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Passerini M, Petri F, Suh GA. Phage Therapy for Cardiac Implantable Electronic Devices and Vascular Grafts: A Targeted Literature Review. Pathogens 2024; 13:424. [PMID: 38787276 PMCID: PMC11123972 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens13050424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2024] [Revised: 05/12/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Infections of cardiac implantable electronic devices (CIEDs) and vascular grafts are some of the most dreaded complications of these otherwise life-saving devices. Many of these infections are not responsive to conventional treatment, such as systemic antibiotics and surgical irrigation and debridement. Therefore, innovative strategies to prevent and manage these conditions are warranted. Among these, there is an increasing interest in phages as a therapeutical option. In this review, we aim to collect the available evidence for the clinical application of phage therapy for CIED and vascular graft infections through literature research. We found 17 studies for a total of 34 patients. Most of the indications were left ventricular assist device (LVAD) (n = 20) and vascular graft infections (n = 7). The bacteria most often encountered were Staphylococcus aureus (n = 18) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (n = 16). Clinical improvements were observed in 21/34 (61.8%) patients, with microbiological eradication in 18/21 (85.7%) of them. In eight cases, an adverse event related to phage therapy was reported. Phage therapy is a promising option for difficult-to-treat CIED and vascular graft infections by means of an individualized approach. Clinical trials and expanded access programs for compassionate use are needed to further unveil the role of phage therapy in clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Passerini
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milano, 20122 Milan, Italy;
- Department of Infectious Disease, ASST FBF Sacco Milano, 20157 Milan, Italy;
- ESGNTA–ESCMID Study Group for Non-Traditional Antibacterials, 4051 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Francesco Petri
- Department of Infectious Disease, ASST FBF Sacco Milano, 20157 Milan, Italy;
- Division of Public Health, Infectious Diseases and Occupational Medicine, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, 55905 MN, USA
| | - Gina A. Suh
- ESGNTA–ESCMID Study Group for Non-Traditional Antibacterials, 4051 Basel, Switzerland
- Division of Public Health, Infectious Diseases and Occupational Medicine, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, 55905 MN, USA
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2
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Li Y, Li XM, Duan HY, Yang KD, Ye JF. Advances and optimization strategies in bacteriophage therapy for treating inflammatory bowel disease. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1398652. [PMID: 38779682 PMCID: PMC11109441 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1398652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
In the advancement of Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) treatment, existing therapeutic methods exhibit limitations; they do not offer a complete cure for IBD and can trigger adverse side effects. Consequently, the exploration of novel therapies and multifaceted treatment strategies provides patients with a broader range of options. Within the framework of IBD, gut microbiota plays a pivotal role in disease onset through diverse mechanisms. Bacteriophages, as natural microbial regulators, demonstrate remarkable specificity by accurately identifying and eliminating specific pathogens, thus holding therapeutic promise. Although clinical trials have affirmed the safety of phage therapy, its efficacy is prone to external influences during storage and transport, which may affect its infectivity and regulatory roles within the microbiota. Improving the stability and precise dosage control of bacteriophages-ensuring robustness in storage and transport, consistent dosing, and targeted delivery to infection sites-is crucial. This review thoroughly explores the latest developments in IBD treatment and its inherent challenges, focusing on the interaction between the microbiota and bacteriophages. It highlights bacteriophages' potential as microbiome modulators in IBD treatment, offering detailed insights into research on bacteriophage encapsulation and targeted delivery mechanisms. Particular attention is paid to the functionality of various carrier systems, especially regarding their protective properties and ability for colon-specific delivery. This review aims to provide a theoretical foundation for using bacteriophages as microbiome modulators in IBD treatment, paving the way for enhanced regulation of the intestinal microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Li
- General Surgery Center, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
- Department of Rehabilitation, School of Nursing, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xiao-meng Li
- Department of Rehabilitation, School of Nursing, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Hao-yu Duan
- General Surgery Center, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Kai-di Yang
- Department of Rehabilitation, School of Nursing, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jun-feng Ye
- General Surgery Center, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
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3
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Bolsan AC, Sampaio GV, Rodrigues HC, Silva De Souza S, Edwiges T, Celant De Prá M, Gabiatti NC. Phage formulations and delivery strategies: Unleashing the potential against antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Microbiol Res 2024; 282:127662. [PMID: 38447457 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2024.127662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Revised: 01/14/2024] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
Bacterial control promoted by bacteriophages (phages) is an attractive tool in the face of the antibiotic crisis triggered by the exacerbated use of these drugs. Despite the growing interest in using these viruses, some gaps still need answers, such as the protection and delivery of phages. Some limitation points involve the degradation of phage proteins by enzymes or inactivation in low-pH environments. In this review, a literature search using keywords related to the field of virus delivery formulations was done to understand the current scenario of using delivery techniques and phage formulations. A total of 2096 raw results were obtained, which resulted in 140 publications after refinement. These studies were analyzed for main application techniques and areas, keywords, and countries. Of the total, 57% of the publications occurred in the last five years, and the encapsulation technique was the most used among the articles analyzed. As excipient agents, lactose, trehalose, mannitol, PEG, and Leucine stand out. The development of phage formulations, protection approaches, their delivery routes, and the knowledge about the best application strategy enables the use of these organisms in several sectors. It can act as a powerful tool against antibiotic-resistant bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Chiapetti Bolsan
- Programa de Pós Graduação em Sustentabilidade Ambiental Urbana (PPGSAU) - Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, PR 81280-340, Brazil
| | - Gabrielli Vaz Sampaio
- Laboratório de Genética, Instituto Butantan - Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP 05508-900, Brazil
| | - Heloisa Campeão Rodrigues
- Programa de Pós Graduação em Biotecnologia (PPGBIOTEC) - Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, Dois Vizinhos, PR 85660-000, Brazil
| | - Samara Silva De Souza
- Programa de Pós Graduação em Biotecnologia (PPGBIOTEC) - Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, Dois Vizinhos, PR 85660-000, Brazil
| | - Thiago Edwiges
- Programa de Pós Graduação em Sustentabilidade Ambiental Urbana (PPGSAU) - Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, PR 81280-340, Brazil
| | - Marina Celant De Prá
- Programa de Pós Graduação em Biotecnologia (PPGBIOTEC) - Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, Dois Vizinhos, PR 85660-000, Brazil
| | - Naiana Cristine Gabiatti
- Programa de Pós Graduação em Biotecnologia (PPGBIOTEC) - Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, Dois Vizinhos, PR 85660-000, Brazil.
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4
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Faltus T. The Medicinal Phage-Regulatory Roadmap for Phage Therapy under EU Pharmaceutical Legislation. Viruses 2024; 16:443. [PMID: 38543808 PMCID: PMC10974108 DOI: 10.3390/v16030443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Revised: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Bacteriophage therapy is a promising approach to treating bacterial infections. Research and development of bacteriophage therapy is intensifying due to the increase in antibiotic resistance and the faltering development of new antibiotics. Bacteriophage therapy uses bacteriophages (phages), i.e., prokaryotic viruses, to specifically target and kill pathogenic bacteria. The legal handling of this type of therapy raises several questions. These include whether phage therapeutics belong to a specially regulated class of medicinal products, and which legal framework should be followed with regard to the various technical ways in which phage therapeutics can be manufactured and administered. The article shows to which class of medicinal products phage therapeutics from wild type phages and from genetically modified (designer) phages do or do not belong. Furthermore, the article explains which legal framework is relevant for the manufacture and administration of phage therapeutics, which are manufactured in advance in a uniform, patient-independent manner, and for tailor-made patient-specific phage therapeutics. For the systematically coherent, successful translation of phage therapy, the article considers pharmaceutical law and related legal areas, such as genetic engineering law. Finally, the article shows how the planned legislative revisions of Directive 2001/83/EC and Regulation (EC) No 726/2004 may affect the legal future of phage therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timo Faltus
- Chair of Public Law, Law School, Faculty of Law, Economics and Business, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, 06099 Halle an der Saale, Germany
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5
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Samananda Singh L. Nano-emulsion encapsulation for the efficient delivery of bacteriophage therapeutics. Biologicals 2024; 85:101725. [PMID: 37951140 DOI: 10.1016/j.biologicals.2023.101725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Revised: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibiotic resistance has become the major concern for global public health. Phage therapy is being considered as an alternative for antibiotics to treat the multidrug resistant bacterial infections. Bacteriophage therapeutic developments has faced many challenges, including the drug formulations for sustainable phage delivery. The nano-emulsion platform has been described as the best approach to retain phage efficacy, shelf life and stability. Encapsulated phage drugs ensure stable delivery of phages to the target site and integrate in the system. In this review, our main focus is on the nano-emulsion encapsulation of bacteriophages and its effects towards the phage therapeutic development.
