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Leal CAG, Silva BA, Colombo SA. Susceptibility Profile and Epidemiological Cut-Off Values Are Influenced by Serotype in Fish Pathogenic Streptococcus agalactiae. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:1726. [PMID: 38136760 PMCID: PMC10741021 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12121726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Revised: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus agalactiae is a major health concern in tilapia farming worldwide. In contrast to the availability of susceptibility profile results, interpretative criteria for disk diffusion assays and the influence of serotypes on resistance profiles are not available. To address this, sixty isolates (thirty of each serotype, Ib and III) were evaluated using the disk diffusion assay against six antibiotics, and the epidemiological cut-off value (ECV) was calculated. All the isolates were classified as non-wild type (NWT) for sulfamethoxazole (SUT) and norfloxacin (NOR). The inhibition zones for oxytetracycline (OXY) and doxycycline (DOX) were largely distinct; all serotype Ib and III isolates were classified as wild-type (WT) and NWT, respectively. The results for serotype III of fish group B Streptococcus (GBS) were comparable to the NWT tetracycline profile of human GBS available in EUCAST, suggesting the presence of resistance mechanisms in these fish isolates. The calculation of the cut-off wild type (COWT) values for OXY and DOX was appropriate for both serotypes. Differences between the distribution of florfenicol (FLO) and amoxicillin (AMO) were found, and we attribute this to the faster growth rate of serotype III, which promotes smaller inhibition zones. Therefore, using separate COWT for each serotype is necessary. In conclusion, the serotype of fish GBS affects its susceptibility profile, and it is recommended to use serotype-specific COWT values as interpretative criteria for disk diffusion assays against FLO and AMO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Augusto Gomes Leal
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary School, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Brazil; (B.A.S.); (S.A.C.)
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Maganga R, Sindiyo E, Musyoki VM, Shirima G, Mmbaga BT. Comparative analysis of clinical breakpoints, normalized resistance interpretation and epidemiological cut-offs in interpreting antimicrobial resistance of Escherichia coli isolates originating from poultry in different farm types in Tanzania. Access Microbiol 2023; 5:acmi000540.v4. [PMID: 37601443 PMCID: PMC10436012 DOI: 10.1099/acmi.0.000540.v4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Existing breakpoint guidelines are not optimal for interpreting antimicrobial resistance (AMR) data from animal studies and low-income countries, and therefore their utility for analysing such data is limited. There is a need to integrate diverse data sets, such as those from low-income populations and animals, to improve data interpretation. Gap statement There is very limited research on the relative merits of clinical breakpoints, epidemiological cut-offs (ECOFFs) and normalized resistance interpretation (NRI) breakpoints in interpreting microbiological data, particularly in animal studies and studies from low-income countries. Aim The aim of this study was to compare antimicrobial resistance in Escherichia coli isolates using ECOFFs, CLSI and NRI breakpoints. Methodology A total of 59 non-repetitive poultry isolates were selected for investigation based on lactose fermentation on MacConkey agar and subsequent identification and confirmation as E. coli using chromogenic agar and uidA PCR. Kirby Bauer disc diffusion was used for susceptibility testing. For each antimicrobial agent, inhibition zone diameters were measured, and ECOFFs, CLSI and NRI bespoke breakpoints were used for resistance interpretation. Results According to the interpretation of all breakpoints except ECOFFs, tetracycline resistance was significantly higher (TET) (67.8 -69.5 %), than those for ciprofloxacin (CIPRO) (18.6 -32.2 %), imipenem (IMI) (3.4 -35 %) and ceftazidime (CEF) (1.7 -45.8 %). Prevalence estimates of AMR using CLSI and NRI bespoke breakpoints did not differ for CEF (1.7 % CB and 1.7 % COWT), IMI (3.4 % CB and 4.0 % COWT) and TET (67.8 % CB and 69.5 % COWT). However, with ECOFFs, AMR estimates for CEF, IMI and CIP were significantly higher (45.8, 35.6 and 64.4 %, respectively; P<0.05). Across all the three breakpoints, resistance to ciprofloxacin varied significantly (32.2 % CB, 64.4 % ECOFFs and 18.6 % COWT, P<0.05). Conclusion AMR interpretation is influenced by the breakpoint used, necessitating further standardization, especially for microbiological breakpoints, in order to harmonize outputs. The AMR ECOFF estimates in the present study were significantly higher compared to CLSI and NRI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Maganga
- University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
- University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
- Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Center/Kilimanjaro Clinical Research Institute, PO Box 2236, Moshi, Tanzania
| | - Emmanuel Sindiyo
- The Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology, PO Box 447, Arusha, Tanzania
