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Musa A, Aminah NS, Kristanti AN, fathoni I, Amalia RT, Thant TM, Rajasulochana P, Takaya Y. Phytochemical and pharmacological profile of genus shorea: A review of the recent literature. Heliyon 2024; 10:e23649. [PMID: 38293342 PMCID: PMC10827409 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e23649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Revised: 11/26/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2024] Open
Abstract
In tropical Southeast Asia, Shorea is the most economically important tree and the largest genus in the Dipterocarpaceae family. It comprises about 150-200 species, of which majority are distributed in Malaysia, with others found in Sumatra and Borneo (Kalimantan) in Indonesia. Research on the chemical constituents of Shorea plants has been ongoing for many years. To date, a total of 113 different compounds, including 83 stilbenes and their resveratrol oligomers, 18 triterpenes/terpenoids, 7 coumarins 3 flavonoids and 2 steroids have been isolated and successfully elucidated from 26 different species of this genus. The diversity of the stilbene resveratrol oligomers in the Shorea genus is primarily due to the difference in the amount of resveratrol constituent units, which include dimers, trimers and tetramers. In addition to the species' traditional usage in the treatment of illnesses, such as diarrhea, toothaches, skin diseases, ear troubles and wounds, the extracts and secondary metabolite compounds isolated from various parts of the plant species are known to have a very potent antioxidant, antimicrobial, anticancer, anti-diabetic, anti-obesity, antiulcer, hepatoprotective and nephroprotective activities. This review aims to summarize the most recent research made from 1999 to date on the secondary metabolite compounds isolated from different species of genus Shorea, as well as the bioactivity (in vitro and in vivo) of the crude extracts and the isolated secondary metabolite compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdullahi Musa
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Nanik Siti Aminah
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
- Biotechnology of Tropical Medicinal Plants Research Group, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Alfinda Novi Kristanti
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
- Biotechnology of Tropical Medicinal Plants Research Group, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Imam fathoni
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Rizka Tazky Amalia
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Tin Myo Thant
- Department of Chemistry, Mandalay University, Mandalay, Myanmar
| | - P. Rajasulochana
- Department of Microbiology, Saveetha Medical College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Saveetha Nagar, Thandalam, Kanchipuram, Tamil Nadu 602105, India
| | - Yoshiaki Takaya
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijo University, 150 Yagotoyama, Tempaku, Nagoya, 468-8503 Japan
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Jeddi M, El Hachlafi N, Fadil M, Benkhaira N, Jeddi S, Benziane Ouaritini Z, Fikri-Benbrahim K. Combination of Chemically-Characterized Essential Oils from Eucalyptus polybractea, Ormenis mixta, and Lavandula burnatii: Optimization of a New Complete Antibacterial Formulation Using Simplex-Centroid Mixture Design. Adv Pharmacol Pharm Sci 2023; 2023:5593350. [PMID: 37645561 PMCID: PMC10462449 DOI: 10.1155/2023/5593350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aims to identify the volatile profile of three essential oils obtained from Eucalyptus polybractea cryptonifera (EPEO), Ormenis mixta (OMEO), and Lavandula burnatii briquet (LBEO) and to examine their combined antibacterial activity that affords the optimal inhibitory ability against S. aureus and E. coli using simplex-centroid mixture design and checkerboard assay. Essential oils (EOs) were isolated by hydrodistillation and characterized using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and gas chromatography coupled with flame-ionization detector (GC-FID). The antibacterial activity was performed using disc diffusion and microdilution assays. The chemical analysis revealed that 1,8-cineole (23.75%), p-cymene (22.47%), and α-pinene (11.20%) and p-menthane-1,8-diol (18.19%), α-pinene (10.81%), and D-germacrene (9.17%) were the main components detected in E. polybractea and O. mixta EOs, respectively. However, L. burnatii EO was mainly represented by linalool (24.40%) and linalyl acetate (18.68%). The EPEO, LBEO, and OMEO had a strong antibacterial effect on S. aureus with minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) values ranging from 0.25 to 0.5% (v/v). Furthermore, the combination of 1/2048 MICEPEO + 1/4 