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McAloon CI, McAloon CG, Barrett D, Tratalos JA, McGrath G, Guelbenzu M, Graham DA, Kelly A, O'Keeffe K, More SJ. Estimation of sensitivity and specificity of bulk tank milk PCR and 2 antibody ELISA tests for herd-level diagnosis of Mycoplasma bovis infection using Bayesian latent class analysis. J Dairy Sci 2024:S0022-0302(24)00893-2. [PMID: 38851575 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2023-24590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/10/2024]
Abstract
Mycoplasmosis (due to infection with Mycoplasma bovis) is a serious disease of beef and dairy cattle that can adversely impact health, welfare and productivity (Maunsell et al. (2011)). Mycoplasmosis can lead to a range of often severe, clinical presentations. Mycoplasma bovis (M. bovis) infection can present either clinically or subclinically, with the potential for recrudescence of shedding in association with stressful periods. Infection can be maintained within herds because of intermittent shedding (Calcutt et al., 2018, Hazelton et al., 2018). M. bovis is recognized as poorly responsive to treatment which represents a major challenge for control in infected herds. Given this, particular focus is needed on biosecurity measures to prevent introduction into uninfected herds in the first place. A robust and reliable laboratory test for surveillance is important both for herd-level prevention and control. The objective of this study was to estimate the sensitivity and specificity of 3 diagnostic tests (one PCR and 2 ELISA tests) on bulk tank milk, for the herd-level detection of M. bovis using Bayesian latent class analysis. In autumn 2018, bulk tank milk samples from 11,807 herds, covering the majority of the main dairy regions in Ireland had been submitted to the Department of Agriculture testing laboratory for routine surveillance were made available. A stratified random sample approach was used to select a cohort of herds for testing from this larger sample set. A final study population of 728 herds had bulk tank milk samples analyzed using a Bio-X ELISA (ELISA 1), an IDvet ELISA (ELISA 2) and a PCR test. A Bayesian latent class analysis (BLCA) was conducted to estimate the sensitivity (Se) and specificity (Sp) of the 3 diagnostic tests applied to bulk tank milk (BTM) for the detection of the herd-level infection. An overall LCA was conducted on all herds within a single population (a 3-test, 1-population model). The herds were also split into 2 populations based on herd size (small herds had < 82 cattle) (a 3-test, 2-population model) and separately into 3 regions in Ireland (Leinster, Munster and Connacht/Ulster) (a 3-test, 3-population model). The latent variable of interest was the herd-level M. bovis infection status. In total, 363/728 (50%) were large herds, 7 (1.0%) were positive on PCR, 88 (12%) positive on ELISA 1, and 406 (56%) positive on ELISA 2. Based on the 2-population model, the sensitivity (95% Bayesian credible interval (BCI) was 0.03 (0.02, 0.05), 0.22 (0.18, 0.27), 0.94 (0.88, 0.98) for PCR, ELISA 1 and ELISA 2 respectively. The specificity (95% BCI) was 0.99 (0.99, 1.0), 0.97 (0.95, 0.99), and 0.92 (0.86, 0.97) for PCR, ELISA 1 and ELISA 2 respectively. The herd-level true prevalence was estimated at 0.43 (BCI 0.35, 0.5) for smaller herds. The true prevalence was estimated at 0.62 (BCI 0.55, 0.69) for larger herds. The true prevalence was estimated at 0.56 (BCI 0.49, 0.463) in the 1-population model. For the 3-population model, the sensitivity (95% BCI) was 0.03 (0.02, 0.05), 0.24 (0.18, 0.29), 0.95 (0.9, 0.98) for PCR, ELISA 1 and ELISA 2 respectively. The specificity (95% BCI) was 0.99 (0.99, 1.0), 0.98 (0.96, 0.99), and 0.88 (0.79, 0.95) for PCR, ELISA 1 and ELISA 2 respectively. The herd-level true prevalence (95% BCI) was estimated at 0.65 (0.56, 0.73), 0.38 (0.28, 0.46) and 0.53 (0.4, 0.65) for population 1, 2, 3 respectively. Across all 3 models, the range in true prevalence was 38% to 65% of Irish dairy herds infected with M. bovis. The operating characteristics vary substantially between tests. The IDvet ELISA had a relatively high Se (the highest Se of the 3 tests studied) but it was estimated at 0.95 at its highest in 3-test, 3-population model. This test may be an appropriate test for herd-level screening or prevalence estimation within the context of the endemically infected Irish dairy cattle population. Further work is required to optimize this test and its interpretation when applied at herd-level to offset concerns related to the lower than optimal test Sp.
