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Garg D, Agarwal A, Faruq M, Srivastava AK. The First Indian Patient With Benign Hereditary Chorea due to a De Novo Mutation in the NKX2-1 Gene. J Mov Disord 2024; 17:239-241. [PMID: 38419487 PMCID: PMC11082612 DOI: 10.14802/jmd.23273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Divyani Garg
- Department of Neurology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Ayush Agarwal
- Department of Neurology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Mohammed Faruq
- Division of Genomics and Molecular Medicine, CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (IGIB), New Delhi, India
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2
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Whitford W, Taylor J, Hayes I, Smith W, Snell RG, Lehnert K, Jacobsen JC. A novel 11 base pair deletion in KMT2C resulting in Kleefstra syndrome 2. Mol Genet Genomic Med 2024; 12:e2350. [PMID: 38146907 PMCID: PMC10767577 DOI: 10.1002/mgg3.2350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Revised: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/27/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Haploinsufficiency of the Lysine Methyltransferase 2C (KMT2C) gene results in the autosomal dominant disorder, Kleefstra syndrome 2. It is an extremely rare neurodevelopmental condition, with 14 previous reports describing varied clinical manifestations including dysmorphic features, delayed psychomotor development and delayed growth. METHODS Here, we describe a female with global developmental delay, attention deficit disorder, dyspraxia, short stature and subtle non-specific dysmorphic features. To identify causative mutations, whole exome sequencing was performed on the proband and her younger brother with discrete clinical presentation. RESULTS Whole exome sequencing identified a novel de novo heterozygous 11 bp deletion in KMT2C (c.1759_1769del), resulting in a frameshift mutation and early termination of the protein (p.Gln587SerfsTer7). This variant is the second-most N-terminal reported mutation, located 4171 amino acids upstream of the critical enzymatically active SET domain (required for chromatin modification and histone methylation). CONCLUSION The majority of the other reported mutations are frameshift mutations upstream of the SET domain and are predicted to result in protein truncation. It is thought that truncation of the SET domain, results functionally in an inability to modify chromatin through histone methylation. This report expands the clinical and genetic characterisation of Kleefstra syndrome 2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Whitney Whitford
- School of Biological SciencesThe University of AucklandAucklandNew Zealand
- Centre for Brain ResearchThe University of AucklandAucklandNew Zealand
| | - Juliet Taylor
- Genetic Health Service NZTe Whatu OraAucklandNew Zealand
| | - Ian Hayes
- Genetic Health Service NZTe Whatu OraAucklandNew Zealand
| | - Warwick Smith
- Kidz First Child Development ServiceTe Whatu OraAucklandNew Zealand
| | - Russell G. Snell
- School of Biological SciencesThe University of AucklandAucklandNew Zealand
- Centre for Brain ResearchThe University of AucklandAucklandNew Zealand
| | - Klaus Lehnert
- School of Biological SciencesThe University of AucklandAucklandNew Zealand
- Centre for Brain ResearchThe University of AucklandAucklandNew Zealand
| | - Jessie C. Jacobsen
- School of Biological SciencesThe University of AucklandAucklandNew Zealand
- Centre for Brain ResearchThe University of AucklandAucklandNew Zealand
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Jorge SD, Chi YI, Mazaba JL, Haque N, Wagenknecht J, Smith BC, Volkman BF, Mathison AJ, Lomberk G, Zimmermann MT, Urrutia R. Deep computational phenotyping of genomic variants impacting the SET domain of KMT2C reveal molecular mechanisms for their dysfunction. Front Genet 2023; 14:1291307. [PMID: 38090150 PMCID: PMC10715303 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2023.1291307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Kleefstra Syndrome type 2 (KLEFS-2) is a genetic, neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by intellectual disability, infantile hypotonia, severe expressive language delay, and characteristic facial appearance, with a spectrum of other distinct clinical manifestations. Pathogenic mutations in the epigenetic modifier type 2 lysine methyltransferase KMT2C have been identified to be causative in KLEFS-2 individuals. Methods: This work reports a translational genomic study that applies a multidimensional computational approach for deep variant phenotyping, combining conventional genomic analyses, advanced protein bioinformatics, computational biophysics, biochemistry, and biostatistics-based modeling. We use standard variant annotation, paralog annotation analyses, molecular mechanics, and molecular dynamics simulations to evaluate damaging scores and provide potential mechanisms underlying KMT2C variant dysfunction. Results: We integrated data derived from the structure and dynamics of KMT2C to classify variants into SV (Structural Variant), DV (Dynamic Variant), SDV (Structural and Dynamic Variant), and VUS (Variant of Uncertain Significance). When compared with controls, these variants show values reflecting alterations in molecular fitness in both structure and dynamics. Discussion: We demonstrate that our 3D models for KMT2C variants suggest distinct mechanisms that lead to their imbalance and are not predictable from sequence alone. Thus, the missense variants studied here cause destabilizing effects on KMT2C function by different biophysical and biochemical mechanisms which we adeptly describe. This new knowledge extends our understanding of how variations in the KMT2C gene cause the dysfunction of its methyltransferase enzyme product, thereby bearing significant biomedical relevance for carriers of KLEFS2-associated genomic mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salomão Dória Jorge
