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Yang P, Zhu X, Lan H, Wu Y, Pan D. Electrospun of functionalized mesoporous UiO-66 as the selective coating of solid phase microextraction Arrow for the determination of nine alkylphenols. Mikrochim Acta 2024; 191:188. [PMID: 38457047 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-024-06248-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
A solid-phase microextraction (SPME) Arrow and high-performance liquid chromatography-UV detector (HPLC-UV, detection at 225 nm) based method was developed for the selective determination of nine alkylphenols (APs) in milk. The functionalized mesoporous UiO-66 (4-meso-UiO-66) was utilized as the new coating material, which was synthesized by post-modification of pore-expanded UiO-66-NH2 by an esterification reaction with 4-pentylbenzoic acid. It was fully characterized by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), fourier transformation infrared spectrometry, nitrogen sorption-desorption test, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and X-ray diffractometer. The characterization results showed the ester groups and benzene rings were introduced into the 4-meso-UiO-66, and the mesoporous structure was predominant in the 4-meso-UiO-66. The extraction mechanism of 4-meso-UiO-66 to APs is the synergistic effect of Zr-O electrostatic interaction and the size exclusion effect resulting from XPS, selectivity test, and nitrogen sorption-desorption test. The electrospinning technique was utilized to fabricate the 4-meso-UiO-66 coated SPME Arrow and polyacrylonitrile (PAN) was used as the adhesive. The mass rate of 4-meso-UiO-66 to PAN and the electrospinning time were evaluated. The extraction and desorption parameters were also studied. The linear range of this method was 0.2-1000 μg L-1 with a coefficient of determination greater than 0.9989 under the optimal conditions. The detection limits were 0.05-1 μg L-1, the inter-day and intra-day precision (RSD) were 2.8-11.5%, and the recovery was 83.6%-112%. The reusability study showed that the extraction performance of this new SPME Arrow could be maintained after 80 adsorption-desorption cycles. This method showed excellent applicability for the selective determination of APs in milk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peixun Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Zhejiang-Malaysia Joint Research Laboratory for Agricultural Product Processing and Nutrition and College of Food and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315800, China
| | - Xiaoyan Zhu
- State Key Laboratory for Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Zhejiang-Malaysia Joint Research Laboratory for Agricultural Product Processing and Nutrition and College of Food and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315800, China
- Ningbo Customs Technology Center, Ningbo, 315048, China
| | - Hangzhen Lan
- State Key Laboratory for Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Zhejiang-Malaysia Joint Research Laboratory for Agricultural Product Processing and Nutrition and College of Food and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315800, China.
| | - Yichun Wu
- Zhoushan Institute for Food and Drug Control, Zhoushan, 316012, China
| | - Daodong Pan
- State Key Laboratory for Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Zhejiang-Malaysia Joint Research Laboratory for Agricultural Product Processing and Nutrition and College of Food and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315800, China
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Yan M, Zhang N, Li X, Xu J, Lei H, Ma Q. Integrating Post-Ionization Separation via Differential Mobility Spectrometry into Direct Analysis in Real Time Mass Spectrometry for Toy Safety Screening. Anal Chem 2024; 96:265-271. [PMID: 38153235 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c03915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2023]
Abstract
Direct analysis in real time (DART) enables direct desorption and ionization of analytes, bypassing the time-consuming chromatographic separation traditionally required for mass spectrometry (MS) analysis. However, DART-MS suffers from matrix interference of complex samples, resulting in compromised detection sensitivity and quantitation accuracy. In this study, DART-MS was combined with differential mobility spectrometry (DMS) to provide an additional dimension of post-ionization ion mobility separation within a millisecond time scale, compensating for the lack of separation in DART-MS analysis. As proof-of-concept, primary aromatic amines (PAAs), a class of potentially hazardous chemicals, were analyzed in various toy products, including bubble solutions, finger paints, and plush toys. In addition to commercial Dip-it glass rod and metal mesh sampling tools, a customized rapid extractive evaporation device was designed for the accelerated extraction and sensitive analysis of solid toy samples. The incorporation of DMS in DART-MS analysis enabled the rapid separation and differentiation of isomeric analytes, leading to improved accuracy and reliability. The developed protocols were optimized and validated, achieving good linearity with correlation coefficients greater than 0.99 and acceptable repeatability with relative standard deviations less than 10%. Moreover, satisfactory sensitivity was realized with limits of detection and quantitation ranges of 0.2-5 and 1-20 μg/kg (μg/L) for the 11 PAA analytes. The established methodology was applied for the analysis of real toy samples (n = 18), which confirmed its appealing potential for toy safety screening and consumer health protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengmeng Yan