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Affiliation(s)
- C I McAloon
- Section of Herd Health and Animal Husbandry, School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.
| | - C G McAloon
- Section of Herd Health and Animal Husbandry, School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - D Barrett
- National Disease Control Centre, Department of Agriculture Food and the Marine, Dublin, D02 WK12 Ireland
| | - J A Tratalos
- Centre for Veterinary Epidemiology and Risk Analysis, UCD School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - G McGrath
- Centre for Veterinary Epidemiology and Risk Analysis, UCD School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - M Guelbenzu
- Animal Health Ireland, 2-5 The Archways, Carrick on Shannon, Co. Leitrim, N41 WN27 Ireland
| | - D A Graham
- Animal Health Ireland, 2-5 The Archways, Carrick on Shannon, Co. Leitrim, N41 WN27 Ireland
| | - A Kelly
- Animal Health Ireland, 2-5 The Archways, Carrick on Shannon, Co. Leitrim, N41 WN27 Ireland
| | - K O'Keeffe
- Department of Agriculture Food and the Marine, Blood testing laboratory, Model Farm Road, Cork, T12 DK73 Ireland
| | - S J More
- Centre for Veterinary Epidemiology and Risk Analysis, UCD School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
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Bokma J, Kaske M, Vermijlen J, Stuyvaert S, Pardon B. Diagnostic performance of Mycoplasmopsis bovis antibody ELISA tests on bulk tank milk from dairy herds. BMC Vet Res 2024; 20:81. [PMID: 38443962 PMCID: PMC10916218 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-024-03927-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Testing of bulk tank milk (BTM) for Mycoplasmopsis bovis (previously Mycoplasma bovis) antibodies is increasingly popular. However the performance of some commercially available tests is unknown, and cutoff values possibly need to be adjusted in light of the purpose. Therefore, the aim of this study was to compare the diagnostic performance of three commercially available M. bovis antibody ELISAs on BTM, and to explore optimal cutoff values for screening purposes. A prospective diagnostic test accuracy study was performed on 156 BTM samples from Belgian and Swiss dairy farms using Bayesian Latent Class Analysis. Samples were initially classified using manufacturer cutoff values, followed by generated values. RESULTS Following the manufacturer's guidelines, sensitivity of 91.4%, 25.6%, 69.2%, and specificity of 67.2%, 96.8%, 85.8% were observed for ID-screen, Bio K432, and Bio K302, respectively. Optimization of cutoffs resulted in a sensitivity of 89.0%, 82.0%, and 85.5%, and a specificity of 83.4%, 75.1%, 77.2%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS The ID-screen showed the highest diagnostic performance after optimization of cutoff values, and could be useful for screening. Both Bio-X tests may be of value for diagnostic or confirmation purposes due to their high specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jade Bokma
- Department of Internal Medicine, Reproduction, and Population Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium.
