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Xiong L, Yang G. Description and molecular characterisation of Babesia ailuropodae n. sp., a new piroplasmid species infecting giant pandas. Parasit Vectors 2024; 17:315. [PMID: 39033131 PMCID: PMC11265107 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-024-06402-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 07/10/2024] [Indexed: 07/23/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Babesia spp. are protozoan parasites that infect the red blood cells of domesticated animals, wildlife and humans. A few cases of giant pandas (a flagship species in terms of wildlife conservation) infected with a putative novel Babesia sp. have been reported. However, comprehensive research on the morphological and molecular taxonomic classification of this novel Babesia sp. is still lacking. This study was designed to close this gap and formally describe this new Babesia sp. infecting giant pandas. METHODS Detailed morphological, molecular and phylogenetic analyses were conducted to characterise this Babesia sp. and to assess its systematic relationships with other Babesia spp. Blood samples from giant pandas infected with Babesia were subjected to microscopic examination. The 18S ribosomal RNA (18S rRNA), cytochrome b (cytb) and mitochondrial genome (mitogenome) of the new Babesia sp. were amplified, sequenced and assembled using DNA purified from blood samples taken from infected giant pandas. Based on the newly generated 18S rRNA, cytb and mitogenome sequences, phylogenetic trees were constructed. RESULTS Morphologically, the Babesia sp. from giant pandas exhibited various forms, including round to oval ring-shaped morphologies, resembling those found in other small canine Babesia spp. and displaying typical tetrads. Phylogenetic analyses with the 18S rRNA, cytb and mitogenome sequences revealed that the new Babesia sp. forms a monophyletic group, with a close phylogenetic relationship with the Babesia spp. that infect bears (Ursidae), raccoons (Procyonidae) and canids (Canidae). Notably, the mitogenome structure consisted of six ribosomal large subunit-coding genes (LSU1-6) and three protein-coding genes (cytb, cox3 and cox1) arranged linearly. CONCLUSIONS Based on coupled morphological and genetic analyses, we describe a novel species of the genus Babesia, namely, Babesia ailuropodae n. sp., which infects giant pandas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lang Xiong
- Sichuan Agricultural University, Sichuan, China
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Elossily NA, Abd-ELrahman SM, Khedr AA, Dyab AK, Mahmoud AE, Mohamed SM, Abd Elrahman AM, Alsharif FM, Alsaadawy RM, Sayed RKA, Khalifa MM. Light microscopical and parasitological analyses revealed the beneficial effects of silver nanoparticles and various myrrh extracts against Trichinella spiralis infection in mice. Microsc Res Tech 2024; 87:1566-1575. [PMID: 38430198 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.24542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/03/2024]
Abstract
Trichinella spiralis infection is a food-borne zoonotic disease caused by nematodes that dwell in the tissues, presenting a significant public health concern. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of different treatments including silver nanoparticles (AgNPs), myrrh biosynthesized AgNPs "AgNPs synthesized using plant-based green technologies", myrrh extract, and myrrh essential oil, as alternative treatments against T. spiralis infection. Parasitological, histopathological, and cytotoxicity assessments were conducted to investigate the effects of various concentrations of these treatments in reducing the populations of adult worms and larvae during both the intestinal and muscular phases of T. spiralis-infected mice. The results showed that the highest antihelminthic efficacy against the intestinal phase of T. spiralis was achieved by myrrh extract (86.66%), followed closely by AgNPs (84.96%) and myrrh AgNPs (82.51%) at higher concentrations (800 mg/kg for myrrh extract, 40 μg/mL for AgNPs, and 40 μg/mL for myrrh AgNPs). While the group treated with myrrh essential oil showed the lowest percentage of adult reduction (78.14%). However, all treatments demonstrated comparable effects in reducing the larvae population in the muscle phase. Histopathological examination of the tissues revealed compelling evidence of the effectiveness of AgNPs, particularly when prepared with myrrh. Additionally, a comprehensive assessment of the cytotoxicity of AgNPs indicated low toxicity levels. This study supports that AgNPs synthesized using plant-based green technologies hold therapeutic potential for the treatment of T. spiralis infection. These findings present a promising avenue for the development of novel antiparasitic drugs that are both effective and safe. RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS: Myrrh extract has the highest antihelminthic efficacy against the intestinal phase of T. spiralis. Histopathological examination of the tissues revealed compelling evidence of the effectiveness of AgNPs, particularly when prepared with myrrh. During intestinal phase of T. spiralis, varying levels of nanoparticle precipitation were detected in the liver, brain, lung, and intestine. During the muscular phase, the highest amount of AgNPs precipitation was detected in the liver, followed by the brain, and lung.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nahed A Elossily
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Salwa M Abd-ELrahman
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Abeer A Khedr
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, New Valley University, New Valley, Egypt
| | - Ahmed K Dyab
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Abeer E Mahmoud
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Shaymaa M Mohamed
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | | | - Fahd M Alsharif
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Ind. Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Reem M Alsaadawy