- Linda T. and John A. Mellowes Center for Genomic Sciences and Precision Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - Young-In Chi
- Linda T. and John A. Mellowes Center for Genomic Sciences and Precision Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
- Division of Research, Department of Surgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - Jose Lizarraga Mazaba
- Linda T. and John A. Mellowes Center for Genomic Sciences and Precision Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - Neshatul Haque
- Linda T. and John A. Mellowes Center for Genomic Sciences and Precision Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - Jessica Wagenknecht
- Linda T. and John A. Mellowes Center for Genomic Sciences and Precision Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - Brian C. Smith
- Linda T. and John A. Mellowes Center for Genomic Sciences and Precision Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - Brian F. Volkman
- Linda T. and John A. Mellowes Center for Genomic Sciences and Precision Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - Angela J. Mathison
- Linda T. and John A. Mellowes Center for Genomic Sciences and Precision Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
- Division of Research, Department of Surgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - Gwen Lomberk
- Linda T. and John A. Mellowes Center for Genomic Sciences and Precision Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
- Division of Research, Department of Surgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - Michael T. Zimmermann
- Linda T. and John A. Mellowes Center for Genomic Sciences and Precision Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
- Clinical and Translational Sciences Institute, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - Raul Urrutia
- Linda T. and John A. Mellowes Center for Genomic Sciences and Precision Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
- Division of Research, Department of Surgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
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4
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Talukdar PD, Chatterji U. Transcriptional co-activators: emerging roles in signaling pathways and potential therapeutic targets for diseases. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2023; 8:427. [PMID: 37953273 PMCID: PMC10641101 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-023-01651-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Revised: 08/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Specific cell states in metazoans are established by the symphony of gene expression programs that necessitate intricate synergic interactions between transcription factors and the co-activators. Deregulation of these regulatory molecules is associated with cell state transitions, which in turn is accountable for diverse maladies, including developmental disorders, metabolic disorders, and most significantly, cancer. A decade back most transcription factors, the key enablers of disease development, were historically viewed as 'undruggable'; however, in the intervening years, a wealth of literature validated that they can be targeted indirectly through transcriptional co-activators, their confederates in various physiological and molecular processes. These co-activators, along with transcription factors, have the ability to initiate and modulate transcription of diverse genes necessary for normal physiological functions, whereby, deregulation of such interactions may foster tissue-specific disease phenotype. Hence, it is essential to analyze how these co-activators modulate specific multilateral processes in coordination with other factors. The proposed review attempts to elaborate an in-depth account of the transcription co-activators, their involvement in transcription regulation, and context-specific contributions to pathophysiological conditions. This review also addresses an issue that has not been dealt with in a comprehensive manner and hopes to direct attention towards future research that will encompass patient-friendly therapeutic strategies, where drugs targeting co-activators will have enhanced benefits and reduced side effects. Additional insights into currently available therapeutic interventions and the associated constraints will eventually reveal multitudes of advanced therapeutic targets aiming for disease amelioration and good patient prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka Dey Talukdar
- Cancer Research Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Calcutta, 35 Ballygunge Circular Road, Kolkata, 700019, West Bengal, India
| | - Urmi Chatterji
- Cancer Research Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Calcutta, 35 Ballygunge Circular Road, Kolkata, 700019, West Bengal, India.