| | - Martin Kaske
- Swiss Bovine Health Service, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Sabrina Stuyvaert
- Department of Internal Medicine, Reproduction, and Population Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Bart Pardon
- Department of Internal Medicine, Reproduction, and Population Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
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Rowe S, House JK, Zadoks RN. Milk as diagnostic fluid for udder health management. Aust Vet J 2024; 102:5-10. [PMID: 37798823 DOI: 10.1111/avj.13290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mastitis is the major disease affecting milk production of dairy cattle, and milk is an obvious substrate for the detection of both the inflammation and its causative infectious agents at quarter, cow, or herd levels. In this review, we examine the use of milk to detect inflammation based on somatic cell count (SCC) and other biomarkers, and for the detection of mastitis pathogens through culture-based and culture-free methods. FINDINGS The use of SCC at a cow or bulk milk level to guide udder health management in lactation is well-established, and SCC is increasingly used to guide selective dry cow treatment. Other markers of inflammation include electrical conductivity, which is used commercially, and markers of disease severity such as acute phase proteins but are not pathogen-specific. Some pathogen-specific markers based on humoral immune responses are available, but their value in udder health management is largely untested. Commercial pathogen detection is based on culture or polymerase chain reaction, with other tests, for example, loop-mediated isothermal amplification or 16S microbiome analysis still at the research or development stage. Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionisation time of flight (MALDI-ToF) is increasingly used for the identification of cultured organisms whilst application directly to milk needs further development. Details of test sensitivity, specificity, and use of the various technologies may differ between quarter, cow, and bulk milk applications. CONCLUSIONS There is a growing array of diagnostic assays that can be used to detect markers of inflammation or infection in milk. The value of some of these methods in on-farm udder health improvement programs is yet to be demonstrated whilst methods with proven value may be underutilised.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Rowe
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Dairy UP, The University of Sydney, Camden, New South Wales, 2567, Australia
| | - J K House
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Dairy UP, The University of Sydney, Camden, New South Wales, 2567, Australia
| | - R N Zadoks
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Dairy UP, The University of Sydney, Camden, New South Wales, 2567, Australia
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Biesheuvel MM, Ward C, Penterman P, van Engelen E, van Schaik G, Deardon R, Barkema HW. Within-herd transmission of Mycoplasma bovis infections after initial detection in dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2024; 107:516-529. [PMID: 37709017 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2023-23407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
Mycoplasma bovis outbreaks in cattle, including pathogen spread between age groups, are not well understood. Our objective was to estimate within-herd transmission across adult dairy cows, youngstock, and calves. Results from 3 tests (PCR, ELISA, and culture) per cow and 2 tests (PCR and ELISA) per youngstock and calf were used in an age-stratified susceptible-infected-removed/recovered (SIR) model to estimate within-herd transmission parameters, pathways, and potential effects of farm management practices. A cohort of adult cows, youngstock, and calves on 20 Dutch dairy farms with a clinical outbreak of M. bovis in adult cows were sampled, with collection of blood, conjunctival fluid, and milk from cows, and blood and conjunctival fluid from calves and youngstock, 5 times over a time span of 12 wk. Any individual with at least one positive laboratory test was considered M. bovis-positive. Transmission dynamics were modeled using an age-stratified SIR model featuring 3 age strata. Associations with farm management practices were explored using Fisher's exact tests and Poisson regression. Estimated transmission parameters were highly variable among herds and cattle age groups. Notably, transmission from cows to cows, youngstock, or to calves was associated with R-values ranging from 1.0 to 80 secondarily infected cows per herd, 1.2 to 38 secondarily infected youngstock per herd, and 0.1 to 91 secondarily infected calves per herd, respectively. In case of transmission from youngstock to youngstock, calves or to cows, R-values were 0.7 to 96 secondarily infected youngstock per herd, 1.1 to 76 secondarily infected calves per herd, and 0.1 to 107 secondarily infected cows per herd. For transmission from calves to calves, youngstock or to cows, R-values were 0.5 to 60 secondarily infected calves per herd, 1.1 to 41 secondarily infected youngstock per herd, and 0.1 to 47 secondarily infected cows per herd. Among on-farm transmission pathways, cow-to-youngstock, cow-to-calf, and cow-to-cow were identified as most significant contributors, with calf-to-calf and calf-to-youngstock also having noteworthy roles. Youngstock-to-youngstock was also implicated, albeit to a lesser extent. Whereas the primary focus was a clinical outbreak of M. bovis among adult dairy cows, it was evident that transmission extended to calves and youngstock, contributing to overall spread. Factors influencing transmission and specific transmission pathways were associated with internal biosecurity (separate caretakers for various age groups, number of people involved), external biosecurity (contractors, external employees), as well as indirect transmission routes (number of feed and water stations).
