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Sameed Saher A, Raza A, Qiu F, Mehmood K, Hussain R, Qayyum A, Idris M, Almutairi MH, Li K. Detection of haptoglobin and serum amyloid A as biomarkers in naturally infected Mycoplasma bovis calves. Acta Trop 2024; 254:107215. [PMID: 38604328 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2024.107215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2024] [Revised: 04/05/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
The livestock sector of Pakistan is increasing rapidly and it plays important role both for rural community and national economy. It is estimated that almost 8 million rural people are involved in livestock rearing and earning about 35-40 % of their income from the livestock sector. Mycoplasma bovis (M. bovis) infection causes significant economic losses in dairy animals especially young calf in the form of clinical illnesses such as pneumonia, poly-arthritis, respiratory distress and mortality. M. bovis is hard to diagnose and control because of uneven disease appearance and it is usually noticed in asymptomatic animals. For the identification of M. bovis in sub-clinical and clinical samples, determination of acute phase proteins i.e., haptoglobin (Hp) and serum amyloid A (SAA) are important tools for the timely diagnosis of disease. Therefore, early diagnosis of disease and hemato-biochemical changes are considered beneficial tools to control the infectious agent to uplift the economy of the dairy farmers. For this purpose, blood samples were collected from 200 calves of Bovidae family. Serum was separated from blood samples to determine the concentration of Hp and SAA, while blood samples were processed to determine hematological changes in blood from calves by using hematological analyzer. The blood plasma obtained from the blood samples was processed to measure oxidative stress factors. Lungs tissues from slaughterhouses/ morbid calves were collected to observe histopathological changes. The results of present study indicated that level of SAA and Hp remarkably increased (P < 0.05) in M. bovis infected calves in comparison to healthy calves. The oxidative stress markers indicated that nitric oxide and MDA levels in the infected calves increased significantly (P < 0.05), while infected claves had considerably lower levels of superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione. These findings indicate that oxidative stress play role to increase the level of APPs, while monitoring of APPs levels may serve as a valuable addition to the clinical evaluation of naturally infected calves with M. bovis. The hematological parameters were decreased significantly (P < 0.05). Altogether, this study suggests that Hp and SAA are proposed as promising biomarkers for detecting naturally occurring M. bovis infection in calves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdul Sameed Saher
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Islamia University of Bahawalpur 63100, Pakistan
| | - Ali Raza
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Islamia University of Bahawalpur 63100, Pakistan
| | - Fuan Qiu
- Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health in Fujian Province & Fujian Key Laboratory of Chinese Traditional and Western Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, PR China
| | - Khalid Mehmood
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Islamia University of Bahawalpur 63100, Pakistan.
| | - Riaz Hussain
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Islamia University of Bahawalpur 63100, Pakistan
| | - Abdul Qayyum
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Islamia University of Bahawalpur 63100, Pakistan
| | - Musadiq Idris
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Islamia University of Bahawalpur 63100, Pakistan
| | - Mikhlid H Almutairi
- Zoology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box: 2455, 11451, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Kun Li
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine & MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
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Adewusi OO, Waldner CL, Hanington PC, Hill JE, Freeman CN, Otto SJG. Laboratory tools for the direct detection of bacterial respiratory infections and antimicrobial resistance: a scoping review. J Vet Diagn Invest 2024; 36:400-417. [PMID: 38456288 PMCID: PMC11110769 DOI: 10.1177/10406387241235968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Rapid laboratory tests are urgently required to inform antimicrobial use in food animals. Our objective was to synthesize knowledge on the direct application of long-read metagenomic sequencing to respiratory samples to detect bacterial pathogens and antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs) compared to PCR, loop-mediated isothermal amplification, and recombinase polymerase amplification. Our scoping review protocol followed the Joanna Briggs Institute and PRISMA Scoping Review reporting guidelines. Included studies reported on the direct application of these methods to respiratory samples from animals or humans to detect bacterial pathogens ±ARGs and included turnaround time (TAT) and analytical sensitivity. We excluded studies not reporting these or that were focused exclusively on bioinformatics. We identified 5,636 unique articles from 5 databases. Two-reviewer screening excluded 3,964, 788, and 784 articles at 3 levels, leaving 100 articles (19 animal and 81 human), of which only 7 studied long-read sequencing (only 1 in animals). Thirty-two studies investigated ARGs (only one in animals). Reported TATs ranged from minutes to 2 d; steps did not always include sample collection to results, and analytical sensitivity varied by study. Our review reveals a knowledge gap in research for the direct detection of bacterial respiratory pathogens and ARGs in animals using long-read metagenomic sequencing. There is an opportunity to harness the rapid development in this space to detect multiple pathogens and ARGs on a single sequencing run. Long-read metagenomic sequencing tools show potential to address the urgent need for research into rapid tests to support antimicrobial stewardship in food animal production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olufunto O. Adewusi
- HEAT-AMR (Human-Environment-Animal Transdisciplinary Antimicrobial Resistance) Research Group, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
- School of Public Health, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Cheryl L. Waldner
- Departments of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | | | - Janet E. Hill
- Veterinary Microbiology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Claire N. Freeman
- Departments of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Simon J. G. Otto
- HEAT-AMR (Human-Environment-Animal Transdisciplinary Antimicrobial Resistance) Research Group, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