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6
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Śliwka P, Skaradziński G, Dusza I, Grzywacz A, Skaradzińska A. Freeze-Drying of Encapsulated Bacteriophage T4 to Obtain Shelf-Stable Dry Preparations for Oral Application. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:2792. [PMID: 38140132 PMCID: PMC10747124 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15122792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2023] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Therapeutic application of bacterial viruses (phage therapy) has in recent years been rediscovered by many scientists, as a method which may potentially replace conventional antibacterial strategies. However, one of the main problems related to phage application is the stability of bacterial viruses. Though many techniques have been used to sustain phage activity, novel tools are needed to allow long-term phage storage and application in versatile forms. In this study, we combined two well-known methods for bacteriophage immobilization. First, encapsulated phages were obtained by means of extrusion-ionic gelation, and then alginate microspheres were dried using the lyophilization process (freeze-drying). To overcome the risk of phage instability upon dehydration, the microspheres were prepared with the addition of 0.3 M mannitol. Bacteriophage-loaded microspheres were stored at room temperature for 30 days and subsequently exposed to simulated gastric fluid (SGF). The survival of encapsulated phages after drying was significantly higher in the presence of mannitol. The highest number of viable bacteriophages exceeding 4.8 log10 pfu/mL in SGF were recovered from encapsulated and freeze-dried microspheres, while phages in lyophilized lysate were completely inactivated. Although the method requires optimization, it may be a promising approach for the immobilization of bacteriophages in terms of practical application.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Aneta Skaradzińska
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Microbiology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Science, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 50-375 Wrocław, Poland (G.S.)
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7
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Aguilera M, Tobar-Calfucoy E, Rojas-Martínez V, Norambuena R, Serrano MJ, Cifuentes O, Zamudio MS, San Martín D, Lara P, Sabag A, Zabner M, Tichy D, Camejo P, León L, Pino M, Ulloa S, Rojas F, Pieringer C, Muster C, Castillo D, Ferreira N, Avendaño C, Canaval M, Pieringer H, Cifuentes P, Cifuentes Muñoz N. Development and characterization of a bacteriophage cocktail with high lytic efficacy against field-isolated Salmonella enterica. Poult Sci 2023; 102:103125. [PMID: 37879168 PMCID: PMC10618821 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2023.103125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Revised: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Salmonella spp. is a prevalent pathogen that causes great public health concern worldwide. Bacteriophage-based cocktails have arisen as an alternative to antibiotics to inhibit the growth of Salmonella. However, the bactericidal effect of bacteriophage cocktails in vivo largely differs from their observed effect in vitro. This is partly because in vitro developments of cocktails do not always consider the bacterial diversity nor the environmental conditions where bacteriophages will have to replicate. Here, we isolated and sequenced 47 bacteriophages that showed variable degrees of lytic activity against 258 Salmonella isolates from a commercial broiler company in Brazil. Three of these bacteriophages were characterized and selected to assemble a cocktail. In vitro quantitative assays determined the cocktail to be highly effective against multiple serovars of Salmonella, including Minnesota and Heidelberg. Remarkably, the in vitro lytic activity of the cocktail was retained or improved in conditions that more closely resembled the chicken gut, such as anaerobiosis, 42°C, and Salmonella mono-strain biofilms. Analysis of bacterial cross-resistance between the 3 bacteriophages composing the cocktail revealed limited or no generation of cross-resistance. Our results highlight the relevance of an optimized flux of work to develop bacteriophage cocktails against Salmonella with high lytic efficacy and strong potential to be applied in vivo in commercial broiler farms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matías Aguilera
- PhageLab Chile SpA, Vicuña Mackenna 4860, Centro de Innovación Anacleto Angelini 5th floor, Santiago, Chile
| | - Eduardo Tobar-Calfucoy
- PhageLab Chile SpA, Vicuña Mackenna 4860, Centro de Innovación Anacleto Angelini 5th floor, Santiago, Chile
| | - Victoria Rojas-Martínez
- PhageLab Chile SpA, Vicuña Mackenna 4860, Centro de Innovación Anacleto Angelini 5th floor, Santiago, Chile
| | - Rodrigo Norambuena
- PhageLab Chile SpA, Vicuña Mackenna 4860, Centro de Innovación Anacleto Angelini 5th floor, Santiago, Chile
| | - María Jesús Serrano
- PhageLab Chile SpA, Vicuña Mackenna 4860, Centro de Innovación Anacleto Angelini 5th floor, Santiago, Chile
| | - Onix Cifuentes
- PhageLab Chile SpA, Vicuña Mackenna 4860, Centro de Innovación Anacleto Angelini 5th floor, Santiago, Chile
| | - María Sofía Zamudio
- PhageLab Chile SpA, Vicuña Mackenna 4860, Centro de Innovación Anacleto Angelini 5th floor, Santiago, Chile
| | - Daniel San Martín
- PhageLab Chile SpA, Vicuña Mackenna 4860, Centro de Innovación Anacleto Angelini 5th floor, Santiago, Chile
| | - Pabla Lara
- PhageLab Chile SpA, Vicuña Mackenna 4860, Centro de Innovación Anacleto Angelini 5th floor, Santiago, Chile
| | - Andrea Sabag
- PhageLab Chile SpA, Vicuña Mackenna 4860, Centro de Innovación Anacleto Angelini 5th floor, Santiago, Chile
| | - Marcela Zabner
- PhageLab Chile SpA, Vicuña Mackenna 4860, Centro de Innovación Anacleto Angelini 5th floor, Santiago, Chile
| | - Daniel Tichy
- PhageLab Chile SpA, Vicuña Mackenna 4860, Centro de Innovación Anacleto Angelini 5th floor, Santiago, Chile
| | - Pamela Camejo
- PhageLab Chile SpA, Vicuña Mackenna 4860, Centro de Innovación Anacleto Angelini 5th floor, Santiago, Chile
| | - Luis León
- PhageLab Chile SpA, Vicuña Mackenna 4860, Centro de Innovación Anacleto Angelini 5th floor, Santiago, Chile
| | - Michael Pino
- PhageLab Chile SpA, Vicuña Mackenna 4860, Centro de Innovación Anacleto Angelini 5th floor, Santiago, Chile
| | - Soledad Ulloa
- PhageLab Chile SpA, Vicuña Mackenna 4860, Centro de Innovación Anacleto Angelini 5th floor, Santiago, Chile
| | - Felipe Rojas
- PhageLab Chile SpA, Vicuña Mackenna 4860, Centro de Innovación Anacleto Angelini 5th floor, Santiago, Chile
| | - Christian Pieringer
- PhageLab Chile SpA, Vicuña Mackenna 4860, Centro de Innovación Anacleto Angelini 5th floor, Santiago, Chile
| | - Cecilia Muster
- PhageLab Chile SpA, Vicuña Mackenna 4860, Centro de Innovación Anacleto Angelini 5th floor, Santiago, Chile
| | - Daniel Castillo
- PhageLab Chile SpA, Vicuña Mackenna 4860, Centro de Innovación Anacleto Angelini 5th floor, Santiago, Chile
| | - Nicolás Ferreira
- PhageLab Chile SpA, Vicuña Mackenna 4860, Centro de Innovación Anacleto Angelini 5th floor, Santiago, Chile
| | - Camilo Avendaño
- PhageLab Chile SpA, Vicuña Mackenna 4860, Centro de Innovación Anacleto Angelini 5th floor, Santiago, Chile
| | - Mauro Canaval
- PhageLab Chile SpA, Vicuña Mackenna 4860, Centro de Innovación Anacleto Angelini 5th floor, Santiago, Chile
| | - Hans Pieringer
- PhageLab Chile SpA, Vicuña Mackenna 4860, Centro de Innovación Anacleto Angelini 5th floor, Santiago, Chile
| | - Pablo Cifuentes
- PhageLab Chile SpA, Vicuña Mackenna 4860, Centro de Innovación Anacleto Angelini 5th floor, Santiago, Chile
| | - Nicolás Cifuentes Muñoz
- PhageLab Chile SpA, Vicuña Mackenna 4860, Centro de Innovación Anacleto Angelini 5th floor, Santiago, Chile..