| | - Victor Moses Musyoki
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Nairobi, PO Box 19676-00202, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Gabriel Shirima
- The Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology, PO Box 447, Arusha, Tanzania
| | - Blandina T. Mmbaga
- Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Center/Kilimanjaro Clinical Research Institute, PO Box 2236, Moshi, Tanzania
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Bokma J, Gille L, De Bleecker K, Callens J, Haesebrouck F, Pardon B, Boyen F. Antimicrobial Susceptibility of Mycoplasma bovis Isolates from Veal, Dairy and Beef Herds. Antibiotics (Basel) 2020; 9:antibiotics9120882. [PMID: 33316982 PMCID: PMC7764132 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics9120882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Revised: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasma bovis is an important pathogen causing mostly pneumonia in calves and mastitis in dairy cattle. In the absence of an effective vaccine, antimicrobial therapy remains the main control measure. Antimicrobial use in veal calves is substantially higher than in conventional herds, but whether veal calves also harbor more resistant M. bovis strains is currently unknown. Therefore, we compared antimicrobial susceptibility test results of M. bovis isolates from different cattle sectors and genomic clusters. The minimum inhibitory concentration of nine antimicrobials was determined for 141 Belgian M. bovis isolates (29 dairy, 69 beef, 12 mixed, 31 veal farms), and was used to estimate the epidemiological cut-off. Acquired resistance was frequently observed for the macrolides, while no acquired resistance to oxytetracycline and doxycycline, minimal acquired resistance to florfenicol and tiamulin, and a limited acquired resistance to enrofloxacin was seen. M. bovis isolates from beef cattle or genomic cluster III had higher odds of being gamithromycin-resistant than those from dairy cattle or genomic clusters IV and V. In this study, no cattle industry could be identified as source of resistant M. bovis strains. A single guideline for antimicrobial use for M. bovis infections, with a small remark for gamithromycin, is likely sufficient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jade Bokma
- Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium; (L.G.); (B.P.)
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium; (F.H.); (F.B.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Linde Gille
- Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium; (L.G.); (B.P.)
| | - Koen De Bleecker
- Animal Health Service-Flanders, Industrielaan 29, 8820 Torhout, Belgium; (K.D.B.); (J.C.)
| | - Jozefien Callens
- Animal Health Service-Flanders, Industrielaan 29, 8820 Torhout, Belgium; (K.D.B.); (J.C.)
| | - Freddy Haesebrouck
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium; (F.H.); (F.B.)
| | - Bart Pardon
- Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium; (L.G.); (B.P.)
| | - Filip Boyen
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium; (F.H.); (F.B.)
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Duman M, Saticioglu IB, Altun S. The determination of antimicrobial susceptibility by MIC and epidemiological cut-off values and the detection of resistance genes in Aeromonas species isolated from cultured fish. Lett Appl Microbiol 2020; 71:531-541. [PMID: 32726860 DOI: 10.1111/lam.13363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Revised: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The present study was aimed at determining antimicrobial susceptibility by a CLSI standard microdilution testing protocol and detecting the resistance genes of motile Aeromonas species isolated from cultured fish. The importance of the minimum inhibitory concentrations was assessed based on statistically determined epidemiological cut-off values calculated by normalized resistance analysis. Unfortunately, CLSI epidemiological cut-off values are available only for Aeromonas salmonicida, and there is no further detailed data on Aeromonas isolated from aquatic animals. The antimicrobial susceptibilities of pre-identified motile Aeromonas species to florfenicol, tetracycline and sulfamethoxazole were determined by calculating epidemiological cut-off values with fully automated and freely available Excel spreadsheets, applying the normalized resistance interpretation (NRI) method. Furthermore, the presence of the antimicrobial resistance genes floR, tetA, tetB, tetC, tetD, tetE, tetH, sulI, sulII and sulIII was detected by PCR analysis and confirmed by sequence analysis. The presence of up to six different genes (multiple antimicrobial resistance) was determined in the Aeromonas isolates. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: Significance and Impact of the Study: In this study, we investigated phenotypic and genotypic antimicrobial resistance characteristics by a novel method based on epidemiological cut-off values. This is the second comprehensive study on the antimicrobial susceptibility characteristics of Aeromonas species using NRI and epidemiological cut-off values. The present research is related to our previous researches focussed on the identification of motile Aeromonads, their prevalence in relation to different fish lengths, seasons and regions, and covered the investigation of Lactococcus garvieae, Yersinia ruckeri, Flavobacterium spp., Enterobacter spp. and Citrobacter spp.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Duman
