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Itoïz S, Mouronvalle C, Perennou M, Chailler E, Smits M, Derelle E, Metz S, Le Goïc N, Bidault A, de Montaudouin X, Arzul I, Soudant P, Chambouvet A. Co-infection of two eukaryotic pathogens within clam populations in Arcachon Bay. Front Microbiol 2024; 14:1250947. [PMID: 38260876 PMCID: PMC10800547 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1250947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
The parasitic species Perkinsus olseni (= atlanticus) (Perkinsea, Alveolata) infects a wide range of mollusc species and is responsible for mortality events and economic losses in the aquaculture industry and fisheries worldwide. Thus far, most studies conducted in this field have approached the problem from a "one parasite-one disease" perspective, notably with regards to commercially relevant clam species, while the impact of other Perkinsus species should also be considered as it could play a key role in the disease phenotype and dynamics. Co-infection of P. olseni and P. chesapeaki has already been sporadically described in Manila clam populations in Europe. Here, we describe for the first time the parasitic distribution of two Perkinsus species, P. olseni and P. chesapeaki, in individual clam organs and in five different locations across Arcachon Bay (France), using simultaneous in situ detection by quantitative PCR (qPCR) duplex methodology. We show that P. olseni single-infection largely dominated prevalence (46-84%) with high intensities of infection (7.2 to 8.5 log-nb of copies. g-1of wet tissue of Manila clam) depending on location, suggesting that infection is driven by the abiotic characteristics of stations and physiological states of the host. Conversely, single P. chesapeaki infections were observed in only two sampling stations, Ile aux Oiseaux and Gujan, with low prevalences 2 and 14%, respectively. Interestingly, the co-infection by both Perkinsus spp., ranging in prevalence from 12 to 34%, was distributed across four stations of Arcachon Bay, and was detected in one or two organs maximum. Within these co-infected organs, P. olseni largely dominated the global parasitic load. Hence, the co-infection dynamics between P. olseni and P. chesapeaki may rely on a facilitating role of P. olseni in developing a primary infection which in turn may help P. chesapeaki infect R. philippinarum as a reservoir for a preferred host. This ecological study demonstrates that the detection and quantification of both parasitic species, P. olseni and P. chesapeaki, is essential and timely in resolving cryptic infections and their consequences on individual hosts and clam populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Itoïz
- Univ Brest, CNRS, IRD, Ifremer, LEMAR, Plouzané, France
| | - Clara Mouronvalle
- Univ Brest, CNRS, IRD, Ifremer, LEMAR, Plouzané, France
- EPHE, PSL Research University, UPVD, CNRS, USR CRIOBE, Perpignan, France
| | | | - Elisa Chailler
- CNRS, UMR7144 Adaptation et Diversité en Milieu Marin, Ecology of Marine Plankton (ECOMAP), Station Biologique de Roscoff SBR, Sorbonne University, Roscoff, France
| | - Morgan Smits
- Univ Brest, CNRS, IRD, Ifremer, LEMAR, Plouzané, France
| | | | - Sebastian Metz
- CNRS, UMR7144 Adaptation et Diversité en Milieu Marin, Ecology of Marine Plankton (ECOMAP), Station Biologique de Roscoff SBR, Sorbonne University, Roscoff, France
| | - Nelly Le Goïc
- Univ Brest, CNRS, IRD, Ifremer, LEMAR, Plouzané, France
| | | | - Xavier de Montaudouin
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, EPOC, UMR, Station Marine d’Arcachon, Arcachon, France
| | - Isabelle Arzul
- Ifremer, ASIM Adaptation et Santé des Invertébrés Marins, La Tremblade, France
| | | | - Aurélie Chambouvet
- CNRS, UMR7144 Adaptation et Diversité en Milieu Marin, Ecology of Marine Plankton (ECOMAP), Station Biologique de Roscoff SBR, Sorbonne University, Roscoff, France
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Souza da Rocha C, Costa Sabry R, dos Santos Rocha R, Maggioni R, Vinicius Silva de Araújo B, Julia dos Santos Silva R, Marcelo Azevedo de Paula Antunes J. First record of Perkinsus marinus infecting Crassostrea sp. in Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil, using real-time PCR. J Invertebr Pathol 2023; 198:107917. [PMID: 37004916 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2023.107917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Revised: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
Abstract
A pathogen with high virulence potential in some host species, Perkinsus marinus remains a challenge for the ecological integrity of marine ecosystems and the health of bivalve molluscs. This study investigates the occurrence of P. marinus in Crassostrea sp. in estuaries of the Potengi River and the Guaraíras lagoon in Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil. A total of 203 oyster samples that tested positive for Perkinsus sp. in Ray's fluid thioglycollate medium (RFTM) were subjected to species-specific quantitiative PCR, where 61 animals (30.05%) presented amplification graphs with a melting temperature of 80.1 ± 0.6°C matching the positive control. This was the first record of P. marinus in oysters in these estuaries using qPCR as a diagnostic tool.