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Chen B, Benavente LP, Chittò M, Wychowaniec JK, Post V, D'Este M, Constant C, Zeiter S, Feng W, Moreno MG, Trampuz A, Wagemans J, Onsea J, Richards RG, Lavigne R, Moriarty TF, Metsemakers WJ. Alginate microbeads and hydrogels delivering meropenem and bacteriophages to treat Pseudomonas aeruginosa fracture-related infections. J Control Release 2023; 364:159-173. [PMID: 37866403 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2023.10.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Revised: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023]
Abstract
Bacteriophage (phage) therapy has shown promise in treating fracture-related infection (FRI); however, questions remain regarding phage efficacy against biofilms, phage-antibiotic interaction, administration routes and dosing, and the development of phage resistance. The goal of this study was to develop a dual antibiotic-phage delivery system containing hydrogel and alginate microbeads loaded with a phage cocktail plus meropenem and evaluate efficacy against muti-drug resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Two phages (FJK.R9-30 and MK.R3-15) displayed enhanced antibiotic activity against P. aeruginosa biofilms when tested in combination with meropenem. The antimicrobial activity of both antibiotic and phage was retained for eight days at 37 °C in dual phage and antibiotic loaded hydrogel with microbeads (PA-HM). In a mouse FRI model, phages were recovered from all tissues within all treatment groups receiving dual PA-HM. Moreover, animals that received the dual PA-HM either with or without systemic antibiotics had less incidence of phage resistance and less serum neutralization compared to phages in saline. The dual PA-HM could reduce bacterial load in soft tissue when combined with systemic antibiotics, although the infection was not eradicated. The use of alginate microbeads and injectable hydrogel for controlled release of phages and antibiotics, leads to the reduced development of phage resistance and lower exposure to the adaptive immune system, which highlights the translational potential of the dual PA-HM. However, further optimization of phage therapy and its delivery system is necessary to achieve higher bacterial killing activity in vivo in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baixing Chen
- Department of Trauma Surgery, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; AO Research Institute Davos, Davos, Switzerland
| | - Luis Ponce Benavente
- Center for Musculoskeletal Surgery Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Wenli Feng
- AO Research Institute Davos, Davos, Switzerland
| | - Mercedes González Moreno
- Center for Musculoskeletal Surgery Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Andrej Trampuz
- Center for Musculoskeletal Surgery Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Jolien Onsea
- Department of Trauma Surgery, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Rob Lavigne
- Laboratory of Gene Technology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Willem-Jan Metsemakers
- Department of Trauma Surgery, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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9
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Malik DJ, Goncalves-Ribeiro H, GoldSchmitt D, Collin J, Belkhiri A, Fernandes D, Weichert H, Kirpichnikova A. Advanced Manufacturing, Formulation and Microencapsulation of Therapeutic Phages. Clin Infect Dis 2023; 77:S370-S383. [PMID: 37932112 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciad555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Manufacturing and formulation of stable, high purity, and high dose bacteriophage drug products (DPs) suitable for clinical usage would benefit from improved process monitoring and control of critical process parameters that affect product quality attributes. Chemistry, Manufacturing, and Controls (CMC) for both upstream (USP) and downstream processes (DSP) need mapping of critical process parameters (CPP) and linking these to critical quality attributes (CQA) to ensure quality and consistency of phage drug substance (DS) and DPs development. Single-use technologies are increasingly becoming the go-to manufacturing option with benefits both for phage bioprocess development at the engineering run research stage and for final manufacture of the phage DS. Future phage DPs under clinical development will benefit from implementation of process analytical technologies (PAT) for better process monitoring and control. These are increasingly being used to improve process robustness (to reduce batch-to-batch variability) and productivity (yielding high phage titers). Precise delivery of stable phage DPs that are suitably formulated as liquids, gels, solid-oral dosage forms, and so forth, could significantly enhance efficacy of phage therapy outcomes. Pre-clinical development of phage DPs must include at an early stage of development, considerations for their formulation including their characterization of physiochemical properties (size, charge, etc.), buffer pH and osmolality, compatibility with regulatory approved excipients, storage stability (packaging, temperature, humidity, etc.), ease of application, patient compliance, ease of manufacturability using scalable manufacturing unit operations, cost, and regulatory requirements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danish J Malik
- Chemical Engineering Department, Loughborough University, Loughborough, United Kingdom
| | | | - Dirk GoldSchmitt
- Division of Computing Science and Mathematics, University of Stirling, Stirling, United Kingdom
- Department of Psychology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Joe Collin
- Chemical Engineering Department, Loughborough University, Loughborough, United Kingdom
| | - Aouatif Belkhiri
- Chemical Engineering Department, Loughborough University, Loughborough, United Kingdom
| | - Diogo Fernandes
- Nanomaterials Characterisation, Malvern Panalytical, Malvern, United Kingdom
| | - Henry Weichert
- Process Analytical Technology, Sartorius Stedim Biotech GmbH, Germany
| | - Anya Kirpichnikova
- Division of Computing Science and Mathematics, University of Stirling, Stirling, United Kingdom
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10
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Karn SL, Gangwar M, Kumar R, Bhartiya SK, Nath G. Phage therapy: a revolutionary shift in the management of bacterial infections, pioneering new horizons in clinical practice, and reimagining the arsenal against microbial pathogens. Front Med (Lausanne) 2023; 10:1209782. [PMID: 37928478 PMCID: PMC10620811 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2023.1209782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The recent approval of experimental phage therapies by the FDA and other regulatory bodies with expanded access in cases in the United States and other nations caught the attention of the media and the general public, generating enthusiasm for phage therapy. It started to alter the situation so that more medical professionals are willing to use phage therapies with conventional antibiotics. However, more study is required to fully comprehend phage therapy's potential advantages and restrictions, which is still a relatively new field in medicine. It shows promise, nevertheless, as a secure and prosperous substitute for antibiotics when treating bacterial illnesses in animals and humans. Because of their uniqueness, phage disinfection is excellent for ready-to-eat (RTE) foods like milk, vegetables, and meat products. The traditional farm-to-fork method can be used throughout the food chain to employ bacteriophages to prevent food infections at all production stages. Phage therapy improves clinical outcomes in animal models and lowers bacterial burdens in numerous preclinical investigations. The potential of phage resistance and the need to make sure that enough phages are delivered to the infection site are obstacles to employing phages in vivo. However, according to preclinical studies, phages appear to be a promising alternative to antibiotics for treating bacterial infections in vivo. Phage therapy used with compassion (a profound understanding of and empathy for another's suffering) has recently grown with many case reports of supposedly treated patients and clinical trials. This review summarizes the knowledge on the uses of phages in various fields, such as the food industry, preclinical research, and clinical settings. It also includes a list of FDA-approved bacteriophage-based products, commercial phage products, and a global list of companies that use phages for therapeutic purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhash Lal Karn
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Mayank Gangwar
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Rajesh Kumar
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Satyanam Kumar Bhartiya
- Department of General Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Gopal Nath
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
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11
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Moreno-Figueroa LD, Quiroz-Guzmán E, Tovar-Ramírez D, Palestino G, Cisneros-Covarrubias CA, Hernández-Adame L. Use of Trehalose as an Additive to Bacteriophage Vb_Pd_PDCC-1: Long-Term Preservation Analysis and Its Biocontrol Against Vibrio diabolicus Infection. Curr Microbiol 2023; 80:372. [PMID: 37843653 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-023-03487-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
Phage therapy is a promising alternative to control bacterial diseases and the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance. In this sense, this research evaluates the viability of lyophilized vibrio phage vB_Pd_PDCC-1 using trehalose as a preservative excipient at different concentrations (4, 2, 1, and 0.5% w/v) and its potential for phage therapy application against a pathogenic bacteria Vibrio diabolicus in brine shrimp nauplii (Artemia franciscana). The lyophilized phages were stored at 4 and 23 °C and rehydrated using biological sterile saline solution to test their viability at days 1, 15, and 60 post-lyophilization. The results showed that trehalose is beneficial in maintaining the viability of post-lyophilization phages (without titer losses) at 4 °C and even at room temperature (23 °C). When lyophilized phages with 4% w/v trehalose concentration were stored at 23 °C, they had not titer losses among the trials; viability and titer concentration were maintained up to 60 days at log 7. The use of lyophilized phage PDCC-1 increased brine shrimp survival and reduced Vibrio concentrations. The present study has identified trehalose as a promising lyophilization excipient to effectively preserve lyophilized bacteriophages for biotechnological applications and long-term storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Daniel Moreno-Figueroa
- Nanotechnology and Microbial Biocontrol Group, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste, 23096, La Paz, Baja California Sur, Mexico
| | - Eduardo Quiroz-Guzmán
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste S.C. (CIBNOR), Av. IPN 195, Col Playa Palo de Sta. Rita Sur, C.P. 23096, La Paz, B.C.S, Mexico
| | - Dariel Tovar-Ramírez
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste S.C. (CIBNOR), Av. IPN 195, Col Playa Palo de Sta. Rita Sur, C.P. 23096, La Paz, B.C.S, Mexico
| | - Gabriela Palestino
- Laboratorio de Biopolímeros y Nanoestructuras, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, C.P. 78210, San Luis Potosí, Mexico
| | - Cándida A Cisneros-Covarrubias
- Laboratorio de Biopolímeros y Nanoestructuras, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, C.P. 78210, San Luis Potosí, Mexico
| | - Luis Hernández-Adame
- Nanotechnology and Microbial Biocontrol Group, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste, 23096, La Paz, Baja California Sur, Mexico.