- Key Laboratory of Consumer Product Quality Safety Inspection and Risk Assessment for State Market Regulation, Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing 100176, China
- Beijing Anti-Doping Laboratory, Beijing Sport University, Beijing 100091, China
| | - Nan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Consumer Product Quality Safety Inspection and Risk Assessment for State Market Regulation, Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing 100176, China
- School of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin 124221, China
| | - Xiaoxu Li
- School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Soochow University, Suzhou 215021, China
| | - Jianqiang Xu
- School of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin 124221, China
| | - Haimin Lei
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China
| | - Qiang Ma
- Key Laboratory of Consumer Product Quality Safety Inspection and Risk Assessment for State Market Regulation, Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing 100176, China
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Chioreanu A, Mot IC, Horhat DI, Balica NC, Sarau CA, Morar R, Domuta EM, Dumitru C, Negrean RA, Bumbu BA, Ravulapalli M, Alambaram S, Akshay R, Pricop M. Development and Preliminary Characterization of Polyester-Urethane Microparticles Used in Curcumin Drug Delivery System for Oropharyngeal Cancer. MEDICINA (KAUNAS, LITHUANIA) 2022; 58:1689. [PMID: 36422227 PMCID: PMC9693431 DOI: 10.3390/medicina58111689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Curcumin (Cc) as an active substance is known for its anti-inflammatory, anticoagulant, antioxidant, and anti-carcinogenic effects, together with its role in cholesterol regulation, and its use in different gastrointestinal derangements. On the other hand, curcumin can be used for its properties as an inactive substance, with Cc particles being more often tested in pharmaceutical formulations for drug delivery, with promising safety records and kinetics. The aim of this research was to obtain and characterize polyurethane microparticles that can be used as a carrier with a controlled Cc release. Materials and Methods: The in vitro samples were characterized by the Zetasizer procedure, and UV-Vis spectroscopy, while the in-vivo measurements on human subjects were performed by non-invasive skin assays (trans-epidermal water loss, erythema, and skin hydration). A total of 16 patients with oropharyngeal cancer stages II and III in equal proportions were recruited for participation. Results: The experimental values of sample characteristics using the Zetasizer identified a mean structural size of 215 nm in the polyester-urethane preparate (PU), compared to 271 nm in the curcumin-based PU. Although the size was statistically significantly different, the IPDI and Zeta potential did not differ significantly (22.91 mV vs. 23.74 mV). The average age during the study period was 57.6 years for patients in the PU group, respectively, and 55.1 years in those who received the curcumin preparations. The majority of oropharyngeal cancers were of HPV-related etiology. There were no significant side effects; 75.0% of patients in the PU group reporting no side effects, compared to 87.5% in the Cc group. The 48 h TEWL measurement at the end of the experiment found a statistically significant difference between the PU and the Cc group (2.2 g/h/m2 vs. 2.6 g/h/m2). The erythema assessment showed a starting measurement point for both research groups with a 5.1-unit difference. After 48 h, the difference between PU and PU_Cc was just 1.7 units (p-value = 0.576). The overall difference compared to the reference group with sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) was statistically significant at a 95% significance level. Conclusions: Our findings indicate the obtaining of almost homogeneous particles with a medium tendency to form agglomerations, with a good capacity of encapsulation (around 60%), a medium release rate, and a non-irritative potential. Therefore, this polyester-urethane with Cc microparticles can be tested in other clinical evaluations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandru Chioreanu
- Department of Ear-Nose-Throat, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, Eftimie Murgu Square 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Ion Cristian Mot
- Department of Ear-Nose-Throat, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, Eftimie Murgu Square 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Delia Ioana Horhat