- Department of Zoonoses, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Ramy K A Sayed
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Sohag University, Sohag, Egypt
| | - Mervat M Khalifa
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
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Rizk MA, El-Sayed SAES, Sayed-Ahmed MZ, Almoshari Y, Alqahtani SS, Ahmad S, Alam N, Marghani BH, Abdelbaset AE, Igarashi I. Evaluation of the Inhibitory Effect of Moringa oleifera Leaves Methanolic Extract against In Vitro Growth of Several Babesia Species and Theileria equi and the In Vivo Growth of Babesia microti. J Trop Med 2023; 2023:4285042. [PMID: 37941580 PMCID: PMC10630014 DOI: 10.1155/2023/4285042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Revised: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The current study evaluated the inhibitory effect of Moringa oleifera leaves methanolic extract (MOL) against the in vitro growth of Babesia bovis (B. bovis), B. caballi, B. bigemina, and Theileria equi (T. equi), as well as in vivo growth of B. microti in mice. Active principles of MOL extract were determined using liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC-MS). MOL's anti-piroplasm efficacy was assessed both in vitro and in vivo using the SYBR Green I fluorescence assay. Every 96 hours, the hematological parameters, including red blood cell count (RBCs; 104/UL), hemoglobin content (HGB; g/dl), and hematocrit percent (HCT; %), in the treated mice were monitored using a Celltac MEK6450 automated hematological analyzer. LC-MS of MOL revealed that the most abundant polyphenolic catechism found in the MOL extract was isoquercetin and rutin. MOL inhibited B. bovis, B. caballi, B. bigemina, and T. equi in vitro growth in a dose-dependent way, with IC50 values of 45.29 ± 6.14, 19.16 ± 0.45, 137.49 ± 16.07, and 9.29 ± 0.014 μg/ml, respectively. MOL's in vitro antibabesial activity was enhanced when administrated simultaneously with either diminazene aceturate (DA) or MMV665875 compound from malaria box. In mice infected by B. microti, a combination of MOL and a low dose of DA (12.5 mg·kg-1) resulted in a significant (P < 0.05) reduction in B. microti growth. These findings suggest that MOL is an effective herbal anti-piroplasm therapy, especially when combined with a low dosage of either DA or MMV665875.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Abdo Rizk
- Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
| | - Shimaa Abd El-Salam El-Sayed
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada-Cho, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan
- Department of Biochemistry and Chemistry of Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Z. Sayed-Ahmed
- Pharmacy Practice Research Unit, Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia
| | - Yosif Almoshari
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saad S. Alqahtani
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sarfaraz Ahmad
- Pharmacy Practice Research Unit, Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nawazish Alam
- Pharmacy Practice Research Unit, Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia
| | - Basma H. Marghani
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
- Department of Biochemistry, Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, King Salman International University, South of Sinai 46612, Egypt
| | - Abdelbaset E. Abdelbaset
- Clinical Laboratory Diagnosis, Department of Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut 71515, Egypt
| | - Ikuo Igarashi
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada-Cho, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan
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Rizk MA, El-Sayed SAES, Igarashi I. Diminazene aceturate and imidocarb dipropionate-based combination therapy for babesiosis – A new paradigm. Ticks Tick Borne Dis 2023; 14:102145. [PMID: 37011497 DOI: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2023.102145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2023] [Indexed: 04/04/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, the effect of a combination therapy consisting of diminazene aceturate (DA) and imidocarb dipropionate (ID) on the in vitro growth of several parasitic piroplasmids, and on Babesia microti in BALB/c mice was evaluated using a fluorescence-based SYBR Green I test. We evaluated the structural similarities between the regularly used antibabesial medications, DA and ID, and the recently found antibabesial drugs, pyronaridine tetraphosphate, atovaquone, and clofazimine, using atom pair fingerprints (APfp). The Chou-Talalay approach was used to determine the interactions between the two drugs. A Celltac MEK-6450 computerized hematology analyzer was used to detect hemolytic anemia every 96 hours in mice infected with B. microti and in those treated with either mono- or combination therapy. According to the APfp results, DA and ID have the most structural similarities (MSS). DA and ID had synergistic and additive interactions against the in vitro growth of Babesia bigemina and Babesia bovis, respectively. Low dosages of DA (6.25 mg kg-1) and ID (8.5 mg kg-1) in conjunction with each other inhibited B. microti growth by 16.5 %, 32 %, and 4.5 % more than 25 mg kg-1 DA, 6.25 mg kg-1 DA, and 8.5 mg kg-1 ID monotherapies, respectively. In the blood, kidney, heart, and lung tissues of mice treated with DA/ID, the B. microti small subunit rRNA gene was not detected. The obtained findings suggest that DA/ID could be a promising combination therapy for treating bovine babesiosis. Also, such combination may overcome the potential problems of Babesia resistance and host toxicity induced by utilizing full doses of DA and ID.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Abdo Rizk
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada-Cho, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan; Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt.