- Cátedras CONACYT-Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste, 23096, La Paz, Baja California Sur, Mexico.
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12
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Nale JY, McEwan NR. Bacteriophage Therapy to Control Bovine Mastitis: A Review. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:1307. [PMID: 37627727 PMCID: PMC10451327 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12081307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Bovine mastitis is a polymicrobial disease characterised by inflammation of the udders of dairy and beef cattle. The infection has huge implications to health and welfare of animals, impacting milk and beef production and costing up to EUR 32 billion annually to the dairy industry, globally. Bacterial communities associated with the disease include representative species from Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, Enterococcus, Actinomyces, Aerococcus, Escherichia, Klebsiella and Proteus. Conventional treatment relies on antibiotics, but antimicrobial resistance, declining antibiotic innovations and biofilm production negatively impact therapeutic efficacy. Bacteriophages (phages) are viruses which effectively target and lyse bacteria with extreme specificity and can be a valuable supplement or replacement to antibiotics for bovine mastitis. In this review, we provide an overview of the etiology of bovine mastitis, the advantages of phage therapy over chemical antibiotics for the strains and research work conducted in the area in various model systems to support phage deployment in the dairy industry. We emphasise work on phage isolation procedures from samples obtained from mastitic and non-mastitic sources, characterisation and efficacy testing of single and multiple phages as standalone treatments or adjuncts to probiotics in various in vitro, ex vivo and in vivo bovine mastitis infection models. Furthermore, we highlight the areas where improvements can be made with focus on phage cocktail optimisation, formulation, and genetic engineering to improve delivery, stability, efficacy, and safety in cattle. Phage therapy is becoming more attractive in clinical medicine and agriculture and thus, could mitigate the impending catastrophe of antimicrobial resistance in the dairy sector.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janet Y. Nale
- Centre for Epidemiology and Planetary Health, Scotland’s Rural College (SRUC), Inverness IV2 5NA, Scotland, UK
| | - Neil R. McEwan
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Scotland’s Rural College (SRUC), Aberdeen AB21 9YA, Scotland, UK;
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13
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Thanki AM, Hooton S, Whenham N, Salter MG, Bedford MR, O'Neill HVM, Clokie MRJ. A bacteriophage cocktail delivered in feed significantly reduced Salmonella colonization in challenged broiler chickens. Emerg Microbes Infect 2023:2217947. [PMID: 37224439 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2023.2217947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
AbstractNontyphoidal Salmonella spp. are a leading cause of human gastrointestinal infections and are commonly transmitted via consumption of contaminated meat. To limit the spread of Salmonella and other food-borne pathogens in the food chain, bacteriophage (phage) therapy could be used during rearing or pre-harvest stages of animal production. This study was conducted to determine if a phage cocktail delivered in-feed is capable of reducing Salmonella colonization in experimentally-challenged chickens and to determine the optimal phage dose. 672 broilers were divided into six treatment groups T1 (no phage diet and unchallenged); T2 (phage diet 106 PFU/day); T3 (challenged group); T4 (phage diet 105 PFU/day and challenged); T5 (phage diet 106 PFU/day and challenged); and T6 (phage diet 107 PFU/day and challenged). The liquid phage cocktail was added to mash diet with ad libitum access available throughout the study. By day 42 (concluding day of the study) no Salmonella was detected in faecal samples collected from group T4. Salmonella was isolated from a small number of pens in groups T5 (3/16) and T6 (2/16) at ∼4 × 102 CFU/g. In comparison Salmonella was isolated from 7/16 pens in T3 at ∼3 × 104 CFU/g. Phage treatment at all three doses had a positive impact on growth performance in challenged birds with increased weight gains in comparison to challenged birds with no phage diet. We showed delivering phages via feed was effective at reducing Salmonella colonization in chickens and our study highlights phages offer a promising tool to target bacterial infections in poultry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anisha M Thanki
- Department of Genetics and Genome Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester, LE1 7RH, UK
| | - Steven Hooton
- Department of Genetics and Genome Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester, LE1 7RH, UK
| | - Natasha Whenham
- Ab Agri, Innovation Way, Peterborough Business Park, Peterborough, PE2 6FL, UK
| | - Michael G Salter
- Ab Agri, Innovation Way, Peterborough Business Park, Peterborough, PE2 6FL, UK
| | - Mike R Bedford
- Ab Vista, Woodstock Court, Blenheim Road, Marlborough Business Park, Marlborough, Wiltshire, SN8 4AN, UK
| | - Helen V M O'Neill
- Ab Agri, Innovation Way, Peterborough Business Park, Peterborough, PE2 6FL, UK
| | - Martha R J Clokie
- Department of Genetics and Genome Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester, LE1 7RH, UK
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14
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Gómez-Llorente H, Fernández-Segovia I, Pérez-Esteve É, Ribes S, Rivas A, Ruiz-Rico M, Barat JM. Immobilization of Natural Antimicrobial Compounds on Food-Grade Supports as a New Strategy to Preserve Fruit-Derived Foods. Foods 2023; 12:foods12102060. [PMID: 37238878 DOI: 10.3390/foods12102060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of natural antimicrobials in the food industry is being proposed as an eco-friendly postharvest technology to preserve fruit-derived foods. In this context, this systematic review aims to describe and discuss the application of naturally occurring antimicrobial compounds in the processing of fruit-derived foods by the PRISMA methodology. In a first step, the use of free natural antimicrobials was investigated as an approach to identify the main families of bioactive compounds employed as food preservatives and the current limitations of this dosage form. Then, the use of immobilized antimicrobials, in an innovative dosage form, was studied by distinguishing two main applications: addition to the food matrix as preservatives or use during processing as technological aids. Having identified the different examples of the immobilization of natural antimicrobial compounds on food-grade supports, the mechanisms of immobilization were studied in detail to provide synthesis and characterization guidelines for future developments. Finally, the contribution of this new technology to decarbonization and energy efficiency of the fruit-derived processing sector and circular economy is discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Héctor Gómez-Llorente
- Instituto Universitario de Ingeniería de Alimentos para el Desarrollo, Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino de Vera s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Isabel Fernández-Segovia
- Instituto Universitario de Ingeniería de Alimentos para el Desarrollo, Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino de Vera s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Édgar Pérez-Esteve
- Instituto Universitario de Ingeniería de Alimentos para el Desarrollo, Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino de Vera s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Susana Ribes
- Instituto Universitario de Ingeniería de Alimentos para el Desarrollo, Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino de Vera s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Alejandro Rivas
- Instituto Universitario de Ingeniería de Alimentos para el Desarrollo, Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino de Vera s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - María Ruiz-Rico
- Instituto Universitario de Ingeniería de Alimentos para el Desarrollo, Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino de Vera s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - José M Barat
- Instituto Universitario de Ingeniería de Alimentos para el Desarrollo, Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino de Vera s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain
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15
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Patil R, Dehari D, Chaudhuri A, Kumar DN, Kumar D, Singh S, Nath G, Agrawal AK. Recent advancements in nanotechnology-based bacteriophage delivery strategies against bacterial ocular infections. Microbiol Res 2023; 273:127413. [PMID: 37216845 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2023.127413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Revised: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Antibiotic resistance is growing as a critical challenge in a variety of disease conditions including ocular infections leading to disastrous effects on the human eyes. Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) mediated ocular infections are very common affecting different parts of the eye viz. vitreous chamber, conjunctiva, cornea, anterior and posterior chambers, tear duct, and eyelids. Blepharitis, dacryocystitis, conjunctivitis, keratitis, endophthalmitis, and orbital cellulitis are some of the commonly known ocular infections caused by S. aureus. Some of these infections are so fatal that they could cause bilateral blindness like panophthalmitis and orbital cellulitis, which is caused by methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) and vancomycin-resistance S. aureus (VRSA). The treatment of S. aureus infections with known antibiotics is becoming gradually difficult because of the development of resistance against multiple antibiotics. Apart from the different combinations and formulation strategies, bacteriophage therapy is growing as an effective alternative to treat such infections. Although the superiority of bacteriophage therapy is well established, yet physical factors (high temperatures, acidic pH, UV-rays, and ionic strength) and pharmaceutical barriers (poor stability, low in-vivo retention, controlled and targeted delivery, immune system neutralization, etc.) have the greatest influence on the viability of phage virions (also phage proteins). A variety of Nanotechnology based formulations such as polymeric nanoparticles, liposomes, dendrimers, nanoemulsions, and nanofibres have been recently reported to overcome the above-mentioned obstacles. In this review, we have compiled all these recent reports and discussed bacteriophage-based nanoformulations techniques for the successful treatment of ocular infections caused by multidrug-resistant S. aureus and other bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohit Patil
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi 221005, U.P., India
| | - Deepa Dehari
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi 221005, U.P., India
| | - Aiswarya Chaudhuri
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi 221005, U.P., India
| | - Dulla Naveen Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi 221005, U.P., India
| | - Dinesh Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi 221005, U.P., India
| | - Sanjay Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi 221005, U.P., India; Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Lucknow 226025, U.P., India
| | - Gopal Nath
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, U.P., India
| | - Ashish Kumar Agrawal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi 221005, U.P., India.
