petter Brodin
- Unit for Clinical Pediatrics, Dept. of Women’s and Children’s Health, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden
- Department of Immunology and Inflammation, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Laurent Abel
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM U1163, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, France
- University Paris Cité, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Emmanuelle Jouanguy
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM U1163, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, France
- University Paris Cité, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Qian Zhang
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM U1163, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, France
- University Paris Cité, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Federico Martinón-Torres
- Translational Pediatrics and Infectious Diseases, Pediatrics Dept., Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago, Servizo Galego de Saude (SERGAS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- GENVIP Research Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago (IDIS), Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Galicia, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonio Salas
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Facultade de Medicina, Unidade de Xenética, Instituto de Ciencias Forenses, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, and GenPoB Research Group, IDIS, SERGAS, Galicia, Spain
| | - Alberto Gómez-Carballa
- GENVIP Research Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago (IDIS), Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Galicia, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Facultade de Medicina, Unidade de Xenética, Instituto de Ciencias Forenses, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, and GenPoB Research Group, IDIS, SERGAS, Galicia, Spain
| | - Luis I. Gonzalez-Granado
- Immunodeficiencies Unit, Hospital 12 de octubre, Research Institute Hospital 12 octubre, Madrid, Spain
| | - Kai Kisand
- Molecular Pathology, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Satoshi Okada
- Dept. of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Anne Puel
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM U1163, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, France
- University Paris Cité, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Aurélie Cobat
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM U1163, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, France
- University Paris Cité, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jean-Laurent Casanova
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM U1163, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, France
- University Paris Cité, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, New York, NY, USA
- Dept. of Pediatrics, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, AP-HP, Paris, France
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