- Department of Ear-Nose-Throat, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, Eftimie Murgu Square 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Nicolae Constantin Balica
- Department of Ear-Nose-Throat, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, Eftimie Murgu Square 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Cristian Andrei Sarau
- Department of Ear-Nose-Throat, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, Eftimie Murgu Square 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Raluca Morar
- Department of Ear-Nose-Throat, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, Eftimie Murgu Square 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Eugenia Maria Domuta
- Surgery Department, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, Piata 1 Decembrie 10, 410073 Oradea, Romania
| | - Catalin Dumitru
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, 300041 Timisoara, Romania
| | | | - Bogdan Andrei Bumbu
- Department of Dental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, 410073 Oradea, Romania
| | - Madhavi Ravulapalli
- School of General Medicine, Bhaskar Medical College, Amdapur Road 156-162, Hyderabad 500075, India
| | - Satish Alambaram
- School of General Medicine, Bhaskar Medical College, Amdapur Road 156-162, Hyderabad 500075, India
| | - Raja Akshay
- Malla Reddy Institute of Medical Sciences, Suraram Main Road 138, Hyderabad 500055, India
| | - Marius Pricop
- Discipline of Oral and Maxillo-Facial Surgery, Faculty of Dental Medicine, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, Eftimie Murgu Square 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania
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Tarafdar A, Sirohi R, Balakumaran PA, Reshmy R, Madhavan A, Sindhu R, Binod P, Kumar Y, Kumar D, Sim SJ. The hazardous threat of Bisphenol A: Toxicity, detection and remediation. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 423:127097. [PMID: 34488101 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.127097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Bisphenol A (or BPA) is a toxic endocrine disrupting chemical that is released into the environment through modern manufacturing practices. BPA can disrupt the production, function and activity of endogenous hormones causing irregularity in the hypothalamus-pituitary-gonadal glands and also the pituitary-adrenal function. BPA has immuno-suppression activity and can downregulate T cells and antioxidant genes. The genotoxicity and cytotoxicity of BPA is paramount and therefore, there is an immediate need to properly detect and remediate its influence. In this review, we discuss the toxic effects of BPA on different metabolic systems in the human body, followed by its mechanism of action. Various novel detection techniques (LC-MS, GC-MS, capillary electrophoresis, immunoassay and sensors) involving a pretreatment step (liquid-liquid microextraction and molecularly imprinted solid-phase extraction) have also been detailed. Mechanisms of various remediation strategies, including biodegradation using native enzymes, membrane separation processes, photocatalytic oxidation, use of nanosorbents and thermal degradation has been detailed. An overview of the global regulations pertaining to BPA has been presented. More investigations are required on the efficiency of integrated remediation technologies rather than standalone methods for BPA removal. The effect of processing operations on BPA in food matrices is also warranted to restrict its transport into food products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayon Tarafdar
- Livestock Production and Management Section, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly 243122, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Ranjna Sirohi
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Korea University, 145, Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, South Korea
| | - Palanisamy Athiyaman Balakumaran
- Microbial Processes and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (CSIR-NIIST), Trivandrum 695019, Kerala, India
| | - R Reshmy
- Department of Chemistry, Bishop Moore College, Mavelikkara 690110, Kerela, India
| | - Aravind Madhavan
- Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Trivandrum 695014, Kerela, India
| | - Raveendran Sindhu
- Microbial Processes and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (CSIR-NIIST), Trivandrum 695019, Kerala, India
| | - Parameswaran Binod
- Microbial Processes and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (CSIR-NIIST), Trivandrum 695019, Kerala, India
| | - Yogesh Kumar
- Department of Food Science and Technology, National Institute of Food Technology and Entrepreneurship and Management, Sonipat 131028, Haryana, India
| | - Deepak Kumar
- Department of Food Science and Technology, National Institute of Food Technology and Entrepreneurship and Management, Sonipat 131028, Haryana, India
| | - Sang Jun Sim
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Korea University, 145, Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, South Korea.