- Healthy Environments Thematic Area Lead, Centre for Healthy Communities, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
- School of Public Health, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
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Okella H, Tonooka K, Okello E. A Systematic Review of the Recent Techniques Commonly Used in the Diagnosis of Mycoplasma bovis in Dairy Cattle. Pathogens 2023; 12:1178. [PMID: 37764986 PMCID: PMC10535753 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12091178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2023] [Revised: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Early detection of Mycoplasmal mastitis is greatly hampered by late seroconversion, slow growth of Mycoplasma organisms, intermittent shedding, and the high cost of diagnostic tests. To improve future diagnostic development, examining the available techniques is necessary. Accordingly, the present study systematically reviewed M. bovis diagnostic studies published between January 2000 and April 2023 utilizing the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) protocol. The protocol registration was performed according to the Open Science Framework (osf.io/ug79h), and the electronic search was conducted in the World Catalog, Mendeley, ProQuest, ScienceDirect, Semantic Scholar, PubMed, Google Scholar, Prime Scholar, and PubMed Central databases using a Boolean operator and inclusion and exclusion criteria. Of the 1194 pieces of literature retrieved, 67 studies were included. Four broad categories of up to 16 diagnostic approaches were reported: microbial culture, serological, DNA-based, and mass spectrometry. Overall, DNA-based techniques were the most published (48.0%), with recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA) and loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) as the most promising user-friendly, equipment-free techniques. On the other hand, mass spectrometry was reported as the least utilized (2.9%) given the high equipment cost. Though costly and laboratory-allied, DNA-based techniques, particularly PCRs, were reported as the most rapid and specific approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hedmon Okella
- Veterinary Medicine Teaching and Research Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Tulare, CA 93274, USA
| | - Karen Tonooka
- Veterinary Medicine Teaching and Research Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Tulare, CA 93274, USA
| | - Emmanuel Okello
- Veterinary Medicine Teaching and Research Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Tulare, CA 93274, USA
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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Gütgemann F, Müller A, Churin Y, Kumm F, Braun AS, Yue M, Eisenberg T, Entorf M, Peters T, Kehrenberg C. Toward a Method for Harmonized Susceptibility Testing of Mycoplasma bovis by Broth Microdilution. J Clin Microbiol 2023; 61:e0190522. [PMID: 37439667 PMCID: PMC10446863 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.01905-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasma bovis is a fastidious pathogen of cattle causing massive economic losses in the calf and dairy industries worldwide. Since there is no approved standard method for antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST) of M. bovis, the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute has requested the development of a suitable method. Therefore, this study aimed at developing a method for harmonized broth microdilution AST of M. bovis. For this, 131 M. bovis field isolates and M. bovis strain DSM 22781T were collected and macrorestriction analysis was performed to select 15 epidemiologically unrelated M. bovis strains for method validation steps. To select a suitable broth for AST of M. bovis, growth determinations were performed using five media and growth curves were compiled. Then, susceptibility testing was performed considering the exact (precondition of five identical MICs) and essential (MIC mode, accepting a deviation of ±1 dilution step) MIC agreements to evaluate the reproducibility of MIC values using a panel of 16 antimicrobial agents. Subsequently, the remaining field isolates were tested and the suitability of quality control (QC) strains was assessed. Growth experiments showed that SP4 broth was the only one of the five media that yielded sufficient growth of M. bovis. Therefore, it was selected as the test medium for AST and homogeneous MIC values were obtained (exact and essential agreements of 36 to 100% and 92 to 100%, respectively). For all other isolates tested, easy-to-read MIC endpoints were determined with this medium. High overall MIC50 and/or MIC90 values were observed for aminoglycosides and macrolides, and some isolates showed elevated MICs of fluoroquinolones, gentamicin, and/or tiamulin. Since the MICs of four commonly used QC strains were partially not within their ranges, a 20-fold MIC testing of M. bovis DSM 22781T was performed and met the criteria for a new QC strain. For harmonized AST of M. bovis, SP4 broth seems to be suitable with an incubation time of 72 ± 2 h and further validation of M. bovis DSM 22781T as a future QC strain is recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Gütgemann
- Institute for Veterinary Food Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Anja Müller
- Institute for Veterinary Food Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Yury Churin
- Institute for Veterinary Food Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Franziska Kumm
- Institute for Veterinary Food Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Ann Sophie Braun
- Institute for Veterinary Food Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Min Yue
- Hainan Institute of Zhejiang University, Sanya, China
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Science and Department of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang University College of Animal Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Tobias Eisenberg
- Hessian State Laboratory, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Giessen, Germany
| | - Monika Entorf
- Dairy Herd Consulting and Research Company (MBFG), Wunstorf, Germany
| | - Thomas Peters
- Dairy Herd Consulting and Research Company (MBFG), Wunstorf, Germany
| | - Corinna Kehrenberg
- Institute for Veterinary Food Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