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16
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Nale JY, Ahmed B, Haigh R, Shan J, Phothaworn P, Thiennimitr P, Garcia A, AbuOun M, Anjum MF, Korbsrisate S, Galyov EE, Malik DJ, Clokie MR. Activity of a Bacteriophage Cocktail to Control Salmonella Growth Ex Vivo in Avian, Porcine, and Human Epithelial Cell Cultures. PHAGE (NEW ROCHELLE, N.Y.) 2023; 4:11-25. [PMID: 37214653 PMCID: PMC10196083 DOI: 10.1089/phage.2023.0001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
We examined the activity of phages to control the growth of chicken and swine Salmonella strains in avian (CHIC-8E11), porcine (IPEC-1), and human (HT-29) cell cultures. We optimized a six-phage cocktail by selecting the five most effective myoviruses and a siphovirus that have optimal lysis on prevalent serovars. We observed ∼20% of 7 log10 PFU/well phage and 3-6 log10 CFU bacterial adhesions, and 3-5 log10 CFU bacterial invasion per 2 cm2 of the cultured cells at 2 h post-treatment. The invasive bacteria when plated had a variable reduced susceptibility to the phages. After phage application at an MOI of 10, the prophylaxis regimen had better efficacy at controlling bacterial growth with an up to 6 log10 CFU/well reduction as compared with the 1-2 log10 CFU/well bacterial reduction observed in the remedial and coinfection regimens. Our data support the development of these phages to control salmonellosis in chickens, pigs, and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janet Y. Nale
- Centre for Epidemiology and Planetary Health, Department of Veterinary and Animal Science, North Faculty, Scotland's Rural College, Inverness, United Kingdom
- Department of Genetics and Genome Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Buthainah Ahmed
- Department of Genetics and Genome Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Richard Haigh
- Department of Genetics and Genome Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
- Department of Respiratory Science, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Jinyu Shan
- Department of Genetics and Genome Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Preeda Phothaworn
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Parameth Thiennimitr
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- Research Centre of Microbial Diversity and Sustainable Utilization, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- Center of Multidisciplinary Technology for Advanced Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Angela Garcia
- Department of Bacteriology, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Weybridge, United Kingdom
| | - Manal AbuOun
- Department of Bacteriology, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Weybridge, United Kingdom
| | - Muna F. Anjum
- Department of Bacteriology, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Weybridge, United Kingdom
| | - Sunee Korbsrisate
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Edouard E. Galyov
- Department of Genetics and Genome Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Danish J. Malik
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Loughborough University, Loughborough, United Kingdom
| | - Martha R.J. Clokie
- Department of Genetics and Genome Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
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17
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Khambhati K, Bhattacharjee G, Gohil N, Dhanoa GK, Sagona AP, Mani I, Bui NL, Chu DT, Karapurkar JK, Jang SH, Chung HY, Maurya R, Alzahrani KJ, Ramakrishna S, Singh V. Phage engineering and phage-assisted CRISPR-Cas delivery to combat multidrug-resistant pathogens. Bioeng Transl Med 2023; 8:e10381. [PMID: 36925687 PMCID: PMC10013820 DOI: 10.1002/btm2.10381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Revised: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibiotic resistance ranks among the top threats to humanity. Due to the frequent use of antibiotics, society is facing a high prevalence of multidrug resistant pathogens, which have managed to evolve mechanisms that help them evade the last line of therapeutics. An alternative to antibiotics could involve the use of bacteriophages (phages), which are the natural predators of bacterial cells. In earlier times, phages were implemented as therapeutic agents for a century but were mainly replaced with antibiotics, and considering the menace of antimicrobial resistance, it might again become of interest due to the increasing threat of antibiotic resistance among pathogens. The current understanding of phage biology and clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) assisted phage genome engineering techniques have facilitated to generate phage variants with unique therapeutic values. In this review, we briefly explain strategies to engineer bacteriophages. Next, we highlight the literature supporting CRISPR-Cas9-assisted phage engineering for effective and more specific targeting of bacterial pathogens. Lastly, we discuss techniques that either help to increase the fitness, specificity, or lytic ability of bacteriophages to control an infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khushal Khambhati
- Department of Biosciences, School of Science Indrashil University Rajpur Mehsana Gujarat India
| | - Gargi Bhattacharjee
- Department of Biosciences, School of Science Indrashil University Rajpur Mehsana Gujarat India
| | - Nisarg Gohil
- Department of Biosciences, School of Science Indrashil University Rajpur Mehsana Gujarat India
| | - Gurneet K Dhanoa
- School of Life Sciences University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Campus Coventry United Kindgom
| | - Antonia P Sagona
- School of Life Sciences University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Campus Coventry United Kindgom
| | - Indra Mani
- Department of Microbiology Gargi College, University of Delhi New Delhi India
| | - Nhat Le Bui
- Center for Biomedicine and Community Health International School, Vietnam National University Hanoi Vietnam
| | - Dinh-Toi Chu
- Center for Biomedicine and Community Health International School, Vietnam National University Hanoi Vietnam.,Faculty of Applied Sciences International School, Vietnam National University Hanoi Vietnam
| | | | - Su Hwa Jang
- Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering Hanyang University Seoul South Korea.,Hanyang Biomedical Research Institute Hanyang University Seoul South Korea
| | - Hee Yong Chung
- Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering Hanyang University Seoul South Korea.,Hanyang Biomedical Research Institute Hanyang University Seoul South Korea.,College of Medicine Hanyang University Seoul South Korea
| | - Rupesh Maurya
- Department of Biosciences, School of Science Indrashil University Rajpur Mehsana Gujarat India
| | - Khalid J Alzahrani
- Department of Clinical Laboratories Sciences College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taif University Taif Saudi Arabia
| | - Suresh Ramakrishna
- Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering Hanyang University Seoul South Korea.,College of Medicine Hanyang University Seoul South Korea
| | - Vijai Singh
- Department of Biosciences, School of Science Indrashil University Rajpur Mehsana Gujarat India
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18
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Baral B. Phages against killer superbugs: An enticing strategy against antibiotics-resistant pathogens. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1036051. [PMID: 36762109 PMCID: PMC9902939 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1036051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The emerging resistivity of antibiotic resistance superbugs desire the need to resolve the global problem of antibiotic resistance. Among several other methods currently being adopted, one possible solution may be the development of supplemental therapies for antibiotics. The use of the normal and advanced bactericidal properties of bacteriophages (bacteriophage therapy) may be one of the viable infection control options. It is evident, however, that the safe and regulated application of phage treatment will need extensive knowledge of the characteristics and behaviour of certain phage-bacterium systems. This mini review offers an overview of the potential for phage therapy as well as the constraints and obstacles it faces in becoming a commonly accepted infection management strategy.