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Murphy C, Fernández Robledo JA, van Walsum GP. Perkinsus marinus in bioreactor: growth and a cost-reduced growth medium. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 2023; 50:kuad023. [PMID: 37669897 PMCID: PMC10500546 DOI: 10.1093/jimb/kuad023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/07/2023]
Abstract
Perkinsus marinus (Perkinsea) is an osmotrophic facultative intracellular marine protozoan responsible for "Dermo" disease in the eastern oyster, Crassostrea virginica. In 1993 in vitro culture of P. marinus was developed in the absence of host cells. Compared to most intracellular protozoan parasites, the availability of P. marinus to grow in the absence of host cells has provided the basis to explore its use as a heterologous expression system. As the genetic toolbox is becoming available, there is also the need for larger-scale cultivation and lower-cost media formulations. Here, we took an industrial approach to scaled-up growth from a small culture flask to bioreactors, which required developing new cultivation parameters, including aeration, mixing, pH, temperature control, and media formulation. Our approach also enabled more real-time data collection on growth. The bioreactor cultivation method showed similar or accelerated growth rates of P. marinus compared to culture in T-flasks. Redox measurements indicated sufficient oxygen availability throughout the cultivation. Replacing fetal bovine serum with chicken serum showed no differences in the growth rate and a 60% reduction in the medium cost. This study opens the door to furthering P. marinus as a valid heterologous expression system by showing the ability to grow in bioreactors. ONE-SENTENCE SUMMARY Perkinsus marinus, a microbial parasite of oysters that could be useful for developing vaccines for humans, has been shown to grow well in laboratory equipment that can be expanded to commercial scale using a less expensive growth formula than usual laboratory practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin Murphy
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, University of Maine, Orono, ME, USA
| | | | - G Peter van Walsum
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, University of Maine, Orono, ME, USA
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Itoïz S, Perennou M, Mouronvalle C, Derelle E, Le Goïc N, Bidault A, de Montaudouin X, Arzul I, Soudant P, Chambouvet A. Development of duplex TaqMan-based real-time PCR assay for the simultaneous detection of Perkinsus olseni and P. chesapeaki in host Manila clam tissue samples. J Invertebr Pathol 2021; 184:107603. [PMID: 33971219 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2021.107603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Revised: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The aetiological agent Perkinsus olseni is globally recognised as a major threat for shellfish production considering its wide geographical distribution across Asia, Europe, Australia and South America. Another species, Perkinsus chesapeaki, which has never been known to be associated with significant mortality events, was recently detected along French coasts infecting clam populations sporadically in association with P. olseni. Identifying potential cryptic infections affecting Ruditapes philippinarum is essential to develop appropriate host resource management strategies. Here, we developed a molecular method based on duplex real-time quantitative PCR for the simultaneous detection of these two parasites, P. olseni and P. chesapeaki, in the different clam tissues: gills, digestive gland, foot, mantle, adductor muscle and the rest of the soft body. We firstly checked the presence of possible PCR inhibitors in host tissue samples. The qPCR reactions were inhibited depending on the nature of the host organ. The mantle and the rest of the soft body have a high inhibitory effect from threshold of host gDNA concentration of 2 ng.µL-1, the adductor muscle and the foot have an intermediate inhibition of 5 ng.µL-1, and the gills and digestive gland do not show any inhibition of the qPCR reaction even at the highest host gDNA concentration of 20 ng.