MICLBEO showed a synergistic antibacterial effect on S. aureus with a FIC index of 0.25, while the formulation of 1/4 MICEPEO + 1/4 MICOMEO demonstrated an antibacterial synergistic activity on E. coli with a FIC index of 0.5. Moreover, the simplex-centroid mixture design reported that the most effective combinations on E. coli and S. aureus correspond to 32%/28%/40% and 35%/30%/35% of E. polybractea, O. mixta, and L. burnatii, respectively. Presented information highlights the action of antibacterial formulations of these EOs and suggests their potential applications as alternatives to commercialized drugs to contract the development of bacteria causing serious infections and food deterioration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Jeddi
- Laboratory of Microbial Biotechnology and Bioactive Molecules, Sciences and Technologies Faculty, Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University, P.O. Box 2202, Imouzzer Road, Fez, Morocco
- Laboratory of Natural Substances, Pharmacology, Environment, Modeling, Health and Quality of Life (SNAMOPEQ), Faculty of Sciences, Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University, Fez 30 000, Morocco
| | - Naoufal El Hachlafi
- Laboratory of Microbial Biotechnology and Bioactive Molecules, Sciences and Technologies Faculty, Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University, P.O. Box 2202, Imouzzer Road, Fez, Morocco
| | - Mouhcine Fadil
- Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University, P.O. Box 2202, Road of Imouzzer, Fez, Morocco
| | - Nesrine Benkhaira
- Laboratory of Microbial Biotechnology and Bioactive Molecules, Sciences and Technologies Faculty, Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University, P.O. Box 2202, Imouzzer Road, Fez, Morocco
| | - Samir Jeddi
- Laboratory of Microbial Biotechnology and Bioactive Molecules, Sciences and Technologies Faculty, Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University, P.O. Box 2202, Imouzzer Road, Fez, Morocco
| | - Zineb Benziane Ouaritini
- Laboratory of Natural Substances, Pharmacology, Environment, Modeling, Health and Quality of Life (SNAMOPEQ), Faculty of Sciences, Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University, Fez 30 000, Morocco
| | - Kawtar Fikri-Benbrahim
- Laboratory of Microbial Biotechnology and Bioactive Molecules, Sciences and Technologies Faculty, Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University, P.O. Box 2202, Imouzzer Road, Fez, Morocco
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Li C, Li Z, Gan Y, Jiang F, Zhao H, Tan J, Yang YY, Yuan P, Ding X. Selective Capture, Separation, and Photothermal Inactivation of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) Using Functional Magnetic Nanoparticles. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:20566-20575. [PMID: 35499233 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c24102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Antibiotic-free antimicrobial strategies are urgently needed to address the rapid evolution of antimicrobial resistance and transmission of multidrug-resistance bacterial infections. Herein, we fabricated polydopamine-coated porous magnetic nanoparticles (pMNPs@PDA) for effective separation and photothermal killing of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Taking advantage of the excellent bacteria-affinitive property of polydopamine, the nanoparticles were anchored on the surface of bacteria, permitting rapid and efficient MRSA capture and separation with over 99% removal via the application of a magnetic field in 30 min. It was found, for the first time, that polydopamine-coated magnetic nanoparticles displayed a selective capture of Gram-positive bacteria when compared with Gram-negative bacteria. The selectivity was attributed to the preferable binding capability of pMNPs@PDA to peptidoglycan (PGN) of Gram-positive bacteria, compared to the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) of Gram-negative bacteria. With the magnetic separation and photothermal properties, pMNPs@PDA exhibited efficient killing of the captured MRSA under the irradiation of near-infrared (NIR) light. Cell cytotoxicity testing demonstrated good biocompatibility of the nanoparticles. These antibiotic-free nanoparticles capable of fast capture, separation, and inactivation of MRSA may be potentially used for water disinfection, blood purification, and treatment of bacterial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengnan Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, PR China
| | - Zongshao Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, PR China
| | - Yingying Gan
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, PR China
| | - Fenglin Jiang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, PR China