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19
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Pardo-Freire M, Domingo-Calap P. Phages and Nanotechnology: New Insights against Multidrug-Resistant Bacteria. BIODESIGN RESEARCH 2023; 5:0004. [PMID: 37849463 PMCID: PMC10521656 DOI: 10.34133/bdr.0004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacterial infections are a major threat to the human healthcare system worldwide, as antibiotics are becoming less effective due to the emergence of multidrug-resistant strains. Therefore, there is a need to explore nontraditional antimicrobial alternatives to support rapid interventions and combat the spread of pathogenic bacteria. New nonantibiotic approaches are being developed, many of them at the interface of physics, nanotechnology, and microbiology. While physical factors (e.g., pressure, temperature, and ultraviolet light) are typically used in the sterilization process, nanoparticles and phages (bacterial viruses) are also applied to combat pathogenic bacteria. Particularly, phage-based therapies are rising due to the unparalleled specificity and high bactericidal activity of phages. Despite the success of phages mostly as compassionate use in clinical cases, some drawbacks need to be addressed, mainly related to their stability, bioavailability, and systemic administration. Combining phages with nanoparticles can improve their performance in vivo. Thus, the combination of nanotechnology and phages might provide tools for the rapid and accurate detection of bacteria in biological samples (diagnosis and typing), and the development of antimicrobials that combine the selectivity of phages with the efficacy of targeted therapy, such as photothermal ablation or photodynamic therapies. In this review, we aim to provide an overview of how phage-based nanotechnology represents a step forward in the fight against multidrug-resistant bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Pardo-Freire
- Institute for Integrative Systems Biology, I2SysBio, Universitat de València-CSIC, 46980 Paterna, Spain
| | - Pilar Domingo-Calap
- Institute for Integrative Systems Biology, I2SysBio, Universitat de València-CSIC, 46980 Paterna, Spain
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20
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Zhang B, Wang Y, Wang F, Zhang Y, Hao H, Lv X, Hao L, Shi Y. Microencapsulated phage composites with increased gastrointestinal stability for the oral treatment of Salmonella colonization in chicken. Front Vet Sci 2023; 9:1101872. [PMID: 36713855 PMCID: PMC9875011 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.1101872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Salmonella infection, one of the common epidemics in the livestock and poultry breeding industry, causes great economic losses worldwide. At present, antibiotics are the most commonly used treatment for Salmonella infection, but the widespread use of antibiotics has increased drug resistance to Salmonella. Phage therapy has gradually become an alternative method to control Salmonella infection. However, phage, a specific virus that can infect bacteria, has poor stability and is prone to inactivation during treatment. Microencapsulated phage microspheres can effectively solve this problem. Accordingly, in this study, Salmonella phages were microencapsulated, using the xanthan gum/sodium alginate/CaCl2/chitooligosaccharides method, to improve their gastrointestinal stability. Furthermore, microencapsulated phages were evaluated for in vitro temperature and storage stability and in vivo therapeutic effect. Phage microspheres prepared with 1 g/100 mL xanthan gum, 2 g/100 mL sodium alginate, 2 g/100 mL CaCl2, and 0.6 g/100 mL chitooligosaccharides were regular in shape and stable in the temperature range of 10-30°C. Also, microencapsulated phages showed significantly improved stability in the simulated gastric juice environment than the free phages (p < 0.05). In the simulated intestinal fluid, microencapsulated phages were completely released after 4 h. Moreover, microencapsulated phages showed good storage stability at 4°C. In the in vivo experiments detecting Salmonella colonization in the intestinal tract of chicks, microencapsulated phages showed a better therapeutic effect than the free phages. In conclusion, microencapsulated phages exhibited significantly improved stability, gastric acid resistance, and thereby efficacy than the free phages. Microencapsulated phages can be potentially used as biological control agents against bacterial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Zhang
- College of Life Science and Food Engineering, Hebei University of Engineering, Handan, Hebei, China
| | - Yongxia Wang
- College of Life Science and Food Engineering, Hebei University of Engineering, Handan, Hebei, China
| | - Fangfang Wang
- College of Life Science and Food Engineering, Hebei University of Engineering, Handan, Hebei, China
| | - Yongying Zhang
- College of Life Science and Food Engineering, Hebei University of Engineering, Handan, Hebei, China
| | - He Hao
- College of Life Science and Food Engineering, Hebei University of Engineering, Handan, Hebei, China
| | - Xingbang Lv
- College of Life Science and Food Engineering, Hebei University of Engineering, Handan, Hebei, China
| | - Liuhang Hao
- College of Life Science and Food Engineering, Hebei University of Engineering, Handan, Hebei, China
| | - Yuxiang Shi
- College of Life Science and Food Engineering, Hebei University of Engineering, Handan, Hebei, China,Engineering Research Center for Poultry Diseases of Hebei Province, Handan, Hebei, China,*Correspondence: Yuxiang Shi ✉
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21
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Jeyaraman M, Jain VK, Iyengar KP. Bacteriophage therapy in infection after fracture fixation (IAFF) in orthopaedic surgery. J Clin Orthop Trauma 2022; 35:102067. [PMID: 36420105 PMCID: PMC9677074 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcot.2022.102067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Revised: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Infection after fracture fixation (IAFF) in orthopaedic surgery is a significant complication that can lead to disability due to chronic infection and/or relapsing disease, non-union necessitating revision surgery. Management of IAFF is a major challenge facing orthopaedic surgeons across the world due to two key pathogenic mechanisms of Biofilm formation and antimicrobial resistance (AMR) against traditional antibiotics. Advanced prophylactic and treatment strategies to help eradicate established infections and prevent the development of such infections are necessary. Bacteriophage therapy represents an innovative modality to treat IAFF due to multi-drug resistant organisms. We assess the current role and potential therapeutic applications of the novel bacteriophage therapy in the management of these recalcitrant infections to achieve a successful outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhan Jeyaraman
- Department of Orthopaedics, ACS Medical College and Hospital, Dr MGR Educational and Research Institute, Chennai, 600056, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Vijay Kumar Jain
- Department of Orthopaedics, Atal Bihari Vajpayee Institute of Medical Sciences, Dr Ram Manohar Lohia Hospital, New Delhi, 110001, India
| | - Karthikeyan P. Iyengar
- Trauma and Orthopaedic Surgeon, Southport and Ormskirk NHS Trust, Southport, PR8 6PN, United Kingdom
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Balcão VM, Belline BG, Silva EC, Almeida PFFB, Baldo DÂ, Amorim LRP, Oliveira Júnior JM, Vila MMDC, Del Fiol FS. Isolation and Molecular Characterization of Two Novel Lytic Bacteriophages for the Biocontrol of Escherichia coli in Uterine Infections: In Vitro and Ex Vivo Preliminary Studies in Veterinary Medicine. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:2344. [PMID: 36365162 PMCID: PMC9692438 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14112344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2022] [Revised: 10/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 09/18/2023] Open
Abstract
E. coli is one of the etiological agents responsible for pyometra in female dogs, with conventional treatment involving ovariohysterectomy. Here, we report the isolation and full characterization of two novel lytic phages, viz. vB_EcoM_Uniso11 (ph0011) and vB_EcoM_Uniso21 (ph0021). Both phages belong to the order Caudovirales and present myovirus-like morphotypes, with phage ph0011 being classified as Myoviridae genus Asteriusvirus and phage ph0021 being classified as Myoviridae genus Tequatrovirus, based on their complete genome sequences. The 348,288 bp phage ph0011 and 165,222 bp phage ph0021 genomes do not encode toxins, integrases or antimicrobial resistance genes neither depolymerases related sequences. Both phages were shown to be effective against at least twelve E. coli clinical isolates in in vitro antibacterial activity assays. Based on their features, both phages have potential for controlling pyometra infections caused by E. coli. Phage ph0011 (reduction of 4.24 log CFU/mL) was more effective than phage ph0021 (reduction of 1.90 log CFU/mL) after 12 h of incubation at MOI 1000. As a cocktail, the two phages were highly effective in reducing the bacterial load (reduction of 5.57 log CFU/mL) at MOI 100, after 12 h of treatment. Both phages were structurally and functionally stabilized in vaginal egg formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor M. Balcão
- PhageLab, Laboratory of Biofilms and Bacteriophages, University of Sorocaba, Sorocaba 18023-000, Brazil
- Department of Biology and CESAM, Campus Universitário de Santiago, University of Aveiro, P-3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Bianca G. Belline
- PhageLab, Laboratory of Biofilms and Bacteriophages, University of Sorocaba, Sorocaba 18023-000, Brazil
| | - Erica C. Silva
- PhageLab, Laboratory of Biofilms and Bacteriophages, University of Sorocaba, Sorocaba 18023-000, Brazil
| | - Pablo F. F. B. Almeida
- PhageLab, Laboratory of Biofilms and Bacteriophages, University of Sorocaba, Sorocaba 18023-000, Brazil
| | - Denicezar Â. Baldo
- PhageLab, Laboratory of Biofilms and Bacteriophages, University of Sorocaba, Sorocaba 18023-000, Brazil
| | - Lara R. P. Amorim
- Department of Education, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, P-4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - José M. Oliveira Júnior
- PhageLab, Laboratory of Biofilms and Bacteriophages, University of Sorocaba, Sorocaba 18023-000, Brazil
| | - Marta M. D. C. Vila
- PhageLab, Laboratory of Biofilms and Bacteriophages, University of Sorocaba, Sorocaba 18023-000, Brazil
| | - Fernando S. Del Fiol
- PhageLab, Laboratory of Biofilms and Bacteriophages, University of Sorocaba, Sorocaba 18023-000, Brazil
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Alexyuk P, Bogoyavlenskiy A, Alexyuk M, Akanova K, Moldakhanov Y, Berezin V. Isolation and Characterization of Lytic Bacteriophages Active against Clinical Strains of E. coli and Development of a Phage Antimicrobial Cocktail. Viruses 2022; 14:v14112381. [PMID: 36366479 PMCID: PMC9697832 DOI: 10.3390/v14112381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Revised: 10/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Pathogenic E. coli cause urinary tract, soft tissue and central nervous system infections, sepsis, etc. Lytic bacteriophages can be used to combat such infections. We investigated six lytic E. coli bacteriophages isolated from wastewater. Transmission electron microscopy and whole genome sequencing showed that the isolated bacteriophages are tailed phages of the Caudoviricetes class. One-step growth curves revealed that their latent period of reproduction is 20-30 min, and the average value of the burst size is 117-155. During co-cultivation with various E. coli strains, the phages completely suppressed bacterial host culture growth within the first 4 h at MOIs 10-7 to 10-3. The host range lysed by each bacteriophage varied from six to two bacterial strains out of nine used in the study. The cocktail formed from the isolated bacteriophages possessed the ability to completely suppress the growth of all the E. coli strains used in the study within 6 h and maintain its lytic activity for 8 months of storage. All the isolated bacteriophages may be useful in fighting pathogenic E. coli strains and in the development of phage cocktails with a long storage period and high efficiency in the treatment of bacterial infections.