| | - Shimaa Abd El-Salam El-Sayed
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada-Cho, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan; Department of Biochemistry and Chemistry of Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
| | - Ikuo Igarashi
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada-Cho, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan.
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Younis NS. Myrrh Essential Oil Mitigates Renal Ischemia/Reperfusion-Induced Injury. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2023; 45:1183-1196. [PMID: 36826023 PMCID: PMC9955815 DOI: 10.3390/cimb45020078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ischemia/reperfusion (I/R)-induced renal injury is a common reason for kidney injury in clinical settings; therefore, continuous investigation of novel nephroprotective agents is crucial. Myrrh, the oleoresin exudates generated by the genus Commiphora, display numerous pharmacological actions. This study tried to assess the preventive effects of myrrh essential oil against I/R-induced renal damage. METHODS Rats were randomized into five groups. In the sham group, the animals were subjected to bilateral renal artery separation with no occlusion. In the sham + myrrh group; the rats were administered myrrh essential oil and then treated similarly to the sham group. Renal I/R group: the animals were challenged with renal I/R. In the myrrh + renal I/R groups, rats were administered 50 or 100 mg/kg of myrrh essential oil orally for three weeks before being confronted with I/R. RESULTS Serum levels of renal function tests and renal injury biomarkers, including NGAL, KIM-1, and CysC, were amplified in the renal I/R group. Animals that experienced renal I/R exhibited elevated lipid peroxidation (MDA); declined SOD, CAT, and GPx activity; declined GSH content; augmented TLR4/NFκB gene expression; and subsequent enhancement of inflammatory mediators (TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-1β, and IL-6). Myrrh reduced renal function tests and injury biomarkers and amended renal histological alterations. Pretreatment with myrrh reduced MDA, elevated the antioxidant enzymes' activities and GSH content, and reduced the TLR4 and NFκB gene expression, leading to subsequent inflammation and apoptosis alleviation. CONCLUSIONS The outcomes of the present investigation established the protective effect of myrrh essential oil against renal I/R via pointing out the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-apoptotic effects of myrrh.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy S. Younis
- College of Clinical Pharmacy, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia;
- Department of Pharmacology, Zagazig University Hospitals, University of Zagazig, Zagazig 44519, Egypt
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Rizk MA, Baghdadi HB, El-Sayed SAES, Eltaysh R, Igarashi I. Repurposing of the Malaria Box for Babesia microti in mice identifies novel active scaffolds against piroplasmosis. Parasit Vectors 2022; 15:329. [PMID: 36123705 PMCID: PMC9487043 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-022-05430-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background An innovative approach has been introduced for identifying and developing novel potent and safe anti-Babesia and anti-Theileria agents for the control of animal piroplasmosis. In the present study, we evaluated the inhibitory effects of Malaria Box (MBox) compounds (n = 8) against the growth of Babesia microti in mice and conducted bioinformatics analysis between the selected hits and the currently used antibabesial drugs, with far-reaching implications for potent combinations. Methods A fluorescence assay was used to evaluate the in vivo inhibitory effects of the selected compounds. Bioinformatics analysis was conducted using hierarchical clustering, distance matrix and molecular weight correlation, and PubChem fingerprint. The compounds with in vivo