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Affiliation(s)
- Marit M Biesheuvel
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada T2N4N1.
| | - Caitlin Ward
- Division of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | | | | | - Gerdien van Schaik
- Royal GD, Deventer, the Netherlands 7418 EZ; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Population Health Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands 3584 CL
| | - Rob Deardon
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada T2N4N1; Faculty of Science, Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada T2N 1N4
| | - Herman W Barkema
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada T2N4N1
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Semmate N, Elkharat Z, Bamouh Z, Touzani CD, Fellahi S, Fihri OF, Elharrak M. Pathogenicity and molecular characterization of Mycoplasma bovis isolate from calves in Morocco. Braz J Microbiol 2023; 54:2477-2484. [PMID: 37452236 PMCID: PMC10484885 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-023-01061-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Bovine respiratory disease caused by Mycoplasma bovis (M. bovis) represents a major health problem for cattle worldwide that causes considerable financial losses. This study reports for the first time the molecular and pathogenic characterization of a strain of M. bovis isolated from a dead local calf with respiratory symptoms in Morocco. M. bovis was isolated from lung tissue, purified by cloning, and subtyped using MLST analysis. Experimental infection was conducted in naïve calves to evaluate pathogenicity. The isolate was identified as a new subtype ST-204 that shares similarities with the 2019-2021 Spanish strains (ST-169, ST-170, ST-171) and the 2018 Algeria isolate (ST-4). Experimental infection resulted in fever and respiratory symptoms with serous nasal discharge. At postmortem, lung lesions of congestion and hepatization were observed with lymph node enlargement and foci of necrosis. The study confirms the high pathogenicity of the isolate and the important role of M. bovis in bovine respiratory disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noha Semmate
- Department of Pathology and Veterinary Public Health, Agronomic and Veterinary Institute Hassan II, Rabat-Instituts, BP: 6202, Rabat, Morocco.
- Department of Research and Development, Multi-Chemical Industry Santé Animale, Box 278, 28810, Mohammedia, Morocco.
| | - Zouhair Elkharat
- Department of Pathology and Veterinary Public Health, Agronomic and Veterinary Institute Hassan II, Rabat-Instituts, BP: 6202, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Zahra Bamouh
- Department of Pathology and Veterinary Public Health, Agronomic and Veterinary Institute Hassan II, Rabat-Instituts, BP: 6202, Rabat, Morocco
- Department of Research and Development, Multi-Chemical Industry Santé Animale, Box 278, 28810, Mohammedia, Morocco
| | - Charifa Drissi Touzani
- Department of Research and Development, Multi-Chemical Industry Santé Animale, Box 278, 28810, Mohammedia, Morocco
| | - Siham Fellahi
- Department of Research and Development, Multi-Chemical Industry Santé Animale, Box 278, 28810, Mohammedia, Morocco
| | - Ouafaa Fassi Fihri
- Department of Research and Development, Multi-Chemical Industry Santé Animale, Box 278, 28810, Mohammedia, Morocco
| | - Mehdi Elharrak
- Department of Pathology and Veterinary Public Health, Agronomic and Veterinary Institute Hassan II, Rabat-Instituts, BP: 6202, Rabat, Morocco
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Bokma J, Stuyvaert S, Pardon B. Comparison and optimisation of screening cutoff values for Mycoplasma bovis antibody ELISAs using serum from youngstock. Vet Rec 2022; 191:e2179. [PMID: 36065576 DOI: 10.1002/vetr.2179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Revised: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mycoplasma bovis-associated disease can cause tremendous production losses, welfare issues and high antimicrobial use. Therefore, screening cattle for M. bovis antibodies before entering the herd is a popular and possibly cost-efficient way to reduce disease introduction. However, interpretation of results can be challenging due to variable accuracy between tests and populations. This study's objectives were to compare the diagnostic test accuracy of three commercially available M. bovis antibody ELISAs (ID-screen, Bio K302 and Bio K432) and to explore optimal cutoff values for screening purposes. METHODS A prospective diagnostic test accuracy study was performed on 170 serum samples from youngstock using Bayesian latent class modelling. Samples were categorised using manufacturer and generated cutoff values. RESULTS Using the manufacturers' guidelines, ID-screen, Bio K432 and Bio K302 showed 97.6%, 67.4% and 33.6% sensitivity, and 78.8%, 97.6% and 99.1% specificity, respectively. Optimised cutoffs resulted in 94.8%, 82.6% and 78.3% sensitivity, and 94.2%, 92.5% and 79.4% specificity, respectively. CONCLUSIONS The highest diagnostic accuracy for detecting M. bovis antibodies was obtained by ID-screen (≥110%). However, by adjusting cutoff values, the sensitivity of Bio-X tests could be markedly increased, making these tests also applicable as screening tools. LIMITATIONS Interpretation needs to be careful as antibodies may be linked to both infectious and non-infectious status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jade Bokma