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Liyanagedera SBW, Williams J, Wheatley JP, Biketova AY, Hasan M, Sagona AP, Purdy KJ, Puxty RJ, Feher T, Kulkarni V. SpyPhage: A Cell-Free TXTL Platform for Rapid Engineering of Targeted Phage Therapies. ACS Synth Biol 2022; 11:3330-3342. [PMID: 36194543 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.2c00244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The past decade has seen the emergence of multidrug resistant pathogens as a leading cause of death worldwide, reigniting interest in the field of phage therapy. Modern advances in the genetic engineering of bacteriophages have enabled several useful results including host range alterations, constitutive lytic growth, and control over phage replication. However, the slow licensing process of genetically modified organisms clearly inhibits the rapid therapeutic application of novel engineered variants necessary to fight mutant pathogens that emerge throughout the course of a pandemic. As a solution to this problem, we propose the SpyPhage system where a "scaffold" bacteriophage is engineered to incorporate a SpyTag moiety on its capsid head to enable rapid postsynthetic modification of their surfaces with SpyCatcher-fused therapeutic proteins. As a proof of concept, through CRISPR/Cas-facilitated phage engineering and whole genome assembly, we targeted a SpyTag capsid fusion to K1F, a phage targeting the pathogenic strain Escherichia coli K1. We demonstrate for the first time the cell-free assembly and decoration of the phage surface with two alternative fusion proteins, SpyCatcher-mCherry-EGF and SpyCatcher-mCherry-Rck, both of which facilitate the endocytotic uptake of the phages by a urinary bladder epithelial cell line. Overall, our work presents a cell-free phage production pipeline for the generation of multiple phenotypically distinct phages with a single underlying "scaffold" genotype. These phages could become the basis of next-generation phage therapies where the knowledge-based engineering of numerous phage variants would be quickly achievable without the use of live bacteria or the need to repeatedly license novel genetic alterations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Joshua Williams
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Joseph P Wheatley
- School of Engineering, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Alona Yu Biketova
- Institute of Biochemistry, Eötvös Lóránd Research Network, Szeged Biological Research Centre, Szeged 6726, Hungary.,Jodrell Laboratory, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond TW9 3AE, United Kingdom
| | - Muhammad Hasan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Antonia P Sagona
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Kevin J Purdy
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Richard J Puxty
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Tamas Feher
- Institute of Biochemistry, Eötvös Lóránd Research Network, Szeged Biological Research Centre, Szeged 6726, Hungary
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Jeyaraman M, Jeyaraman N, Konkathi VK, Nallakumarasamy A, Muthu S, Khanna M. Bacteriophage Therapy in Implant-Related Orthopedic Infections. Indian J Orthop 2022; 56:1685-1693. [PMID: 36187582 PMCID: PMC9485506 DOI: 10.1007/s43465-022-00728-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Biofilm producers pose a major challenge in treating implant-related orthopedic infections (IROIs). The incidence of IROIs for the closed fracture amounts to 1% to 2% whereas for open fracture it is up to 30%. Due to inappropriate and irrational use of antibiotics in the management of infections, there is an emergence of a global "antimicrobial resistance crisis". To combat these antimicrobial resistance crises, a few innovative and targeted therapies like nanomedicine, phage therapy, antimicrobial peptides, and sonic therapies have been introduced. In this review, we have detailed the basic mechanisms involved in the employment of bacteriophage therapy for IROIs, along with the preclinical and clinical data on its utility. We also present the guidelines on its regulation, processing, and limitations of bacteriophage therpay to combat the upcoming era of antibiotic resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhan Jeyaraman
- Department of Orthopaedics, Faculty of Medicine, Sri Lalithambigai Medical College and Hospital, Dr MGR Educational and Research Institute, Chennai, Tamil Nadu India
- Indian Orthopaedic Rheumatology Association (IORA), Lucknow, India
- Orthopaedic Research Group, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu India
| | - Naveen Jeyaraman
- Indian Orthopaedic Rheumatology Association (IORA), Lucknow, India
- Department of Orthopaedics, Atlas Hospitals, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu India
- Dr. RML National Law University, Lucknow, India
| | - Vijay Kumar Konkathi
- Indian Orthopaedic Rheumatology Association (IORA), Lucknow, India
- Dr. RML National Law University, Lucknow, India
| | - Arulkumar Nallakumarasamy
- Indian Orthopaedic Rheumatology Association (IORA), Lucknow, India
- Department of Orthopaedics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhubaneswar, Odisha India
| | - Sathish Muthu
- Indian Orthopaedic Rheumatology Association (IORA), Lucknow, India
- Department of Orthopaedics, Government Medical College and Hospital, Dindigul, Tamil Nadu India
- Orthopaedic Research Group, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu India
| | - Manish Khanna
- Indian Orthopaedic Rheumatology Association (IORA), Lucknow, India
- Department of Orthopaedics, Autonomous State Medical College, Ayodhya, Uttar Pradesh India
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Retamales J, Núñez P, Alvarado R, Campan EDM, Otto T, Segovia C, Vasquez I, Santander J. Characterization of Xanthomonas arboricola pv. juglandis Bacteriophages against Bacterial Walnut Blight and Field Evaluation. Viruses 2022; 14:v14071380. [PMID: 35891361 PMCID: PMC9325289 DOI: 10.3390/v14071380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Revised: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Xanthomonas arboricola pv. juglandis (hereafter X. juglandis) is the etiological agent of walnut blight, the most important bacterial disease affecting walnut production worldwide. Currently, the disease is treated mainly with copper-derived compounds (e.g., CuSO4) despite the evidence of genetic resistance in these strains. Regarding the effectiveness and sustainability, the use of a bacteriophage appears to be a biocontrol alternative to reduce X. juglandis load and symptomatology of walnut blight. Here, the phages f20-Xaj, f29-Xaj, and f30-Xaj were characterized, and their effectiveness in walnut orchards against walnut blight was determined. These bacteriophages showed a specific lytic infection in X. juglandis strains isolated from Chile and France. Phylogenetic analysis of the complete genome of f20-Xaj and f30-Xaj indicates that these phages belong to the Pradovirus genus. In the field, the cocktail of these bacteriophages showed similar effectivity to CuSO4 in the reduction of incidence and severity in walnut tissue. Moreover, the bacterial load of X. juglandis was significantly reduced in the presence of bacteriophages in contrast to a CuSO4 treatment. These results show that the use of bacteriophages can be an alternative to combat the symptoms of walnut blight caused by X. juglandis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julio Retamales
- Instituto de Ciencias Naturales, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Agronomía, Universidad de las Américas, Viña del Mar 2520000, Chile
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +56-32-2524274
| | - Pablo Núñez
- Agroadvance SpA, Peñaflor 9750000, Chile; (P.N.); (R.A.)
| | | | - Erick D. M. Campan
- Laboratoire Écologie Fonctionnelle et Environnement, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, 31062 Toulouse, France; (E.D.M.C.); (T.O.)
| | - Thierry Otto
- Laboratoire Écologie Fonctionnelle et Environnement, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, 31062 Toulouse, France; (E.D.M.C.); (T.O.)
| | - Cristopher Segovia
- Marine Microbial Pathogenesis and Vaccinology Laboratory, Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, NL A1C 5S7, Canada; (C.S.); (I.V.); (J.S.)
| | - Ignacio Vasquez
- Marine Microbial Pathogenesis and Vaccinology Laboratory, Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, NL A1C 5S7, Canada; (C.S.); (I.V.); (J.S.)
| | - Javier Santander
- Marine Microbial Pathogenesis and Vaccinology Laboratory, Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, NL A1C 5S7, Canada; (C.S.); (I.V.); (J.S.)