potential efficacy were selected to search for their target in the piroplasm parasites using quantitative PCR (qPCR). Results Screening the MBox against the in vivo growth of the B. microti parasite enabled the discovery of potent new antipiroplasm drugs, including MMV396693 and MMV665875. Interestingly, statistically significant (P < 0.05) downregulation of cysteine protease mRNA levels was observed in MMV665875-treated Theileria equi in vitro culture in comparison with untreated cultures. MMV396693/clofazimine and MMV665875/atovaquone (AV) showed maximum structural similarity (MSS) with each other. The distance matrix results indicate promising antibabesial efficacy of combination therapies consisting of either MMV665875 and AV or MMV396693 and imidocarb dipropionate (ID). Conclusions Inhibitory and hematology assay results suggest that MMV396693 and MMV665875 are potent antipiroplasm monotherapies. The structural similarity results indicate that MMV665875 and MMV396693 have a similar mode of action as AV and ID, respectively. Our findings demonstrated that MBox compounds provide a promising lead for the development of new antibabesial therapeutic alternatives. Graphical Abstract ![]()
Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13071-022-05430-4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Abdo Rizk
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada-Cho, Obihiro, Hokkaido, Japan. .,Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Dakahlia, Egypt.
| | - Hanadi B Baghdadi
- Biology Department, College of Science, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia.,Basic and Applied Scientific Research Center (BASRC), Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shimaa Abd El-Salam El-Sayed
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada-Cho, Obihiro, Hokkaido, Japan.,Department of Biochemistry and Chemistry of Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Dakahlia, Egypt
| | - Rasha Eltaysh
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Dakahlia, Egypt
| | - Ikuo Igarashi
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada-Cho, Obihiro, Hokkaido, Japan
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Pomegranate ( Punica granatum) Peel Inhibits the In Vitro and In Vivo Growth of Piroplasm Parasites. J Parasitol Res 2022; 2022:8574541. [PMID: 35774222 PMCID: PMC9237696 DOI: 10.1155/2022/8574541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 05/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Pomegranate (Punica granatum) peel has seen a rapid surge in attention as a medical and nutritional product over the last decade. The impact of pomegranate peel methanolic extract monotherapy and combination therapy on the in vitro growth of Babesia (B.) bovis, B. bigemina, B. divergens, B. caballi, and Theileria (T.) equi, as well as B. microti in mice, was investigated in this work. Fluorescence-based SYBR green I assay was used for evaluating the inhibitory antibabesial efficacy of pomegranate (Punica granatum) peel against the growth of several piroplasm parasites in vitro and in vivo. Celltac α MEK-6450 computerized haematology analyzer was used for monitoring the haematological parameters of treated mice every 4 days. Pomegranate peel inhibited the in vitro growth of B. bovis, B. bigemina, B. divergens, T. equi, and B. caballi in a dose-dependent manner, with IC50 values of 154.45 ± 23.11, 40.90 ± 9.35, 72.71 ± 14.77, 100 ± 16.20, and 77.27 ± 16.94 μg/ml, respectively. On a B. bovis culture, the in vitro inhibitory effect of pomegranate peel was amplified when it was combined with diminazene aceturate (DA). Combination therapy of pomegranate peel and a low dose of DA (15 mg kg−1) inhibited B. microti growth significantly (P < 0.05) higher than the treatment with the full dose of DA (25 mg kg−1) in B. microti-infected mice. These findings suggest that pomegranate peel might be a potential medicinal plant for babesiosis treatment, especially when combined with a low dosage of DA.