- Department of Internal Medicine, Reproduction, and Population Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Sabrina Stuyvaert
- Department of Internal Medicine, Reproduction, and Population Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Bart Pardon
- Department of Internal Medicine, Reproduction, and Population Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
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Hurri E, Ohlson A, Lundberg Å, Aspán A, Pedersen K, Tråvén M. Herd-level prevalence of Mycoplasma bovis in Swedish dairy herds determined by antibody ELISA and PCR on bulk tank milk and herd characteristics associated with seropositivity. J Dairy Sci 2022; 105:7764-7772. [PMID: 35879164 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2021-21390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Mycoplasma bovis is an important pathogen causing pneumonia, mastitis, and arthritis in cattle, leading to reduced animal welfare and economic losses worldwide. In this cross-sectional study, we investigated the prevalence of M. bovis in bulk tank milk (BTM) and herd characteristics associated with a positive antibody test result in Swedish dairy herds. Bulk tank milk samples from all Swedish dairy herds (n = 3,144) were collected and analyzed with ID Screen antibody ELISA and PCR. Information on herd characteristics was collected from the national Dairy Herd Improvement database. To identify herd characteristics associated with the presence of antibodies in BTM, logistic regression was used in 4 different models. The apparent herd-level prevalence of M. bovis infection based on antibodies in BTM was 4.8%, with large regional differences ranging from 0 to 20%. None of the BTM samples was positive by PCR. All the antibody-positive herds were situated in the south of Sweden. The logistic regression model showed that larger herds had higher odds of detectable antibodies in BTM (herd size >120 cows, odds ratio = 8.8). An association was also found between antibodies in BTM and both a higher late calf mortality (2-6 mo) and a higher young stock mortality (6-15 mo). This study showed a clear regional difference in the apparent prevalence of M. bovis infection based on antibodies. The relatively low prevalence of M. bovis in Sweden is a strong motivator for the cattle industry to take steps to prevent further spread of the infection. It is essential that the M. bovis status of free herds be known, and the regional differences shown in this study suggest that testing is highly recommended when live cattle from high-prevalence areas are being introduced into herds. We do not recommend using PCR on BTM to detect infected herds, owing to the low detection frequency in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Hurri
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden; Department of Animal Health and Antimicrobial Strategies, National Veterinary Institute (SVA), SE-751 89 Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - A Ohlson
- Section of Animal Health, Växa Sverige, SE-101 24 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Å Lundberg
- Section of Animal Health, Växa Sverige, SE-101 24 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - A Aspán
- Department of Animal Health and Antimicrobial Strategies, National Veterinary Institute (SVA), SE-751 89 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - K Pedersen
- Department of Animal Health and Antimicrobial Strategies, National Veterinary Institute (SVA), SE-751 89 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - M Tråvén
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