| | - Huimin Zhao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, PR China
| | - Jeremy Tan
- Institute of Bioengineering and Bioimaging, 31 Biopolis Way, Singapore 138669, Singapore
| | - Yi Yan Yang
- Institute of Bioengineering and Bioimaging, 31 Biopolis Way, Singapore 138669, Singapore
| | - Peiyan Yuan
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, PR China
| | - Xin Ding
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, PR China
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Annemer S, Farah A, Stambouli H, Assouguem A, Almutairi MH, Sayed AA, Peluso I, Bouayoun T, Talaat Nouh NA, El Ouali Lalami A, Ez zoubi Y. Chemometric Investigation and Antimicrobial Activity of Salvia rosmarinus Spenn Essential Oils. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27092914. [PMID: 35566267 PMCID: PMC9099978 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27092914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
To ensure the better production and sustainable management of natural resources, a chemometric investigation was conducted to examine the effect of cooperative and harvesting periods on the crop yields and chemical compositions of Salvia rosmarinus Spenn essential oils in the Oriental region of Morocco. The samples were collected from three cooperatives over nine time periods from January 2018 to April 2019. The chemical composition of Salvia rosmarinus Spenn essential oils was analyzed by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. The data from this study were processed by multivariate analyses, including principal component analysis (PCA) and hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA). The disc diffusion technique and a determination of the minimal inhibitory concentration were performed to study the antibacterial properties of the oils. Statistical analysis showed that the cooperative and harvest period have a significant effect on yields. The highest yield of essential oil was recorded in April 2019 at cooperative C1. The PCA and the HCA results were divided into two groups: Group A for the summer season and group B for the winter season. The samples collected during summer were characterized by a high amount of 1,8-cineole component and a high yield of essential oil, whereas the samples collected during winter were qualified by a high amount of α-pinene component and a low yield of essential oil. The antibacterial activity of Salvia rosmarinus Spenn essential oils showed that Mycobacterium smegmatis ATCC23857 and Bacillus subtilis ATCC 23857 are the most susceptible strains, stopping growth at 1/500 (v/v). The least susceptible strain is Escherichia coli ATCC25922, with an MIC value corresponding to 1/250 (v/v). The findings of this study could have a positive economic impact on the exploitation of rosemary in the Oriental region, especially during the best harvest periods, as they indicate how to obtain the best yields of oils richest in 1,8-cineole and α-pinene chemotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saoussan Annemer
- Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences and Techniques, University Sidi Mohammed Ben Abdellah, B.P. 2202, Fes 30000, Morocco; (S.A.); (A.F.); (A.E.O.L.); (Y.E.z.)
| | - Abdellah Farah
- Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences and Techniques, University Sidi Mohammed Ben Abdellah, B.P. 2202, Fes 30000, Morocco; (S.A.); (A.F.); (A.E.O.L.); (Y.E.z.)
| | - Hamide Stambouli
- Institute of Forensic Sciences of Gendarmerie Royal, B.P. 6597, Rabat 10000, Morocco; (H.S.); (T.B.)
| | - Amine Assouguem
- Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences and Techniques, University Sidi Mohammed Ben Abdellah, B.P. 2202, Fes 30000, Morocco; (S.A.); (A.F.); (A.E.O.L.); (Y.E.z.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Mikhlid H. Almutairi
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Amany A. Sayed
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza 12613, Egypt;
| | - Ilaria Peluso
- Research Centre for Food and Nutrition, Council for Agricultural Research and Economics (CREA-AN), 00178 Rome, Italy;
| | - Taoufik Bouayoun
- Institute of Forensic Sciences of Gendarmerie Royal, B.P. 6597, Rabat 10000, Morocco; (H.S.); (T.B.)
| | | | - Abdelhakim El Ouali Lalami
- Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences and Techniques, University Sidi Mohammed Ben Abdellah, B.P. 2202, Fes 30000, Morocco; (S.A.); (A.F.); (A.E.O.L.); (Y.E.z.)
- Higher Institute of Nursing Professions and Health Techniques, Regional Health Directorate, EL Ghassani Hospital, Fez 30000, Morocco
| | - Yassine Ez zoubi
- Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences and Techniques, University Sidi Mohammed Ben Abdellah, B.P. 2202, Fes 30000, Morocco; (S.A.); (A.F.); (A.E.O.L.); (Y.E.z.)