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Thézé J, Ambroset C, Barry S, Masseglia S, Colin A, Tricot A, Tardy F, Bailly X. Genome-wide phylodynamic approach reveals the epidemic dynamics of the main Mycoplasma bovis subtype circulating in France. Microb Genom 2023; 9:mgen001067. [PMID: 37486749 PMCID: PMC10438803 DOI: 10.1099/mgen.0.001067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasma bovis is a major aetiological agent of bovine respiratory disease worldwide. Genome-based analyses are increasingly being used to monitor the genetic diversity and global distribution of M. bovis, complementing existing subtyping schemes based on locus sequencing. However, these analyses have so far provided limited information on the spatiotemporal and population dynamics of circulating subtypes. Here we applied a genome-wide phylodynamic approach to explore the epidemic dynamics of 88 French M. bovis strains collected between 2000 and 2019 in France and belonging to the currently dominant polC subtype 2 (st2). A strong molecular clock signal detected in the genomic data enabled robust phylodynamic inferences, which estimated that the M. bovis st2 population in France is composed of two lineages that successively emerged from independent introductions of international strains. The first lineage appeared around 2000 and supplanted the previously established antimicrobial-susceptible polC subtype 1. The second lineage, which is likely more transmissible, progressively replaced the first M. bovis st2 lineage population from 2005 onward and became predominant after 2010. Analyses also showed a brief decline in this second M. bovis st2 lineage population in around 2011, possibly due to the challenge from the concurrent emergence of M. bovis polC subtype 3 in France. Finally, we identified non-synonymous mutations in genes associated with lineages, which raises prospects for identifying new surveillance molecular markers. A genome-wide phylodynamic approach provides valuable resources for monitoring the evolution and epidemic dynamics of circulating M. bovis subtypes, and may prove critical for developing more effective surveillance systems and disease control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Thézé
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, VetAgro Sup, UMR EPIA, Saint-Genès-Champanelle, France
| | - Chloé Ambroset
- Université de Lyon, ANSES, VetAgro Sup, UMR Mycoplasmoses animales, Lyon, France
| | - Séverine Barry
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, VetAgro Sup, UMR EPIA, Saint-Genès-Champanelle, France
| | - Sébastien Masseglia
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, VetAgro Sup, UMR EPIA, Saint-Genès-Champanelle, France
| | - Adélie Colin
- Université de Lyon, ANSES, VetAgro Sup, UMR Mycoplasmoses animales, Lyon, France
| | - Agnès Tricot
- Université de Lyon, ANSES, VetAgro Sup, UMR Mycoplasmoses animales, Lyon, France
| | - Florence Tardy
- Université de Lyon, ANSES, VetAgro Sup, UMR Mycoplasmoses animales, Lyon, France
| | - Xavier Bailly
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, VetAgro Sup, UMR EPIA, Saint-Genès-Champanelle, France
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Picault S, Ezanno P, Smith K, Amrine D, White B, Assié S. Modelling the effects of antimicrobial metaphylaxis and pen size on bovine respiratory disease in high and low risk fattening cattle. Vet Res 2022; 53:77. [PMID: 36195961 PMCID: PMC9531528 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-022-01094-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine respiratory disease (BRD) dramatically affects young calves, especially in fattening facilities, and is difficult to understand, anticipate and control due to the multiplicity of factors involved in the onset and impact of this disease. In this study we aimed to compare the impact of farming practices on BRD severity and on antimicrobial usage. We designed a stochastic individual-based mechanistic BRD model which incorporates not only the infectious process, but also clinical signs, detection methods and treatment protocols. We investigated twelve contrasted scenarios which reflect farming practices in various fattening systems, based on pen sizes, risk level, and individual treatment vs. collective treatment (metaphylaxis) before or during fattening. We calibrated model parameters from existing observation data or literature and compared scenario outputs regarding disease dynamics, severity and mortality. The comparison of the trade-off between cumulative BRD duration and number of antimicrobial doses highlighted the added value of risk reduction at pen formation even in small pens, and acknowledges the interest of collective treatments for high-risk pens, with a better efficacy of treatments triggered during fattening based on the number of detected cases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Kristen Smith
- Beef Cattle Institute, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - David Amrine
- Beef Cattle Institute, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Brad White
- Beef Cattle Institute, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
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Ambroset C, Peticca A, Tricot A, Tardy F. Genomic features of Mycoplasma bovis subtypes currently circulating in France. BMC Genomics 2022; 23:603. [PMID: 35986252 PMCID: PMC9392320 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-022-08818-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Mycoplasma (M.) bovis is a major etiological agent of bovine respiratory disease, which is the most economically costly disease of cattle worldwide. Cattle disease surveillance on M. bovis is increasingly using gene-based techniques, such as multilocus sequence typing (MLST), or genome-based techniques such as core genome MLST that both require only partial genomic data. However, accurate up-to-date surveillance also demands complete, circular genomes that can be used as reference to track the evolution of the different lineages. Yet, in France, two of the main subtypes currently circulating still have no representing genome in public databases. Here, to address this gap, we provide and compare three new complete M. bovis genomes obtained from recent clinical isolates that represent major subtypes circulating in France and Europe. Results Genomes were obtained using a hybrid assembly strategy (Illumina and Nanopore) with fine-tuning of settings and inputs used in the Unicycler assembly pipeline, such as size selection of reads and quality trimming of the FASTQ files. The main characteristics and synteny of the genomes were compared. The three genomes mainly differed by their content in terms of mobile genetic elements, i.e. integrative conjugative elements (ICE) and insertion sequences (IS), a feature that impacts their structure. For instance, strain L15527, representing subtype3 (st3), harbours an exceptionally high number of ICEs, which results in a bigger-sized genome than all those previously described and could be associated with the propensity of st3 to gain and fix mutations through chromosomal transfer mechanisms. In contrast, strain F9160, of st1, is very close to the PG45 type strain isolated in 1961 in the USA, and harbours a huge number of IS. These features may be associated with an evolution towards a host-restricted state or in a “closed” host or environment reservoir until a recent re-emergence. Conclusions Whole-genome comparison of the three French M. bovis subtypes provides valuable resources for future studies combining epidemiology, phylogenetic data, and phylodynamic methods. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12864-022-08818-9.
