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Scarano N, Brullo C, Musumeci F, Millo E, Bruzzone S, Schenone S, Cichero E. Recent Advances in the Discovery of SIRT1/2 Inhibitors via Computational Methods: A Perspective. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2024; 17:601. [PMID: 38794171 PMCID: PMC11123952 DOI: 10.3390/ph17050601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2024] [Revised: 05/03/2024] [Accepted: 05/05/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Sirtuins (SIRTs) are classified as class III histone deacetylases (HDACs), a family of enzymes that catalyze the removal of acetyl groups from the ε-N-acetyl lysine residues of histone proteins, thus counteracting the activity performed by histone acetyltransferares (HATs). Based on their involvement in different biological pathways, ranging from transcription to metabolism and genome stability, SIRT dysregulation was investigated in many diseases, such as cancer, neurodegenerative disorders, diabetes, and cardiovascular and autoimmune diseases. The elucidation of a consistent number of SIRT-ligand complexes helped to steer the identification of novel and more selective modulators. Due to the high diversity and quantity of the structural data thus far available, we reviewed some of the different ligands and structure-based methods that have recently been used to identify new promising SIRT1/2 modulators. The present review is structured into two sections: the first includes a comprehensive perspective of the successful computational approaches related to the discovery of SIRT1/2 inhibitors (SIRTIs); the second section deals with the most interesting SIRTIs that have recently appeared in the literature (from 2017). The data reported here are collected from different databases (SciFinder, Web of Science, Scopus, Google Scholar, and PubMed) using "SIRT", "sirtuin", and "sirtuin inhibitors" as keywords.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naomi Scarano
- Department of Pharmacy, Section of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Genoa, Viale Benedetto XV, 3, 16132 Genoa, Italy; (N.S.); (F.M.); (S.S.)
| | - Chiara Brullo
- Department of Pharmacy, Section of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Genoa, Viale Benedetto XV, 3, 16132 Genoa, Italy; (N.S.); (F.M.); (S.S.)
| | - Francesca Musumeci
- Department of Pharmacy, Section of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Genoa, Viale Benedetto XV, 3, 16132 Genoa, Italy; (N.S.); (F.M.); (S.S.)
| | - Enrico Millo
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Biochemistry, University of Genoa, Viale Benedetto XV 1, 16132 Genoa, Italy; (E.M.); (S.B.)
| | - Santina Bruzzone
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Biochemistry, University of Genoa, Viale Benedetto XV 1, 16132 Genoa, Italy; (E.M.); (S.B.)
- IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - Silvia Schenone
- Department of Pharmacy, Section of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Genoa, Viale Benedetto XV, 3, 16132 Genoa, Italy; (N.S.); (F.M.); (S.S.)
| | - Elena Cichero
- Department of Pharmacy, Section of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Genoa, Viale Benedetto XV, 3, 16132 Genoa, Italy; (N.S.); (F.M.); (S.S.)
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Garmendia-Berges M, Sola-Sevilla N, Mera-Delgado MC, Puerta E. Age-Associated Changes of Sirtuin 2 Expression in CNS and the Periphery. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:1476. [PMID: 38132302 PMCID: PMC10741187 DOI: 10.3390/biology12121476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2023] [Revised: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Sirtuin 2 (SIRT2), one of the seven members of the sirtuin family, has emerged as a potential regulator of aging and age-related pathologies since several studies have demonstrated that it shows age-related changes in humans and different animal models. A detailed analysis of the relevant works published to date addressing this topic shows that the changes that occur in SIRT2 with aging seem to be opposite in the brain and in the periphery. On the one hand, aging induces an increase in SIRT2 levels in the brain, which supports the notion that its pharmacological inhibition is beneficial in different neurodegenerative diseases. However, on the other hand, in the periphery, SIRT2 levels are reduced with aging while keeping its expression is protective against age-related peripheral inflammation, insulin resistance, and cardiovascular diseases. Thus, systemic administration of any known modulator of this enzyme would have conflicting outcomes. This review summarizes the currently available information on changes in SIRT2 expression in aging and the underlying mechanisms affected, with the aim of providing evidence to determine whether its pharmacological modulation could be an effective and safe pharmacological strategy for the treatment of age-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maider Garmendia-Berges
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Department, Division of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; (M.G.-B.); (N.S.-S.); (M.M.-D.)
| | - Noemi Sola-Sevilla
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Department, Division of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; (M.G.-B.); (N.S.-S.); (M.M.-D.)
- Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdiSNA), 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - MCarmen Mera-Delgado
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Department, Division of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; (M.G.-B.); (N.S.-S.); (M.M.-D.)
| | - Elena Puerta
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Department, Division of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; (M.G.-B.); (N.S.-S.); (M.M.-D.)
- Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdiSNA), 31008 Pamplona, Spain
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