µL-1. Then, using the gills as a template, the suitability of the molecular technique was checked in comparison with the Ray's Fluid Thioglycolate Medium methodology recommended by the World Organisation for Animal Health. The duplex qPCR method brought new insights and unveiled cryptic infections as the co-occurrence of P. olseni and P. chesapeaki from in situ tissue samples in contrast to the RFTM diagnosis. The development of this duplex qPCR method is a fundamental work to monitor in situ co-infections that will lead to optimised resource management and conservation strategies to deal with emerging diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Itoïz
- Univ Brest, CNRS, IRD, Ifremer, LEMAR, F-29280 Plouzané, France
| | - Morgan Perennou
- Univ Brest, CNRS, IRD, Ifremer, LEMAR, F-29280 Plouzané, France
| | - Clara Mouronvalle
- Univ Brest, CNRS, IRD, Ifremer, LEMAR, F-29280 Plouzané, France; EPHE, PSL Research University, UPVD, CNRS, USR 3278 CRIOBE, Perpignan F-66360, France
| | - Evelyne Derelle
- Univ Brest, CNRS, IRD, Ifremer, LEMAR, F-29280 Plouzané, France
| | - Nelly Le Goïc
- Univ Brest, CNRS, IRD, Ifremer, LEMAR, F-29280 Plouzané, France
| | - Adeline Bidault
- Univ Brest, CNRS, IRD, Ifremer, LEMAR, F-29280 Plouzané, France
| | - Xavier de Montaudouin
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, EPOC, EPHE, UMR 5805, Station Marine, F-33120 Arcachon, France
| | - Isabelle Arzul
- IFREMER, Laboratory of Genetics and Pathology, Av de Mus de Loup-17390, La Tremblade, France
| | - Philippe Soudant
- Univ Brest, CNRS, IRD, Ifremer, LEMAR, F-29280 Plouzané, France.
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Yadavalli R, Umeda K, Waugh HA, Tracy AN, Sidhu AV, Hernández DE, Fernández Robledo JA. CRISPR/Cas9 Ribonucleoprotein-Based Genome Editing Methodology in the Marine Protozoan Parasite Perkinsus marinus. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2021; 9:623278. [PMID: 33898400 PMCID: PMC8062965 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.623278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Perkinsus marinus (Perkinsozoa), a close relative of apicomplexans, is an osmotrophic facultative intracellular marine protozoan parasite responsible for "Dermo" disease in oysters and clams. Although there is no clinical evidence of this parasite infecting humans, HLA-DR40 transgenic mice studies strongly suggest the parasite as a natural adjuvant in oral vaccines. P. marinus is being developed as a heterologous gene expression platform for pathogens of medical and veterinary relevance and a novel platform for delivering vaccines. We previously reported the transient expression of two rodent malaria genes Plasmodium berghei HAP2 and MSP8. In this study, we optimized the original electroporation-based protocol to establish a stable heterologous expression method. Using 20 μg of pPmMOE[MOE1]:GFP and 25.0 × 106 P. marinus cells resulted in 98% GFP-positive cells. Furthermore, using the optimized protocol, we report for the first time the successful knock-in of GFP at the C-terminus of the PmMOE1 using ribonucleoprotein (RNP)-based CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing methodology. The GFP was expressed 18 h post-transfection, and expression was observed for 8 months post-transfection, making it a robust and stable knock-in system.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kousuke Umeda
- Bigelow Laboratory for Ocean Sciences, East Boothbay, ME, United States
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Japan
| | - Hannah A. Waugh
- Bigelow Laboratory for Ocean Sciences, East Boothbay, ME, United States
- Southern Maine Community College, South Portland, ME, United States
| | - Adrienne N. Tracy
- Bigelow Laboratory for Ocean Sciences, East Boothbay, ME, United States
- Colby College, Waterville, ME, United States
| | - Asha V. Sidhu
- Bigelow Laboratory for Ocean Sciences, East Boothbay, ME, United States
- Colby College, Waterville, ME, United States
| | - Derek E. Hernández
- Bigelow Laboratory for Ocean Sciences, East Boothbay, ME, United States
- Colby College, Waterville, ME, United States
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