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Valeris-Chacin R, Powledge S, McAtee T, Morley PS, Richeson J. Mycoplasma bovis is associated with Mannheimia haemolytica during acute bovine respiratory disease in feedlot cattle. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:946792. [PMID: 35979489 PMCID: PMC9376970 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.946792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine Respiratory Disease (BRD) represents a significant burden to the health of feedlot cattle and the profitability of the beef industry in the US. Mannheimia haemolytica is widely regarded as the primary bacterial pathogen driving acute BRD. While Mycoplasma bovis is most commonly implicated in chronic cases of BRD, this agent's potential role in acute stages of BRD is unclear. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate potential associations between M. bovis and M. haemolytica during acute BRD in feedlot cattle. Nasal swabs (n = 1,044) were collected over time from feedlot cattle (n = 270) enrolled in an experiment assessing the effect of vaccination for Bovine Respiratory Syncytial Virus (BRSV). Swabs were analyzed for detection of M. bovis, M. haemolytica, Pasteurella multocida, Histophilus somni, and BRSV via multiplex qPCR assays. Data were analyzed using inverse conditional probability weighted (ICPW) logistic regression models to investigate potential effects of M. bovis presence on arrival (d0), day seven (d7) and day 14 (d14) post-arrival on M. haemolytica prevalence on day 28 (d28) post-arrival, adjusting for the previous history of P. multocida, H. somni, BRSV, BRD morbidity, and body weight. The potential association between time-to-BRD detection and M. bovis presence on d0, d7, and d14 post-arrival, was inferred via an ICPW time-to-event model. The presence of M. bovis in nasal swabs collected on d7 post-arrival was significantly associated with an increase in the prevalence of M. haemolytica on d28 (prevalence difference: 45%; 95% Confidence Interval: 31%, 60%; P-value < 0.001). Significant time-varying coefficients for M. bovis presence were detected at d0, d7, and d14 post-arrival in the ICPW time-to-event model (P-value < 0.001). The shortest median time-to-BRD detection was 29 days in cattle that were M. bovis positive on d0, d7, and d14 post-arrival and in those that were positive on d0 and d14 post-arrival. Under the conditions of this study, our findings suggest that M. bovis may be influencing the respiratory environment during the acute phase of BRD, increasing the abundance of M. haemolytica, which could have important impacts on the occurrence of BRD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Valeris-Chacin
- Veterinary Education, Research, and Outreach (VERO), Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
- *Correspondence: Robert Valeris-Chacin
| | - Sherri Powledge
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Paul Engler College of Agriculture and Natural Sciences, West Texas A&M University, Canyon, TX, United States
| | - Taylor McAtee
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Paul Engler College of Agriculture and Natural Sciences, West Texas A&M University, Canyon, TX, United States
| | - Paul S. Morley
- Veterinary Education, Research, and Outreach (VERO), Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, Canyon, TX, United States
| | - John Richeson
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Paul Engler College of Agriculture and Natural Sciences, West Texas A&M University, Canyon, TX, United States
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Oucheriah Y, Heleili N, Colin A, Mottet C, Tardy F, Becker CAM. Prevalence of Mycoplasma bovis in Algeria and Characterisation of the Isolated Clones. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:910799. [PMID: 35669175 PMCID: PMC9163989 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.910799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine respiratory disease (BRD) is common in calves in Algeria, but to date, Mycoplasma bovis has never been monitored as a potential etiological agent. Here, to assess the presence (direct detection) and circulation (indirect detection) of M. bovis, broncho-alveolar lavage fluids (BALF) and serum samples were collected from 60 veal calf farms in Algeria. A commercial ELISA kit (ID Screen® ELISA) was used to screen for the presence of specific antibodies against M. bovis in 351 blood sera collected from both diseased and healthy calves, and 69% (241 sera) tested positive. BALFs from the 176 diseased calves were used to screen for M. bovis by real-time-PCR (rt-PCR), and 102 (58%) tested positive. A non-exhaustive set of 53 clones were isolated from 44 calves and further subtyped using polC gene sequencing. No predominant subtype was found, and two clones exhibited a new subtype. Fourteen clones were further characterized by multilocus sequence typing, and results showed a high degree of genetic diversity, with some clones having new alleles and subtypes. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of 5 antimicrobials regularly used to treat BRD was determined on 45 clones. Susceptibility profiles showed very broad diversity, confirming the variety of clones actively circulating. We detected clones with high MICs, including increased MICs of enrofloxacin (n = 5). This is the first study to report the presence of M. bovis in Algeria in calves with BRD. This research also finds broad genetic and phenotypic diversity in the actively circulating isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nouzha Heleili