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Kim YM, Lim HH, Kim E, Kim G, Kim M, So H, Lee BK, Kwon Y, Min J, Lee YS. Exploring the Genetic Causes for Postnatal Growth Failure in Children Born Non-Small for Gestational Age. J Clin Med 2023; 12:6508. [PMID: 37892645 PMCID: PMC10607479 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12206508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2023] [Revised: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The most common causes of short stature (SS) in children are familial short stature (FSS) and idiopathic short stature (ISS). Recently, growth plate dysfunction has been recognized as the genetic cause of FSS or ISS. The aim of this study was to investigate monogenic growth failure in patients with ISS and FSS. Targeted exome sequencing was performed in patients categorized as ISS or FSS and the subsequent response to growth hormone (GH) therapy was analyzed. We found 17 genetic causes involving 12 genes (NPR2, IHH, BBS1, COL1A1, COL2A1, TRPS1, MASP1, SPRED1, PTPTN11, ADNP, NADSYN1, and CERT1) and 2 copy number variants. A genetic cause was found in 45.5% and 35.7% of patients with FSS and ISS, respectively. The genetic yield in patients with syndromic and non-syndromic SS was 90% and 23.1%, respectively. In the 11 genetically confirmed patients, a gain in height from -2.6 to -1.3 standard deviations after 2 years of GH treatment was found. The overall diagnostic yield in this study was 41.7%. We identified several genetic causes involving paracrine signaling, the extracellular matrix, and basic intracellular processes. Identification of the causative gene may provide prognostic evidence for the use of GH therapy in non-SGA children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoo-Mi Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Chungnam National University Sejong Hospital, Sejong 30099, Republic of Korea
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Han-Hyuk Lim
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
- Department of Pediatrics, Chungnam National University Hospital, Daejeon 35015, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunhee Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Chungnam National University Sejong Hospital, Sejong 30099, Republic of Korea
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Geena Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Chungnam National University Sejong Hospital, Sejong 30099, Republic of Korea
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Minji Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Chungnam National University Sejong Hospital, Sejong 30099, Republic of Korea
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyejin So
- Department of Pediatrics, Chungnam National University Sejong Hospital, Sejong 30099, Republic of Korea
| | - Byoung Kook Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, Chungnam National University Sejong Hospital, Sejong 30099, Republic of Korea
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoowon Kwon
- Department of Pediatrics, Chungnam National University Sejong Hospital, Sejong 30099, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeesu Min
- Department of Pediatrics, Chungnam National University Sejong Hospital, Sejong 30099, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Seok Lee
- Department of Radiology, Chungnam National University Sejong Hospital, Sejong 30099, Republic of Korea
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6
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Karlak V, Jankowski J, Kolasińska J, Nijakowski K. Kleefstra Syndrome-Dental Manifestations and Needs: A Case Report with a Literature Review. Case Rep Dent 2023; 2023:2478465. [PMID: 37780946 PMCID: PMC10541297 DOI: 10.1155/2023/2478465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Revised: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Kleefstra syndrome (KS) is a rare genetic disorder (prevalence < 1/1 000 000) characterised by autistic spectrum disorder (ASD), childhood hypotonia, and seizures. A typical facial appearance includes microcephaly, arched eyebrows, synophrism, hypertelorism, a short nose, midface hypoplasia, prognathism, and tongue protrusion. This case report presents a 19-year-old female with KS from a dentist's perspective. The patient demonstrates limited mouth opening with a slight deviation of the mandible on the left side. The mandibular prognathism and anterior open bite are visible. A generalised inflammatory gingival enlargement