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Baz MM, Khater HF, Baeshen RS, Selim A, Shaheen ES, El-Sayed YA, Salama SA, Hegazy MM. Novel Pesticidal Efficacy of Araucaria heterophylla and Commiphora molmol Extracts against Camel and Cattle Blood-Sucking Ectoparasites. PLANTS 2022; 11:plants11131682. [PMID: 35807634 PMCID: PMC9269226 DOI: 10.3390/plants11131682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2022] [Revised: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Botanical insecticides are promising pest control agents. This research investigated the novel pesticidal efficacy of Araucaria heterophylla and Commiphora molmol extracts against four ectoparasites through treated envelopes. Seven days post-treatment (PT) with 25 mg/mL of C. molmol and A. heterophylla, complete mortality of the camel tick, Hyalomma dromedarii and cattle tick, Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) annulatus were reached. Against H. dromedarii, the median lethal concentrations (LC50s) of the methanol extracts were 1.13 and 1.04 mg/mL and those of the hexane extracts were 1.47 and 1.38 mg/mL, respectively. The LC50 values of methanol and hexane extracts against R. annulatus were 1.09 and 1.41 plus 1.55 and 1.08 mg/mL, respectively. Seven days PT with 12.5 mg/mL, extracts completely controlled Haematopinus eurysternus and Hippobosca maculata; LC50 of Ha. eurysternus were 0.56 and 0.62 mg/mL for methanol extracts and 0.55 and 1.00 mg/mL for hexane extracts, respectively, whereas those of Hi. maculata were 0.67 and 0.78 mg/mL for methanol extract and 0.68 and 0.32 mg/mL, respectively, for hexane extracts. C. molmol extracts contained sesquiterpene, fatty acid esters and phenols, whereas those of A. heterophylla possessed monoterpene, sesquiterpene, terpene alcohols, fatty acid, and phenols. Consequently, methanol extracts of C. molmol and A. heterophylla were recommended as ecofriendly pesticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed M. Baz
- Department of Entomology, Faculty of Science, Benha University, Benha 13518, Egypt; (Y.A.E.-S.); (M.M.H.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +20-01063070572
| | - Hanem F. Khater
- Parasitology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University, Toukh 13736, Egypt;
| | - Rowida S. Baeshen
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Tabuk, Tabuk 71421, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Abdelfattah Selim
- Department of Animal Medicine (Infectious Diseases), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University, Toukh 13736, Egypt;
| | - Emad S. Shaheen
- Medical Research Centre, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Yasser A. El-Sayed
- Department of Entomology, Faculty of Science, Benha University, Benha 13518, Egypt; (Y.A.E.-S.); (M.M.H.)
| | - Salama A. Salama
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia;
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Damanhour University, Damanhour 22511, Egypt
| | - Maysa M. Hegazy
- Department of Entomology, Faculty of Science, Benha University, Benha 13518, Egypt; (Y.A.E.-S.); (M.M.H.)
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia;
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Rizk MA, El-Sayed SAES, Igarashi I. Ascorbic acid co-administration with a low dose of diminazene aceturate inhibits the in vitro growth of Theileria equi, and the in vivo growth of Babesia microti. Parasitol Int 2022; 90:102596. [DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2022.102596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Revised: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Rizk MA, El-Sayed SAES, Al-Araby M, Igarashi I. Effect of methanolic extract from Capsicum annuum against the multiplication of several Babesia species and Theileria equi on in vitro cultures, and Babesia microti in mice. Vet World 2022; 15:76-82. [PMID: 35369597 PMCID: PMC8924380 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2022.76-82] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim: Piroplasmosis is a serious disease that infects animals, inflicting significant economic losses in the livestock industry and animal trade worldwide. Anti-piroplasm drugs now on the market have demonstrated host toxicity and parasite resistance. As a result, developing more effective and safer anti-piroplasm drugs becomes an urgent issue. This study aimed to evaluate the inhibitory effect of Capsicum annuum methanolic extract (CA) against the growth of Babesia bovis, Babesia divergens, Babesia caballi, and Theileria equi in vitro and against B. microti in mice.
Materials and Methods: Fluorescence-based SYBR Green I assay was used to evaluate CA's inhibitory effect in vitro and in vivo when used either as a monotherapy or combined with diminazene aceturate (DA). The hematological parameters (HCT, hemoglobin, and red blood cells counts) were determined in the blood of mice every 96 h using Celltac α MEK-6450 electronic hematology analyzer.
Results: The in vitro growth of B. bovis, B. divergens, T. equi, and B. caballi was inhibited by CA in a dose-dependent manner with IC50 values of 4.87±1.23, 44.11±8.03, 8.23±2.54, and 1.26±0.50 mg/mL, respectively. In B. microti-infected mice, a combination therapy consisting of CA and a low dose of DA showed a significant (p<0.05) inhibition of B. microti growth nearly similar to those obtained by treatment with the full dose of DA.