- Université de Batna, Laboratoire de Recherche ESPA, Batna, Algeria
| | - Adélie Colin
- Université de Lyon, Anses, VetAgro Sup, UMR Mycoplasmoses Animales, Lyon, France
| | - Catherine Mottet
- Université de Lyon, VetAgro Sup, Anses, UMR Mycoplasmoses Animales, Marcy l'Etoile, France
| | - Florence Tardy
- Université de Lyon, Anses, VetAgro Sup, UMR Mycoplasmoses Animales, Lyon, France
| | - Claire A M Becker
- Université de Lyon, VetAgro Sup, Anses, UMR Mycoplasmoses Animales, Marcy l'Etoile, France
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Jourquin S, Bokma J, De Cremer L, van Leenen K, Vereecke N, Pardon B. Randomized field trial comparing the efficacy of florfenicol and oxytetracycline in a natural outbreak of calf pneumonia using lung reaeration as a cure criterion. J Vet Intern Med 2022; 36:820-828. [PMID: 34994480 PMCID: PMC8965221 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Respiratory infections are the main indication for antimicrobial use in calves. Optimal treatment duration currently is unknown, but shorter duration would likely decrease selection for antimicrobial resistance. Hypothesis/Objectives Determine differences in cure rate and healing time between animals treated with florfenicol and oxytetracycline in a natural outbreak of respiratory disease using reaeration observed on thoracic ultrasound examination as healing criterion. Animals Commercial farm housing 130, 3 to 9 month old Belgian blue beef calves. Methods Randomized clinical trial during an outbreak of respiratory disease. Metaphylactic treatment was initiated, randomly treating animals with either florfenicol or oxytetracycline. Ultrasonographic follow‐up was done the first day and every other day for a 14‐day period. At the individual animal level, treatment was discontinued when reaeration of the lungs occurred. Differences in cure rate and healing time were determined. Results Of the 130 animals studied, 67.7% developed a lung consolidation ≥0.5 cm. The mean ultrasonographic healing time was 2.5 days in the florfenicol group compared to 3.1 days in the oxytetracycline group (P = .04). After single treatment, 80.6% and 60.3% had no consolidations in the florfenicol and oxytetracycline groups, respectively (P = .01). A Mycoplasma bovis strain was genetically and phenotypically determined to be susceptible to both antimicrobials. Conclusions and Clinical Importance Ultrasonographic lung reaeration shows potential as a cure criterion to rationalize antimicrobial use for outbreaks of pneumonia. In our study, florfenicol resulted in a faster cure and higher reduction in antimicrobial usage than did oxytetracycline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stan Jourquin
- Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Jade Bokma
- Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium.,Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Poultry Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Lieze De Cremer
- Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Katharina van Leenen
- Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Nick Vereecke
- Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium.,PathoSense, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Bart Pardon
- Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
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11
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LEE HH, THONGRUEANG N, LIU SS, HSU HY, TSAI YL. Prevalence of respiratory bacterial pathogens and associated management factors in dairy calves in Taiwan. J Vet Med Sci 2022; 84:946-953. [PMID: 35675980 PMCID: PMC9353091 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.22-0056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the prevalence at both farm-level and calf-level and to identify the risk factors of respiratory bacterial pathogens in dairy calves in Taiwan. The status of
bovine respiratory disease (BRD) was evaluated by using the Wisconsin scoring system from a total of 400 pre-weaned calves from 32 different farms in Taiwan, then the nasopharyngeal swabs
were collected. The prevalence of respiratory pathogens was 84.37% at farm-level and 45.50% at calf-level, and Pasteurella multocida (P. multocida) was the
most prevalent pathogen. The presence of Mycoplasma bovis (M. bovis), P. multocida, Mannheimia haemolytica (M.
haemolytica) and Histophilus somni (H. somni) were all higher in BRD positive calves than BRD negative calves, but only in H.
somni was significant (P<0.001). Then nine farm management risk factors were analyzed by using multivariate logistic regression models to determine the risk
factors of respiratory bacterial pathogens (farm and calf-level). In the result at farm-level, only unheated colostrum was significantly associated with pathogen positive farms (Odds Ratio
(OR)=11.43). At calf-level, the predominant risk factor for each pathogen, M. bovis, P. multocida, M. haemolytica and H.