is most likely a response to local irritants like plaque and calculus but is enhanced by the patient's mouth breathing habit. Also, the tongue is unusually large-macroglossia. Dental anomalies were diagnosed by digital panoramic radiograph, including dilaceration of the maxillary left second premolar and taurodontism. The patient was qualified to be treated under general anaesthesia with multiple extractions, restorations, hygienisation procedures, and tooth remineralisation. This individual should also be considered for orthodontic treatment and an eventual tongue reduction procedure. In the case of KS, multidisciplinary cooperation as well as frequent dental check-ups with fluoride prophylaxis are recommended. Unfortunately, dental treatment is still not an integral part of taking care of disabled children and youth with rare diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Karlak
- University Centre of Dentistry and Specialised Medicine, 60-812 Poznan, Poland
| | - Jakub Jankowski
- Student's Scientific Group in Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-812 Poznan, Poland
| | - Julia Kolasińska
- Student's Scientific Group in Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-812 Poznan, Poland
| | - Kacper Nijakowski
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-812 Poznan, Poland
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7
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Ghafouri-Fard S, Pourtavakoli A, Hussen BM, Taheri M, Ayatollahi SA. A Review on the Role of Genetic Mutations in the Autism Spectrum Disorder. Mol Neurobiol 2023; 60:5256-5272. [PMID: 37278883 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-023-03405-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is among the most widespread neurodevelopmental diseases, with an approximate prevalence rate of 1 in 59. From a genetic point of view, this disorder is highly heterogeneous. This disorder is associated with both inheritable and de novo mutations in several genes. In addition to genetic loci that are identified through early karyotype analyses, recent advent of high throughput sequencing methods has facilitated identification of several genetic loci that confer risk of ASD. The current review provides an overview of different types of identified mutations including missense and nonsense mutations and copy number variations in various genes in individuals affected with ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soudeh Ghafouri-Fard
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ashkan Pourtavakoli
- Phytochemistry Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Bashdar Mahmud Hussen
- Department of Clinical Analysis, College of Pharmacy, Hawler Medical University, Erbil, Kurdistan Region, Iraq
| | - Mohammad Taheri
- Institute of Human Genetics, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany.
- Urology and Nephrology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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8
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Brauer B, Merino-Veliz N, Ahumada-Marchant C, Arriagada G, Bustos FJ. KMT2C knockout generates ASD-like behaviors in mice. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1227723. [PMID: 37538398 PMCID: PMC10394233 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1227723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurodevelopmental disorders have been associated with genetic mutations that affect cellular function, including chromatin regulation and epigenetic modifications. Recent studies in humans have identified mutations in KMT2C, an enzyme responsible for modifying histone tails and depositing H3K4me1 and H3K4me3, as being associated with Kleefstra syndrome 2 and autism spectrum disorder (ASD). However, the precise role of KMT2C mutations in brain disorders remains poorly understood. Here we employed CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing to analyze the effects of KMT2C brain specific knockout on animal behavior. Knocking out KMT2C expression in cortical neurons and the mouse brain resulted in decreased KMT2C levels. Importantly, KMT2C brain specific knockout animals exhibited repetitive behaviors, social deficits, and intellectual disability resembling ASD. Our findings shed light on the involvement of KMT2C in neurodevelopmental processes and establish a valuable model for elucidating the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying KMT2C mutations and their relationship to Kleefstra syndrome 2 and ASD.