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Farzaneh M, Derakhshandeh A, Al-Farha AABA, Petrovski K, Hemmatzadeh F. A novel phage-displayed MilA ELISA for detection of antibodies against Myc. bovis in bovine milk. J Appl Microbiol 2022; 133:1496-1505. [PMID: 35686656 PMCID: PMC9545076 DOI: 10.1111/jam.15655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Revised: 05/29/2022] [Accepted: 06/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The aim of this study was to assess a phage-displayed MilA protein of Myc. bovis in an indirect ELISA for the detection of Myc. bovis antibodies in milk samples. METHODS AND RESULTS The desired sequence of milA gene was synthesized and cloned into pCANTAB-F12 phagemid vector. The expression of the MilA on the phage surface was confirmed by Western blotting. The recombinant phage was used in the development of an indirect ELISA to detect Myc. bovis antibodies in milk samples. There was a significant agreement between the results of phage-based ELISA and recombinant GST-MilA ELISA for the detection of Myc. bovis antibodies in milk samples. CONCLUSIONS The inexpensive and convenient phage-based ELISA can be used instead of recombinant protein/peptide ELISA as an initial screening of Myc. bovis-associated mastitis. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF STUDY Mastitis associated with Myc. bovis is a continuous and serious problem in the dairy industry. Sero-monitoring of Myc. bovis infection cases are one of the key factors for surveillance of the infections in dairy farms. Despite the existence of some commercially serological assays for Myc. bovis antibodies, they have some limitations regarding their sensitivity and availability. The development of accurate diagnosis tools could contribute to control programmes of Myc. bovis-associated mastitis in the dairy herds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mina Farzaneh
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Abdollah Derakhshandeh
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Abd Al-Bar Ahmed Al-Farha
- Department of Animal Production, Technical Agricultural College, Northern Technical University, Mosul, Iraq
| | - Kiro Petrovski
- Australian Centre for Antimicrobial Resistance Ecology, The University of Adelaide, School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, South Australia, Australia.,Davies Research Centre, School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Farhid Hemmatzadeh
- Davies Research Centre, School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia.,School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
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McAloon CI, McAloon CG, Tratalos J, O'Grady L, McGrath G, Guelbenzu M, Graham DA, O'Keeffe K, Barrett DJ, More SJ. Seroprevalence of Mycoplasma bovis in bulk milk samples in Irish dairy herds and risk factors associated with herd seropositive status. J Dairy Sci 2022; 105:5410-5419. [PMID: 35346476 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2021-21334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Mycoplasma bovis is a serious disease of cattle worldwide; mastitis, pneumonia, and arthritis are particularly important clinical presentations in dairy herds. Mycoplasma bovis was first identified in Ireland in 1994, and the reporting of Mycoplasma-associated disease has substantially increased over the last 5 years. Despite the presumed endemic nature of M. bovis in Ireland, there is a paucity of data on the prevalence of infection, and the effect of this disease on the dairy industry. The aim of this observational study was to estimate apparent herd prevalence for M. bovis in Irish dairy herds using routinely collected bulk milk surveillance samples and to assess risk factors for herd seropositivity. In autumn 2018, 1,500 herds out of the 16,858 herds that submitted bulk tank milk (BTM) samples to the Department of Agriculture testing laboratory for routine surveillance were randomly selected for further testing. A final data set of 1,313 sampled herds with a BTM ELISA result were used for the analysis. Testing was conducted using an indirect ELISA kit (ID Screen Mycoplasma bovis). Herd-level risk factors were used as explanatory variables to determine potential risk factors associated with positive herd status (reflecting past or current exposure to M. bovis). A total of 588 of the 1,313 BTM samples were positive to M. bovis, providing an apparent herd prevalence of 0.45 (95% CI: 0.42, 0.47) in Irish dairy herds in autumn 2018. Multivariable analysis was conducted using logistic regression. The final model identified herd size, the number of neighboring farms, in-degree and county as statistically significant risk factors for herd BTM seropositivity to M. bovis. The results suggest a high apparent herd prevalence of seropositivity to M. bovis, and evidence that M. bovis infection is now endemic in the Irish dairy sector. In addition, risk factors identified are closely aligned to what we would expect of an infectious disease. Awareness raising and education about this important disease is warranted given the widespread nature of exposure and likely infection in Irish herds. Further work on the validation of diagnostic tests for herd-level diagnosis should be undertaken as a matter of priority.