somni, was late first colostrum feeding (OR=272.82), unheated colostrum (OR=3.41), waste milk feeding (OR=6.59) and high pneumonia treatment cost (OR=2.52), respectively. For
effective preventive measures, farmer education on milk and colostrum feeding are urgently warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsu-Hsun LEE
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology
| | - Natcha THONGRUEANG
- Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology
| | - Shyh-Shyan LIU
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology
| | - Huan-Yu HSU
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology
| | - Yi-Lun TSAI
- Research Center of Animal Biologics, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology
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12
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Evaluation of Nanopore Sequencing as a Diagnostic Tool for the Rapid Identification of Mycoplasma bovis from Individual and Pooled Respiratory Tract Samples. J Clin Microbiol 2021; 59:e0111021. [PMID: 34550807 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.01110-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Rapid identification of Mycoplasma bovis infections in cattle is a key factor to guide antimicrobial therapy and biosecurity measures. Recently, Nanopore sequencing became an affordable diagnostic tool for both clinically relevant viruses and bacteria, but the diagnostic accuracy for M. bovis identification is undocumented. Therefore, in this study Nanopore sequencing was compared to rapid identification of M. bovis with matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry (RIMM) and a triplex real-time PCR assay in a Bayesian latent class model (BLCM) for M. bovis in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALf) samples obtained from calves. In practice, pooling of samples is often used to save money, but the influence on diagnostic accuracy has not been described for M. bovis. Therefore, a convenience sample of 17 pooled samples containing 5 individual BALf samples per farm was analyzed as well. The results for the pooled samples were compared with those for the individual samples to determine sensitivity and specificity. The BLCM showed good sensitivity (77.3% [95% credible interval, 57.8 to 92.8%]) and high specificity (97.4% [91.5 to 99.7%]) for Nanopore sequencing, compared to RIMM (sensitivity, 93.0% [76.8 to 99.5%]; specificity, 91.3% [82.5 to 97.0%]) and real-time PCR (sensitivity, 94.6% [89.7 to 97.7%]; specificity, 86.0% [76.1 to 93.6%]). Sensitivity and specificity of pooled analysis for M. bovis were 85.7% (95% confidence interval, 59.8 to 111.6%) and 90.0% (71.4 to 108.6%%), respectively, for Nanopore sequencing and 100% (100% to 100%) and 88.9% (68.4 to 109.4%) for RIMM. In conclusion, Nanopore sequencing is a rapid, reliable tool for the identification of M. bovis. To reduce costs and increase the chance of M. bovis identification, pooling of 5 samples for Nanopore sequencing and RIMM is possible.
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13
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Jaÿ M, Poumarat F, Colin A, Tricot A, Tardy F. Addressing the Antimicrobial Resistance of Ruminant Mycoplasmas Using a Clinical Surveillance Network. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:667175. [PMID: 34195247 PMCID: PMC8236625 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.667175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) surveillance of mycoplasmas of veterinary importance has been held back for years due to lack of harmonized methods for antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST) and interpretative criteria, resulting in a crucial shortage of data. To address AMR in ruminant mycoplasmas, we mobilized a long-established clinical surveillance network called "Vigimyc." Here we describe our surveillance strategy and detail the results obtained during a 2-year monitoring period. We also assess how far our system complies with current guidelines on AMR surveillance and how it could serve to build epidemiological cut-off values (ECOFFs), as a first attainable criterion to help harmonize monitoring efforts and move forward to clinical breakpoints. Clinical surveillance through Vigimyc enables continuous collection, identification and preservation of Mycoplasma spp. isolates along with metadata. The most frequent pathogens, i.e., M. bovis and species belonging to M. mycoides group, show stable clinicoepidemiological trends and were included for annual AST. In the absence of interpretative criteria for ruminant mycoplasmas, we compared yearly minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) results against reference datasets. We also ran a SWOT (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, Threats) analysis on the overall service provided by our AMR surveillance strategy. Results of the 2018-2019 surveillance campaign were consistent with the reference datasets, with M. bovis isolates showing high MIC values for all antimicrobial classes except fluoroquinolones, and species of the Mycoides group showing predominantly low MIC values. A few new AMR patterns were detected, such as M. bovis with lower spectinomycin MICs. Our reference dataset partially complied with European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (EUCAST) requirements, and we were able to propose tentative epidemiological cut-off values (TECOFFs) for M. bovis with tilmicosin and spectinomycin and for M. mycoides group with tilmicosin and lincomycin. These TECOFFs were consistent with other published data and the clinical breakpoints of Pasteurellaceae, which are often used as surrogates for mycoplasmas. SWOT analysis highlighted the benefit of pairing clinical and antimicrobial resistance surveillance despite the AST method-related gaps that remain. The international community should now direct efforts toward AST method harmonization and clinical interpretation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryne Jaÿ
- UMR Mycoplasmoses animales, Anses, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France.,UMR Mycoplasmoses animales, VetAgro Sup, Université de Lyon, Marcy-l'Étoile, France
| | - François Poumarat
- UMR Mycoplasmoses animales, Anses, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France.,UMR Mycoplasmoses animales, VetAgro Sup, Université de Lyon, Marcy-l'Étoile, France
| | - Adélie Colin
- UMR Mycoplasmoses animales, Anses, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France.,UMR Mycoplasmoses animales, VetAgro Sup, Université de Lyon, Marcy-l'Étoile, France
| | - Agnès Tricot
- UMR Mycoplasmoses animales, Anses, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France.,UMR Mycoplasmoses animales, VetAgro Sup, Université de Lyon, Marcy-l'Étoile, France
| | - Florence Tardy