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Opperman CJ, Wojno JM, Brink AJ. Treating bacterial infections with bacteriophages in the 21st century. S Afr J Infect Dis 2022; 37:346. [PMID: 35399556 PMCID: PMC8991297 DOI: 10.4102/sajid.v37i1.346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacteriophages (phages) were discovered in the early part of the 20th century, and their ability to eliminate bacterial infections as bacterial viruses gathered interest almost immediately. Bacteriophage therapy was halted in the Western world due to inconclusive results in early experiments and the concurrent discovery of antibiotics. The spread of antibiotic-resistant bacteria has elicited renewed interest in bacteriophages as a natural alternative to conventional antibiotic therapy. Interest in the application of bacteriophages has also expanded to include the environment, such as wastewater treatment, agriculture and aquaculture. Although the complete phage is important in bacteriophage therapy, the focus is shifting to purified phage enzymes. These enzymes are an attractive option for pharmaceutical companies with their patent potential. They can be bio-engineered for enhanced adjuvant properties, such as a broadened spectrum of activity or binding capability. Enzymes also eliminate the concern that the prophage might integrate resistance genes into the bacterial genome. From a clinical perspective, the first randomised clinical controlled phage therapy trial was conducted with more pioneering phase I/II clinical studies on the horizon. In this opinion paper, the authors outline bacteriophages as naturally occurring bactericidal entities, their therapeutic potential against antibiotic-resistant bacteria and compare them to antibiotics. Their potential multipurpose application in the medical field is also addressed, including the use of bacteriophages for vaccination, and utilisation of the antimicrobial enzymes that they produce.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoffel J Opperman
- National Health Laboratory Service, Green Point Laboratory, Cape Town, South Africa
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Health Science, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | | | - Adrian J Brink
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Health Science, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Microbiology Laboratory, National Health Laboratory Service, Groote Schuur Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa
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Jampilek J, Kralova K. Advances in Nanostructures for Antimicrobial Therapy. MATERIALS 2022; 15:ma15072388. [PMID: 35407720 PMCID: PMC8999898 DOI: 10.3390/ma15072388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Revised: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Microbial infections caused by a variety of drug-resistant microorganisms are more common, but there are fewer and fewer approved new antimicrobial chemotherapeutics for systemic administration capable of acting against these resistant infectious pathogens. Formulation innovations of existing drugs are gaining prominence, while the application of nanotechnologies is a useful alternative for improving/increasing the effect of existing antimicrobial drugs. Nanomaterials represent one of the possible strategies to address this unfortunate situation. This review aims to summarize the most current results of nanoformulations of antibiotics and antibacterial active nanomaterials. Nanoformulations of antimicrobial peptides, synergistic combinations of antimicrobial-active agents with nitric oxide donors or combinations of small organic molecules or polymers with metals, metal oxides or metalloids are discussed as well. The mechanisms of actions of selected nanoformulations, including systems with magnetic, photothermal or photodynamic effects, are briefly described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josef Jampilek
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University, Ilkovicova 6, 842 15 Bratislava, Slovakia
- Department of Chemical Biology, Faculty of Science, Palacky University Olomouc, Slechtitelu 27, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic
- Correspondence:
| | - Katarina Kralova
- Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University, Ilkovicova 6, 842 15 Bratislava, Slovakia;
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Salim A, Sindhu Shetty K, Febin H, Sameed N, Pal S, Nair BG, Madhavan A. Lytics broadcasting system: A novel approach to disseminate bacteriophages for disinfection and biogenic hydrogen sulphide removal tested in synthetic sewage. RESULTS IN ENGINEERING 2022; 13:None. [PMID: 35372823 PMCID: PMC8939857 DOI: 10.1016/j.rineng.2021.100314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2021] [Revised: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Owing to their selective nature, bacteriophages are prospective in targeted wastewater disinfection. Other potential applications include the removal of biogenic malodour and the mitigation of corrosion in sewerage pipelines. Nevertheless, its applications are ridden with challenges, the most prominent of which is scaling up. Towards that end, effective methodologies are required for dispersing phages into wastewater. The study describes a device arbitrarily named Lytics Broadcasting System. In principle, the device contains phages that can be continuously dispersed into wastewater. The modified version is called Bacteriophage Amplification Reactor, which operates with both phages and their respective hosts, ensuring continual production and dissemination of phages. Both prototypes utilize 0.22 μm cellulose membranes as an interface through which phage diffuse passively and selectively owing to its smaller size and established through membrane-overlay method. In the study, previously reported bacteriophage φPh_Se01 and Salmonella enterica were used. A reduction of 3-4 log was achieved with both the prototypes after 48 h of operation in 1 L of augmented synthetic sewage. Subsequently, the biogenic H2S produced by Salmonella enterica was reduced by 64-74% indicating its utility for targeted disinfection and malodour mitigation of wastewater. This study aims to provide a framework for the development of scalable prototypes of Lytic Broadcasting Systems for real-world wastewater applications.
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Recent Mitigation Strategies in Engineered Health Care Materials Towards Antimicrobial Applications. CURRENT OPINION IN BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cobme.2022.100377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Potential for Phages in the Treatment of Bacterial Sexually Transmitted Infections. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:antibiotics10091030. [PMID: 34572612 PMCID: PMC8466579 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10091030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Revised: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial sexually transmitted infections (BSTIs) are becoming increasingly significant with the approach of a post-antibiotic era. While treatment options dwindle, the transmission of many notable BSTIs, including Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Chlamydia trachomatis, and Treponema pallidum, continues to increase. Bacteriophage therapy has been utilized in Poland, Russia and Georgia in the treatment of bacterial illnesses, but not in the treatment of bacterial sexually transmitted infections. With the ever-increasing likelihood of antibiotic resistance prevailing and the continuous transmission of BSTIs, alternative treatments must be explored. This paper discusses the potentiality and practicality of phage therapy to treat BSTIs, including Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Chlamydia trachomatis, Treponema pallidum, Streptococcus agalactiae, Haemophilus ducreyi, Calymmatobacterium granulomatis, Mycoplasma genitalium, Ureaplasma parvum, Ureaplasma urealyticum, Shigella flexneri and Shigella sonnei. The challenges associated with the potential for phage in treatments vary for each bacterial sexually transmitted infection. Phage availability, bacterial structure and bacterial growth may impact the potential success of future phage treatments. Additional research is needed before BSTIs can be successfully clinically treated with phage therapy or phage-derived enzymes.
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The Potential of Phage Therapy against the Emerging Opportunistic Pathogen Stenotrophomonas maltophilia. Viruses 2021; 13:v13061057. [PMID: 34204897 PMCID: PMC8228603 DOI: 10.3390/v13061057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Revised: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The isolation and characterization of bacteriophages for the treatment of infections caused by the multidrug resistant pathogen Stenotrophomonas maltophilia is imperative as nosocomial and community-acquired infections are rapidly increasing in prevalence. This increase is largely due to the numerous virulence factors and antimicrobial resistance genes encoded by this bacterium. Research on S. maltophilia phages to date has focused on the isolation and in vitro characterization of novel phages, often including genomic characterization, from the environment or by induction from bacterial strains. This review summarizes the clinical significance, virulence factors, and antimicrobial resistance mechanisms of S. maltophilia, as well as all phages isolated and characterized to date and strategies for their use. We further address the limited in vivo phage therapy studies conducted against this bacterium and discuss the future research needed to spearhead phages as an alternative treatment option against multidrug resistant S. maltophilia.
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