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Affiliation(s)
- C I McAloon
- Section of Herd Health and Animal Husbandry, School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, D04 W6F6, Ireland.
| | - C G McAloon
- Section of Herd Health and Animal Husbandry, School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, D04 W6F6, Ireland
| | - J Tratalos
- Centre for Veterinary Epidemiology and Risk Analysis, UCD School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, D04 W6F6, Ireland
| | - L O'Grady
- Section of Herd Health and Animal Husbandry, School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, D04 W6F6, Ireland
| | - G McGrath
- Centre for Veterinary Epidemiology and Risk Analysis, UCD School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, D04 W6F6, Ireland
| | - M Guelbenzu
- Animal Health Ireland, 2-5 The Archways, Carrick on Shannon, Co. Leitrim, N41 WN27 Ireland
| | - D A Graham
- Animal Health Ireland, 2-5 The Archways, Carrick on Shannon, Co. Leitrim, N41 WN27 Ireland
| | - K O'Keeffe
- Department of Agriculture Food and the Marine, Blood Testing Laboratory, Model Farm Road, Cork, T12 DK73 Ireland
| | - D J Barrett
- National Disease Control Centre, Department of Agriculture Food and the Marine, Dublin, D02 WK12 Ireland
| | - S J More
- Section of Herd Health and Animal Husbandry, School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, D04 W6F6, Ireland; Centre for Veterinary Epidemiology and Risk Analysis, UCD School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, D04 W6F6, Ireland
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Arcangioli MA, Lurier T, Hauray K, Tardy F. Large-size fattening calves' lots fed with automatic milk feeders may have an increased risk for Mycoplasma bovis infection spread and for antibiotic use. Animal 2021; 15:100397. [PMID: 34844188 DOI: 10.1016/j.animal.2021.100397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Revised: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine respiratory disease is the leading user of antibiotics (AB) in calf production. Mycoplasma (M.) bovis could lead to greater use of AB as it is a persistent and AB resistant causative agent for respiratory diseases. Two cross-sectional studies were set up to assess the effects of lot size and feeding system on M. bovis infection and the effects of M. bovis seroconversion, lot size and feeding system on AB use in calves' feedlots. Twenty-six lots in 22 fattening farms were monitored for 41-81 days, from all-in entry of calves until three consecutive weeks without using any collective antibiotics. M. bovis spread was estimated by measuring seroconversion at entry and at the end of study period in 10-15 calves randomly sampled in each lot. All AB treatments used in the meanwhile were recorded. The lots were selected according to feeding system, i.e. individual bucket (n = 7) vs. automated milk feeder (AMF, n = 19), and lot size (30-519 calves), less than 50 calves (n = 9) vs. more than 50 calves (n = 17). Statistical analysis was performed using multivariable generalised linear models with fattening farms as random effect. M. bovis spread increased with lot size (odds ratio (OR) 2.9[1.4; 5.8] per two-fold increase in lot size). This proportion of seroconverted calves was lower in bucket-fed lots compared to lots fed with the AMF using a shared nipple (OR = 0.03[0.003; 0.41]). The main risk factor for AB use was the lot size, with an increase of 1.5[0.94; 1.98] treatments per two-fold increase in lot size. For same size lots, the use of bucket can decrease AB consumption by up to 1.03[-2.18; 0.14] treatments per calf compared to AMF. Analysis of the association between seroconversion to M. bovis and AB use was inconclusive. We found that bucket feeding in small-size lots, i.e. up to a maximum of 50 calves in the same space, limits seroconversion to M. bovis and enables lower use of AB in veal calf production.