- UMR Mycoplasmoses animales, Anses, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France.,UMR Mycoplasmoses animales, VetAgro Sup, Université de Lyon, Marcy-l'Étoile, France
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14
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García-Galán A, Seva J, Gómez-Martín Á, Ortega J, Rodríguez F, García-Muñoz Á, De la Fe C. Importance and Antimicrobial Resistance of Mycoplasma bovis in Clinical Respiratory Disease in Feedlot Calves. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11051470. [PMID: 34065405 PMCID: PMC8161021 DOI: 10.3390/ani11051470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Bovine respiratory disease is a common health and economic problem that mainly affects calves raised in feedlots. Several viruses and bacteria may be involved, but Mycoplasma bovis can cause disease chronification and poor response to antimicrobial treatment. This study investigated the role of Mycoplasma bovis in cases of clinical respiratory disease unresponsive to treatment that affected feedlot calves in southeast Spain, and tested the in vitro susceptibility of a selection of isolates to the specific set of antimicrobials used for therapy in vivo. Mycoplasma bovis was found in 86.9% (20/23) of the calves, predominantly in the lungs (78.26%; 18/23) where it was involved in pulmonary lesions. Furthermore, the selected isolates were found to be resistant in vitro to most of the antimicrobials specifically used for treating the animals in vivo. These results highlight the implication of Mycoplasma bovis in the bovine respiratory disease affecting feedlot calves in Spain. Abstract Bovine respiratory disease (BRD) is an important viral and/or bacterial disease that mainly affects feedlot calves. The involvement of Mycoplasma bovis in BRD can lead to chronic pneumonia poorly responsive to antimicrobial treatment. Caseonecrotic bronchopneumonia is a pulmonary lesion typically associated with M. bovis. In Spain, M. bovis is widely distributed in the feedlots and circulating isolates are resistant to most antimicrobials in vitro. However, the role of this species in clinical respiratory disease of feedlot calves remains unknown. Furthermore, available data are relative to a fixed panel of antimicrobials commonly used to treat BRD, but not to the specific set of antimicrobials that have been used for treating each animal. This study examined 23 feedlot calves raised in southeast Spain (2016–2019) with clinical signs of respiratory disease unresponsive to treatment. The presence of M. bovis was investigated through bacteriology (culture and subsequent PCR), histopathology and immunohistochemistry. The pathogen was found in 86.9% (20/23) of the calves, mainly in the lungs (78.26%; 18/23). Immunohistochemistry revealed M. bovis antigens in 73.9% (17/23) of the calves in which caseonecrotic bronchopneumonia was the most frequent lesion (16/17). Minimum inhibitory concentration assays confirmed the resistance of a selection of 12 isolates to most of the antimicrobials specifically used for treating the animals in vivo. These results stress the importance of M. bovis in the BRD affecting feedlot calves in Spain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana García-Galán
- Ruminant Health Research Group, Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Regional Campus of International Excellence “Campus Mare Nostrum”, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain
- Correspondence: (A.G.-G.); (C.D.l.F.)
| | - Juan Seva
- Department of Anatomy and Comparative Pathological Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Regional Campus of International Excellence “Campus Mare Nostrum”, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain;
| | - Ángel Gómez-Martín
- Microbiological Agents Associated with Animal Reproduction (ProVaginBIO) Research Group, Departamento Producción y Sanidad Animal, Salud Pública Veterinaria y Ciencia y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, 46113 Valencia, Spain;
| | - Joaquín Ortega
- Pathology Group, PASAPTA, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, Av. Seminario s/n, 46113 Valencia, Spain;
| | - Francisco Rodríguez
- Unit of Veterinary Histology and Pathology, Institute for Animal Health, Veterinary School, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35413 Gran Canaria, Spain;
| | - Ángel García-Muñoz
- Departamento Producción y Sanidad Animal, Salud Pública Veterinaria y Ciencia y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, 46113 Valencia, Spain;
| | - Christian De la Fe
- Ruminant Health Research Group, Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Regional Campus of International Excellence “Campus Mare Nostrum”, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain
- Correspondence: (A.G.-G.); (C.D.l.F.)
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15
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Bokma J, Gille L, De Bleecker K, Callens J, Haesebrouck F, Pardon B, Boyen F. Antimicrobial Susceptibility of Mycoplasma bovis Isolates from Veal, Dairy and Beef Herds. Antibiotics (Basel) 2020; 9:antibiotics9120882. [PMID: 33316982 PMCID: PMC7764132 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics9120882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Revised: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasma bovis is an important pathogen causing mostly pneumonia in calves and mastitis in dairy cattle. In the absence of an effective vaccine, antimicrobial therapy remains the main control measure. Antimicrobial use in veal calves is substantially higher than in conventional herds, but whether veal calves also harbor more resistant M. bovis strains is currently unknown. Therefore, we compared antimicrobial susceptibility test results of M. bovis isolates from different cattle sectors and genomic clusters. The minimum inhibitory concentration of nine antimicrobials was determined for 141 Belgian M. bovis isolates (29 dairy, 69 beef, 12 mixed, 31 veal farms), and was used to estimate the epidemiological cut-off. Acquired resistance was frequently observed for the macrolides, while no acquired resistance to oxytetracycline and doxycycline, minimal acquired resistance to florfenicol and tiamulin, and a limited acquired resistance to enrofloxacin was seen. M. bovis isolates from beef cattle or genomic cluster III had higher odds of being gamithromycin-resistant than those from dairy cattle or genomic clusters IV and V. In this study, no cattle industry could be identified as source of resistant M. bovis strains. A single guideline for antimicrobial use for M. bovis infections, with a small remark for gamithromycin, is likely sufficient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jade Bokma
- Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium; (L.G.); (B.P.)