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9
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Reis LM, Atilla H, Kannu P, Schneider A, Thompson S, Bardakjian T, Semina EV. Distinct Roles of Histone Lysine Demethylases and Methyltransferases in Developmental Eye Disease. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:216. [PMID: 36672956 PMCID: PMC9859058 DOI: 10.3390/genes14010216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Histone lysine methyltransferase and demethylase enzymes play a central role in chromatin organization and gene expression through the dynamic regulation of histone lysine methylation. Consistent with this, genes encoding for histone lysine methyltransferases (KMTs) and demethylases (KDMs) are involved in complex human syndromes, termed congenital regulopathies. In this report, we present several lines of evidence for the involvement of these genes in developmental ocular phenotypes, suggesting that individuals with structural eye defects, especially when accompanied by craniofacial, neurodevelopmental and growth abnormalities, should be examined for possible variants in these genes. We identified nine heterozygous damaging genetic variants in KMT2D (5) and four other histone lysine methyltransferases/demethylases (KMT2C, SETD1A/KMT2F, KDM6A and KDM5C) in unrelated families affected with developmental eye disease, such as Peters anomaly, sclerocornea, Axenfeld-Rieger spectrum, microphthalmia and coloboma. Two families were clinically diagnosed with Axenfeld-Rieger syndrome and two were diagnosed with Peters plus-like syndrome; others received no specific diagnosis prior to genetic testing. All nine alleles were novel and five of them occurred de novo; five variants resulted in premature truncation, three were missense changes and one was an in-frame deletion/insertion; and seven variants were categorized as pathogenic or likely pathogenic and two were variants of uncertain significance. This study expands the phenotypic spectra associated with KMT and KDM factors and highlights the importance of genetic testing for correct clinical diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda M. Reis
- Department of Pediatrics and Children’s Research Institute, Medical College of Wisconsin and Children’s Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Huban Atilla
- Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, Ankara University, 0600 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Peter Kannu
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada
| | - Adele Schneider
- Einstein Medical Center Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19141, USA
| | - Samuel Thompson
- Department of Pediatrics and Children’s Research Institute, Medical College of Wisconsin and Children’s Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Tanya Bardakjian
- Einstein Medical Center Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19141, USA
| | - Elena V. Semina
- Department of Pediatrics and Children’s Research Institute, Medical College of Wisconsin and Children’s Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
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Roth C, Kilpinen H, Kurian MA, Barral S. Histone lysine methyltransferase-related neurodevelopmental disorders: current knowledge and saRNA future therapies. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1090046. [PMID: 36923252 PMCID: PMC10009263 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1090046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurodevelopmental disorders encompass a group of debilitating diseases presenting with motor and cognitive dysfunction, with variable age of onset and disease severity. Advances in genetic diagnostic tools have facilitated the identification of several monogenic chromatin remodeling diseases that cause Neurodevelopmental disorders. Chromatin remodelers play a key role in the neuro-epigenetic landscape and regulation of brain development; it is therefore not surprising that mutations, leading to loss of protein function, result in aberrant neurodevelopment. Heterozygous, usually de novo mutations in histone lysine methyltransferases have been described in patients leading to haploinsufficiency, dysregulated protein levels and impaired protein function. Studies in animal models and patient-derived cell lines, have highlighted the role of histone lysine methyltransferases in the regulation of cell self-renewal, cell fate specification and apoptosis. To date, in depth studies of histone lysine methyltransferases in oncology have provided strong evidence of histone lysine methyltransferase dysregulation as a determinant of cancer progression and drug resistance. As a result, histone lysine methyltransferases have become an important therapeutic target for the treatment of different cancer forms. Despite recent advances, we still lack knowledge about the role of histone lysine methyltransferases in neuronal development. This has hampered both the study and development of precision therapies for histone lysine methyltransferases-related Neurodevelopmental disorders. In this review, we will discuss the current knowledge of the role of histone lysine methyltransferases in neuronal development and disease progression. We will also discuss how RNA-based technologies using small-activating RNAs could potentially provide a novel therapeutic approach for the future treatment of histone lysine methyltransferase haploinsufficiency in these Neurodevelopmental disorders, and how they could be first tested in state-of-the-art patient-derived neuronal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Roth
- Molecular Neurosciences, Developmental Neurosciences Programme, Zayed Centre for Research into Rare Disease in Children, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Helena Kilpinen
- Helsinki Institute of Life Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Manju A Kurian
- Molecular Neurosciences, Developmental Neurosciences Programme, Zayed Centre for Research into Rare Disease in Children, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom.,Department of Neurology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, United Kingdom
| | - Serena Barral
- Molecular Neurosciences, Developmental Neurosciences Programme, Zayed Centre for Research into Rare Disease in Children, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
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