- Department of Aquatic Animal Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Bursa Uludag University, Bursa, Turkey
| | - I B Saticioglu
- Department of Aquatic Animal Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - S Altun
- Department of Aquatic Animal Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Bursa Uludag University, Bursa, Turkey
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Mesías Valle F, Llanco L, Serrano-Martínez E, Hurtado C, Rodríguez T, Smith P. Antimicrobial sensitivity of pathogenic Yersinia ruckeri from central and southern highlands of Peru. J Fish Dis 2020; 43:631-633. [PMID: 32100306 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Revised: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Mesías Valle
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Luis Llanco
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | | | - Carmen Hurtado
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Tania Rodríguez
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Peter Smith
- National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
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Smith P, Endris R, Kronvall G, Thomas V, Verner-Jeffreys D, Wilhelm C, Dalsgaard I. Epidemiological cut-off values for Flavobacterium psychrophilum MIC data generated by a standard test protocol. J Fish Dis 2016; 39:143-154. [PMID: 25546427 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.12336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2014] [Accepted: 11/07/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Epidemiological cut-off values were developed for application to antibiotic susceptibility data for Flavobacterium psychrophilum generated by standard CLSI test protocols. The MIC values for ten antibiotic agents against Flavobacterium psychrophilum were determined in two laboratories. For five antibiotics, the data sets were of sufficient quality and quantity to allow the setting of valid epidemiological cut-off values. For these agents, the cut-off values, calculated by the application of the statistically based normalized resistance interpretation method, were ≤16 mg L(-1) for erythromycin, ≤2 mg L(-1) for florfenicol, ≤0.025 mg L(-1) for oxolinic acid (OXO), ≤0.125 mg L(-1) for oxytetracycline and ≤20 (1/19) mg L(-1) for trimethoprim/sulphamethoxazole. For ampicillin and amoxicillin, the majority of putative wild-type observations were 'off scale', and therefore, statistically valid cut-off values could not be calculated. For ormetoprim/sulphadimethoxine, the data were excessively diverse and a valid cut-off could not be determined. For flumequine, the putative wild-type data were extremely skewed, and for enrofloxacin, there was inadequate separation in the MIC values for putative wild-type and non-wild-type strains. It is argued that the adoption of OXO as a class representative for the quinolone group would be a valid method of determining susceptibilities to these agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Smith
- Department of Microbiology, School of Natural Sciences, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | - R Endris
- Merck Animal Health, Summit, NJ, USA
| | - G Kronvall
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - V Thomas
- MSD Animal Health Innovation, GmbH Zur Propstei, Schwabenheim, Germany
| | | | - C Wilhelm
- MSD Animal Health Innovation, GmbH Zur Propstei, Schwabenheim, Germany
| | - I Dalsgaard
- National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Frederiksburg, Denmark
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Smith P, Kronvall G. Estimating the precision of disc diffusion antibiotic susceptibility data published by the European committee on antimicrobial susceptibility testing. APMIS 2014; 122:1096-101. [PMID: 24730430 DOI: 10.1111/apm.12262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2013] [Accepted: 01/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Analysis of 163 disc diffusion data sets, 115 for bacterial species groups and 48 for types strains, published by EUCAST, was used to optimize the setting of the parameters of a standardized protocol for normalized resistance interpretation of these data. The standard deviations of the normalized distributions of these data sets, calculated using this standardized protocol, were shown to be independent of the means of their respective distributions. These standard deviations could, therefore, be used as a metric to quantify the precision of disc diffusion data sets. The median value of the standard deviations for 115 EUCAST data sets produced in multiple laboratory studies of bacterial species groups was 2.3 mm and that for the 48 EUCAST data sets produced in multiple laboratory studies of type strains was 1.5 mm. It is argued that this standardized method for estimating the precision of disc diffusion data provides a tool by which individual laboratories can assess the quality of the disc diffusion data they produce.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Smith
- Department of Microbiology, School of Natural Sciences, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
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