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium; (F.H.); (F.B.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Linde Gille
- Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium; (L.G.); (B.P.)
| | - Koen De Bleecker
- Animal Health Service-Flanders, Industrielaan 29, 8820 Torhout, Belgium; (K.D.B.); (J.C.)
| | - Jozefien Callens
- Animal Health Service-Flanders, Industrielaan 29, 8820 Torhout, Belgium; (K.D.B.); (J.C.)
| | - Freddy Haesebrouck
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium; (F.H.); (F.B.)
| | - Bart Pardon
- Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium; (L.G.); (B.P.)
| | - Filip Boyen
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium; (F.H.); (F.B.)
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16
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Dudek K, Szacawa E. Mycoplasma bovis Infections: Occurrence, Pathogenesis, Diagnosis and Control, Including Prevention and Therapy. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9120994. [PMID: 33260865 PMCID: PMC7760832 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9120994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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17
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Tardy F, Aspan A, Autio T, Ridley A, Tricot A, Colin A, Pohjanvirta T, Smid B, Harders F, Lindegaard M, Tølbøll Lauritsen K, Lyhs U, Wisselink HJ, Strube ML. Mycoplasma bovis in Nordic European Countries: Emergence and Dominance of a New Clone. Pathogens 2020; 9:E875. [PMID: 33114269 PMCID: PMC7716209 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9110875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Revised: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasma (M.) bovis is an important pathogen of cattle implicated in a broad range of clinical manifestations that adversely impacts livestock production worldwide. In the absence of a safe, effective commercial vaccine in Europe, the reported reduced susceptibility to antimicrobials for this organism has contributed to difficulties in controlling infection. Despite global presence, some countries have only recently experienced outbreaks of this pathogen. In the present study, M. bovis isolates collected in Denmark between 1981 and 2016 were characterized to determine (i) genetic diversity and phylogenetic relationships using whole genome sequencing and various sequence-based typing methods and (ii) patterns of antimicrobial resistance compared to other European isolates. The M. bovis population in Denmark was found to be highly homogeneous genomically and with respect to the antimicrobial resistance profile. Previously dominated by an old genotype shared by many other countries (ST17 in the PubMLST legacy scheme), a new predominant type represented by ST94-adh1 has emerged. The same clone is also found in Sweden and Finland, where M. bovis introduction is more recent. Although retrieved from the Netherlands, it appears absent from France, two countries with a long history of M. bovis infection where the M. bovis population is more diverse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florence Tardy
- UMR Mycoplasmoses des Ruminants, ANSES laboratoire de Lyon, VetAgro Sup, Université de Lyon, 69364 Lyon, France; (A.T.); (A.C.)
| | - Anna Aspan
- National Veterinary Institute (SVA), SE-751 89 Uppsala, Sweden;
| | - Tiina Autio
- Finnish Food Authority, 70210 Kuopio, Finland; (T.A.); (T.P.)
| | - Anne Ridley
- Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Surrey KT15 3NB, UK;
| | - Agnès Tricot
- UMR Mycoplasmoses des Ruminants, ANSES laboratoire de Lyon, VetAgro Sup, Université de Lyon, 69364 Lyon, France; (A.T.); (A.C.)
| | - Adélie Colin
- UMR Mycoplasmoses des Ruminants, ANSES laboratoire de Lyon, VetAgro Sup, Université de Lyon, 69364 Lyon, France; (A.T.); (A.C.)
| | | | - Bregtje Smid
- Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, 8221 RA Lelystad, The Netherlands; (B.S.); (F.H.); (H.J.W.)
| | - Frank Harders
- Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, 8221 RA Lelystad, The Netherlands; (B.S.); (F.H.); (H.J.W.)
| | - Mikkel Lindegaard
- National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs Lyngby, Denmark; (M.L.); (K.T.L.); (U.L.)
| | - Klara Tølbøll Lauritsen
- National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs Lyngby, Denmark; (M.L.); (K.T.L.); (U.L.)
| | - Ulrike Lyhs
- National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs Lyngby, Denmark; (M.L.); (K.T.L.); (U.L.)
| | - Henk J. Wisselink
- Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, 8221 RA Lelystad, The Netherlands; (B.S.); (F.H.); (H.J.W.)
| | - Mikael Lenz Strube
- National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs Lyngby, Denmark; (M.L.); (K.T.L.); (U.L.)
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