Conclusion: The obtained results indicate that CA might be a promising medicinal plant for treating babesiosis, especially when used with a low dose of DA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Abdo Rizk
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada- Cho, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan; Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
| | - Shimaa Abd El-Salam El-Sayed
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada- Cho, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan; Department of Biochemistry and Chemistry of Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
| | - Mostafa Al-Araby
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
| | - Ikuo Igarashi
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada- Cho, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan
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Rizk MA, El-Sayed SAES, Eltaysh R, Igarashi I. In vivo antibabesial activity and bioinformatic analysis of compounds derived from the Medicines for Malaria Venture box against Babesia microti. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2021; 247:111444. [PMID: 34933065 DOI: 10.1016/j.molbiopara.2021.111444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Here, we have evaluated the inhibitory effects of Medicines for Malaria Venture (MMV) Malaria Box compounds that exhibited potent in vitro anti-bovine Babesia efficacy against the growth of B. microti in mice and conducted follow-up investigations of the structural similarity between the identified potent MMV compounds and the commonly used antibabesial drugs was performed using atom Pair fingerprints (APfp). Screening the Malaria Box against the in vivo growth of the B. microti parasite helped with the discovery of new, effective anti-bovine Babesia drugs, including MMV667488, MMV007285, and MMV019881. Of note, MMV019881 exhibited the highest anti-B. microti efficacy in vivo among the screened MMV compounds. The APfp results revealed that the maximum structural similarity (MSS) was observed between MMV007285, diminazene aceturate, and imidocarb dipropionate (ID). In the same way, clofazimine (CF) and MMV667488 showed the MSS with either each other based on the analysis. The distance matrix and molecular weight correlation findings highlight the possible potential antibabesial efficacy of MMV667488, ID, and CF when administrated as a combination therapy. In conclusion, in the current study new potent antibabesial drug, MMV019881 was identified. CF and MMV667488 showed the MSS with either each other based on the hierarchical clustering analysis (HCA) and such relation is confirmed by the distance matrix and molecular weight correlation findings. Such combination therapy might have a potential as a novel regime for treating animal or human babesiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Abdo Rizk
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada-Cho, Obihiro, Hokkaido, Japan; Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Dakahlia, Egypt.
| | - Shimaa Abd El-Salam El-Sayed
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada-Cho, Obihiro, Hokkaido, Japan; Department of Biochemistry and Chemistry of Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Dakahlia, Egypt
| | - Rasha Eltaysh
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada-Cho, Obihiro, Hokkaido, Japan; Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Dakahlia, Egypt
| | - Ikuo Igarashi
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada-Cho, Obihiro, Hokkaido, Japan.
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Rizk MA, El-Sayed SAES, Igarashi I. Evaluation of the inhibitory effect of Zingiber officinale rhizome on Babesia and Theileria parasites. Parasitol Int 2021; 85:102431. [PMID: 34352378 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2021.102431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The effect of Zingiber officinale rhizome methanolic extract (ZOR) on the in vitro growth of bovine Babesia (B. bovis, B. bigemina, and B. divergens) and equine piroplasm (B. caballi, and Theileria equi) parasites and on the growth of B. microti in mice was evaluated in this study. The possible in vitro synergistic interaction between ZOR and either diminazene aceturate (DA) or potent Medicines for Malaria Venture (MMV) hits from the malaria box was also investigated. In vitro, ZOR reduced the growth of B. bovis, B. bigemina, T. equi, and B. caballi in a dose-dependent manner. B. divergens was the most susceptible parasite to the in vitro inhibitory effect of ZOR. DA and MMV compounds enhanced the in vitro inhibitory antibabesial activity of ZOR. 12.5 mg/kg DA when administrated in combination with ZOR in mice exhibited a significant inhibition (P < 0.05) in B. microti growth better than those observed after treatment with 25 mg/kg DA monotherapy. These findings suggest that ZOR could be a viable medicinal plant for babesiosis treatment, particularly when combined with a modest dose of either DA or powerful anti-B. bigemina MMV hits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Abdo Rizk
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada-Cho, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan; Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt.
| | - Shimaa Abd El-Salam El-Sayed
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada-Cho, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan; Department of Biochemistry and Chemistry of Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
| | - Ikuo Igarashi
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada-Cho, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan.