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Affiliation(s)
- M-A Arcangioli
- UMR Mycoplasmoses animales, VetAgro Sup, Université de Lyon, 69280 Marcy-l'Etoile, France; UMR Mycoplasmoses animales, Anses, Université de Lyon, 69007 Lyon, France.
| | - T Lurier
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, VetAgro Sup, UMR EPIA, F-63122 Saint-Genès-Champanelle, France; Université de Lyon, INRAE, VetAgro Sup, UMR EPIA, F-69280 Marcy l'Etoile, France; Université de Lyon, INRAE, VetAgro Sup, USC 1233 UR RS2GP, 69280 Marcy-l'Etoile, France
| | - K Hauray
- Clinique Vétérinaire du Clair Matin, 01000 Bourg-en-Bresse, France
| | - F Tardy
- UMR Mycoplasmoses animales, Anses, Université de Lyon, 69007 Lyon, France; UMR Mycoplasmoses animales, VetAgro Sup, Université de Lyon, 69280 Marcy-l'Etoile, France
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Pohjanvirta T, Vähänikkilä N, Talvitie V, Pelkonen S, Autio T. Suitability of Nasal and Deep Nasopharyngeal Swab Sampling of Calves in the Mycoplasma bovis Control Program. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:689212. [PMID: 34568471 PMCID: PMC8460904 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.689212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasma bovis is an important cattle pathogen affecting animal health, welfare, and productivity. The main disease syndromes are mastitis, pneumonia, and otitis media in young stock, as well as arthritis. Response to antibiotic treatment is poor and no effective vaccine is available. Asymptomatic carriers are common and usually harbor the organism in the airways or mammary glands. Purchase of carrier animals is a major risk for the introduction of infection into naive herds. Following the detection of M. bovis in Finland in 2012, a voluntary control program was established. It aims to prevent the spread of the infection and to help farms attain certification of a low M. bovis risk. Among the diagnostic tools in the program, nasal swabs (NS) from young calves have been tested for M. bovis to indicate the infection status of the herd. In this study, we assessed the suitability of this test method. We analyzed the effectiveness of NS and deep nasopharyngeal swabs (NP) to detect M. bovis in pneumonic and healthy calves in dairy herds recently infected with M. bovis. In pneumonic calves, NP sampling followed by culture and real-time PCR demonstrated a proportion of positive agreement (PPA) of 0.91 compared with bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL), whereas NS showed only 0.5 PPA compared with BAL. Among healthy dairy calves, overall M. bovis prevalence in NS was 29.6%. The highest rate of shedding (43%) occurred in calves 31–60 days old. At the calf level, M. bovis prevalence in NP samples was 47% compared with 33% in NS samples among the 284 studied calves. However, at the herd level, NS sampling classified 51 out of 54 herds with a positive infection status as infected, whereas in NP sampling, the respective figure was 43 out of 54 herds (p = 0.061). In conclusion, NS sampling from calves under 6 months of age and analyzed by real-time PCR is a cost-efficient method for a control program to detect M. bovis in dairy herds, even if no M. bovis mastitis has been detected in the herd. For pneumonic calves, we recommend only NP or BAL sampling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarja Pohjanvirta
- Veterinary Bacteriology and Pathology, Finnish Food Authority, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Nella Vähänikkilä
- Veterinary Bacteriology and Pathology, Finnish Food Authority, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Vera Talvitie
- Department of Production Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Saarentaus, Finland.,Animal Health Ettry, Seinäjoki, Finland
| | - Sinikka Pelkonen
- Veterinary Bacteriology and Pathology, Finnish Food Authority, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Tiina Autio
- Veterinary Bacteriology and Pathology, Finnish Food Authority, Kuopio, Finland
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Dudek K, Szacawa E. Mycoplasma bovis Infections: Occurrence, Pathogenesis, Diagnosis and Control, Including Prevention and Therapy. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9120994. [PMID: 33260865 PMCID: PMC7760832 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9120994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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