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Chen J, Wang J, Ye R, Huang D, Chen S. An electrochemical sensor based on a glassy carbon electrode modified with sandwich structured ZIF-67@rGO for bisphenol A measurement. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2021; 13:5777-5786. [PMID: 34825246 DOI: 10.1039/d1ay01542g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The low conductivity of metal-organic frameworks seriously impedes their electrocatalytic performance. In this study, we prepared a fabricated sandwich structure composed of a Co-based zeolitic imidazolate framework (ZIF-67) and reduced graphene oxide (rGO) through a facile and simple one-pot hydrothermal reaction. This framework of nanocomposites, which are modified with a glassy carbon electrode, constructed a bisphenol A (BPA) electrochemical sensor for the first time. Operational parameters such as pH, electrolytes, the amount of modifiers, deposition potentials and deposition time were optimised for the sensitive detection of BPA. The performance of electrodes was evaluated by cyclic voltammetry, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, field emission scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy. With differential pulse voltammetry, the detection concentration of BPA ranged from 0.05 μmol L-1 to 100 μmol L-1. The results revealed that the hierarchical nanocomposites demonstrated better electrocatalytic performance with large electrochemically active surface areas, high sensitivity and a low limit of detection (5.2 nmol L-1), compared with a physical mixture of ZIF-67 and rGO at the same ratio. These impressive features originate from the synergistic effects of ZIF-67 and rGO. This study presents a new strategy using metal-organic framework composite materials for the sensitive detection of BPA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinyang Chen
- Fujian Polytechnic Normal University, Food Flexible Packaging Technology Fujian University Engineering Research Center, Fuqing, Fujian 350300, China.
- Fujian Normal University, Collge of Life sciences, Fuzhou 350117, Fujian, China
| | - Jiamei Wang
- Fujian Polytechnic Normal University, Food Flexible Packaging Technology Fujian University Engineering Research Center, Fuqing, Fujian 350300, China.
| | - Ruihong Ye
- Fujian Polytechnic Normal University, Food Flexible Packaging Technology Fujian University Engineering Research Center, Fuqing, Fujian 350300, China.
| | - Dihui Huang
- Fujian Polytechnic Normal University, Food Flexible Packaging Technology Fujian University Engineering Research Center, Fuqing, Fujian 350300, China.
| | - Sheng Chen
- Fujian Polytechnic Normal University, Food Flexible Packaging Technology Fujian University Engineering Research Center, Fuqing, Fujian 350300, China.
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Machnik P, Schuster S. Recording from an Identified Neuron Efficiently Reveals Hazard for Brain Function in Risk Assessment. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26226935. [PMID: 34834026 PMCID: PMC8622100 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26226935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Modern societies use a continuously growing number of chemicals. Because these are released into the environment and are taken up by humans, rigorous (but practicable) risk assessment must precede the approval of new substances for commerce. A number of tests is applicable, but it has been very difficult to efficiently assay the effect of chemicals on communication and information processing in vivo in the adult vertebrate brain. Here, we suggest a straightforward way to rapidly and accurately detect effects of chemical exposure on action potential generation, synaptic transmission, central information processing, and even processing in sensory systems in vivo by recording from a single neuron. The approach is possible in an identified neuron in the hindbrain of fish that integrates various sources of information and whose properties are ideal for rapid analysis of the various effects chemicals can have on the nervous system. The analysis uses fish but, as we discuss here, key neuronal functions are conserved and differences can only be due to differences in metabolism or passage into the brain, factors that can easily be determined. Speed and efficiency of the method, therefore, make it suitable to provide information in risk assessment, as we illustrate here with the effects of bisphenols on adult brain function.