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Hildebrandt A, Zintl A, Montero E, Hunfeld KP, Gray J. Human Babesiosis in Europe. Pathogens 2021; 10:1165. [PMID: 34578196 PMCID: PMC8468516 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10091165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2021] [Revised: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Babesiosis is attracting increasing attention as a worldwide emerging zoonosis. The first case of human babesiosis in Europe was described in the late 1950s and since then more than 60 cases have been reported in Europe. While the disease is relatively rare in Europe, it is significant because the majority of cases present as life-threatening fulminant infections, mainly in immunocompromised patients. Although appearing clinically similar to human babesiosis elsewhere, particularly in the USA, most European forms of the disease are distinct entities, especially concerning epidemiology, human susceptibility to infection and clinical management. This paper describes the history of the disease and reviews all published cases that have occurred in Europe with regard to the identity and genetic characteristics of the etiological agents, pathogenesis, aspects of epidemiology including the eco-epidemiology of the vectors, the clinical courses of infection, diagnostic tools and clinical management and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anke Hildebrandt
- St. Vincenz Hospital Datteln, Department of Internal Medicine I, 45711 Datteln, Germany;
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University Hospital Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Annetta Zintl
- UCD School of Veterinary Sciences, University College Dublin, D04 W6F6 Dublin, Ireland;
| | - Estrella Montero
- Parasitology Reference and Research Laboratory, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, 28220 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Klaus-Peter Hunfeld
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Microbiology & Infection Control, Northwest Medical Center, Medical Faculty Goethe University Frankfurt, Steinbacher Hohl 2-26, 60488 Frankfurt am Main, Germany;
- Society for Promoting Quality Assurance in Medical Laboratories (INSTAND, e.v.), Ubierstraße 20, 40223 Düsseldorf, Germany
- ESGBOR Study Group of the European Society for Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases (ESCMID), ESCMID Executive Office, P.O. Box 214, 4010 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jeremy Gray
- UCD School of Biology and Environmental Science, University College Dublin, D04 N2E5 Dublin, Ireland
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El-Sayed SAES, Rizk MA, Ringo AE, Li Y, Liu M, Ji S, Li J, Byamukama B, Tumwebaze MA, Xuan X, Igarashi I. Impact of using pyronaridine tetraphosphate- based combination therapy in the treatment of babesiosis caused by Babesia bovis, B. caballi, and B. gibsoni in vitro and B. microti in mice. Parasitol Int 2020; 81:102260. [PMID: 33264674 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2020.102260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2020] [Revised: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The inhibitory efficacies of pyronaridine tetraphosphate (PYR), when used in combination with two novel and potent antibabesial drugs; clofazimine (CF), and MMV396693 were evaluated in the current study against the growth of Babesia bovis, B. caballi, and B. gibsoni in vitro and B. microti in mice. The in vitro study against the selected parasites was performed using combination of PYR with either CF or MMV396693 in ratios ranged from 0.75:0.75 to 0.25:0.25. Combined application of PYR/MMV396693 revealed additive and indifferent interactions against the in vitro growth of all screened Babesia parasites. PYR in combination with CF, achieved indifferent and antagonistic interactions with all used concentration ratios against the in vitro growth of B. bovis and B. caballi. Treatment with PYR-CF combination therapy caused significant inhibition (P < 0.05) of the fluorescence values at days 12, 14, 16, 18, and 22 p.i. in comparison with control mice. Of note, treatment with combination therapy exhibited inhibition in the growth of B. microti (23.16%) greater than those caused by PYR alone. In summary, the obtained results highlight the improvement in the in vivo antibabesial efficacy of PYR when used in combination with CF rather than using PYR alone but such inhibition is still lower than those caused by either DA or CF monotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shimaa Abd El-Salam El-Sayed
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada-Cho, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan; Department of Biochemistry and Chemistry of Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Abdo Rizk
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada-Cho, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan; Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt.
| | - Aaron Edmond Ringo
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada-Cho, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan; Zanzibar Livestock Research Institute, Ministry of Agriculture, Natural Resources, Livestock and Fisheries, P. o. Box. 159, Zanzibar, Tanzania
| | - Yongchang Li
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada-Cho, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan
| | - Mingming Liu
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada-Cho, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan
| | - Shengwei Ji
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada-Cho, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan
| | - Jixu Li
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada-Cho, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan
| | - Benedicto Byamukama
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada-Cho, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan
| | - Maria A Tumwebaze
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada-Cho, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan
| | - Xuenan Xuan
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada-Cho, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan.
| | - Ikuo Igarashi
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada-Cho, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan.
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