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Dinis TBV, e Silva FA, Sousa F, Freire MG. Advances Brought by Hydrophilic Ionic Liquids in Fields Involving Pharmaceuticals. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 14:6231. [PMID: 34771756 PMCID: PMC8585031 DOI: 10.3390/ma14216231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The negligible volatility and high tunable nature of ionic liquids (ILs) have been the main drivers of their investigation in a wide diversity of fields, among which is their application in areas involving pharmaceuticals. Although most literature dealing with ILs is still majorly devoted to hydrophobic ILs, evidence on the potential of hydrophilic ILs have been increasingly provided in the past decade, viz., ILs with improved therapeutic efficiency and bioavailability, ILs with the ability to increase drugs' aqueous solubility, ILs with enhanced extraction performance for pharmaceuticals when employed in biphasic systems and other techniques, and ILs displaying low eco/cyto/toxicity and beneficial biological activities. Given their relevance, it is here overviewed the applications of hydrophilic ILs in fields involving pharmaceuticals, particularly focusing on achievements and advances witnessed during the last decade. The application of hydrophilic ILs within fields involving pharmaceuticals is here critically discussed according to four categories: (i) to improve pharmaceuticals solubility, envisioning improved bioavailability; (ii) as IL-based drug delivery systems; (iii) as pretreatment techniques to improve analytical methods performance dealing with pharmaceuticals, and (iv) in the recovery and purification of pharmaceuticals using IL-based systems. Key factors in the selection of appropriate ILs are identified. Insights and perspectives to bring renewed and effective solutions involving ILs able to compete with current commercial technologies are finally provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa B. V. Dinis
- CICECO—Aveiro Institute of Materials, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; (T.B.V.D.); (F.A.eS.)
| | - Francisca A. e Silva
- CICECO—Aveiro Institute of Materials, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; (T.B.V.D.); (F.A.eS.)
| | - Fani Sousa
- CICS-UBI—Health Sciences Research Centre, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Beira Interior, Av. Infante D. Henrique, 6201-506 Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Mara G. Freire
- CICECO—Aveiro Institute of Materials, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; (T.B.V.D.); (F.A.eS.)
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Wei Y, Zhou Y, Wei Y, Dong C, Wang L. A fluorescent aptasensor based on berberine for ultrasensitive detection of bisphenol A in tap water. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2021; 13:1816-1822. [PMID: 33885638 DOI: 10.1039/d1ay00180a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The residues of bisphenol A (BPA) in food packaging and water systems have a potential impact on human health; therefore, its analysis and detection have drawn scientists' attention. In this work, based on the change in fluorescence intensity resulting from the conformational switch of a berberine/BPA-aptamer system in the presence and absence of BPA, an ultra-sensitive fluorescence aptasensing system is proposed, in which BPA-aptamer is employed as the identification unit and berberine as the fluorescent probe. Various factors affecting the detection of BPA, including the concentration of the fluorescent probe, BPA-aptamer, BPA, pH, system stability time and other experimental conditions, were investigated in detail. Under the optimal experimental conditions, the fluorescence intensity of the sensing system of berberine/BPA-aptamer exhibited a good linear correlation with the BPA concentration in the range of 0-1300 μM with a LOD of 32 nM. The proposed fluorescent sensing system also exhibited excellent recoveries of 92.4-102.3% in tap water samples and showed good application prospects for the analysis and detection of BPA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxin Wei
- Institute of Environmental Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, P. R. China.
| | - Yangyang Zhou
- Institute of Environmental Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, P. R. China.
| | - Yanli Wei
- Institute of Environmental Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, P. R. China.
| | - Chuan Dong
- Institute of Environmental Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, P. R. China.
| | - Li Wang
- Institute of Environmental Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, P. R. China.
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