- Biotechnology, Environmental Technology and Valorization of Bio-Resources Team, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences and Techniques Al-Hoceima, Abdelmalek Essaadi University, Tetouan 93000, Morocco
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In the shadow of resveratrol: biological activities of epsilon-viniferin. J Physiol Biochem 2022; 78:465-484. [DOI: 10.1007/s13105-022-00880-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Moussaoui O, Bhadane R, Sghyar R, Ilaš J, El Hadrami EM, Chakroune S, Salo-Ahen OMH. Design, synthesis, in vitro and in silico characterization of new 2-quinolone- L -alaninate-1,2,3-triazoles as novel antimicrobial agents. ChemMedChem 2022; 17:e202100714. [PMID: 34978160 PMCID: PMC9305408 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202100714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2021] [Revised: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Due to the ever‐increasing antimicrobial resistance there is an urgent need to continuously design and develop novel antimicrobial agents. Inspired by the broad antibacterial activities of various heterocyclic compounds such as 2‐quinolone derivatives, we designed and synthesized new methyl‐(2‐oxo‐1,2‐dihydroquinolin‐4‐yl)‐L‐alaninate‐1,2,3‐triazole derivatives via 1,3‐dipolar cycloaddition reaction of 1‐propargyl‐2‐quinolone‐L‐alaninate with appropriate azide groups. The synthesized compounds were obtained in good yield ranging from 75 to 80 %. The chemical structures of these novel hybrid molecules were determined by spectroscopic methods and the antimicrobial activity of the compounds was investigated against both bacterial and fungal strains. The tested compounds showed significant antimicrobial activity and weak to moderate antifungal activity. Despite the evident similarity of the quinolone moiety of our compounds with fluoroquinolones, our compounds do not function by inhibiting DNA gyrase. Computational characterization of the compounds shows that they have attractive physicochemical and pharmacokinetic properties and could serve as templates for developing potential antimicrobial agents for clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oussama Moussaoui
- Universite Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdallah, Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, 30000, Fez, MOROCCO
| | | | - Riham Sghyar
- Universite Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdallah, Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, 30000, Fez, MOROCCO
| | - Janez Ilaš
- University of Ljubljana: Univerza v Ljubljani, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, 1000, Ljubljana, SLOVENIA
| | - El Mestafa El Hadrami
- Universite Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdallah, Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, 30000, Fez, MOROCCO
| | - Said Chakroune
- Universite Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdallah, Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, 30000, Fez, MOROCCO
| | - Outi M H Salo-Ahen
- Åbo Akademi University, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tykistökatu 6 A, Biocity, 3rd floor, 20520, Turku, FINLAND
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Moussaoui O, Byadi S, Eddine Hachim M, Sghyar R, Bahsis L, Moslova K, Aboulmouhajir A, Rodi YK, Podlipnik Č, Hadrami EMEL, Chakroune S. Selective synthesis of novel quinolones-amino esters as potential antibacterial and antifungal agents: Experimental, mechanistic study, docking and molecular dynamic simulations. J Mol Struct 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2021.130652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Koh YC, Lee PS, Kuo YL, Nagabhushanam K, Ho CT, Pan MH. Dietary Pterostilbene and Resveratrol Modulate the Gut Microbiota Influenced by Circadian Rhythm Dysregulation. Mol Nutr Food Res 2021; 65:e2100434. [PMID: 34506670 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.202100434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE A causal relationship between circadian misalignment and microbiota dysbiosis has been discussed recently, due to their association to pathogenesis. Herein, the possible impact of pterostilbene (PSB) and resveratrol (RES) on the gut microbiota brought by chronic jet-lag in mice is investigated. METHODS AND RESULTS Dietary supplement of RES and PSB (0.25%) are given to 16 week-jetlagged mice to examine the effects on microbiota and physiological functions. Jetlag significantly induces weight gained that could be effectively prevented by PSB. Both supplements also retain oscillation patterns that found to be lost in jetlag induced (JLG) group, including serum biochemical parameters and gut microbiota. The results of beta diversity suggest the supplementations efficiently lead to distinct gut microbial composition as compared to JLG group. Besides, the supplementation forestalls some microbial elevation, such as Eubacterium ventriosum and Acetitomaculum. Growth of health beneficial bacteria like Blautia and Lachnospiraceae UCG-001 is facilitated and abundance of these bacteria could be correlated to oscillation of biochemical parameters. Result of KEGG indicates distinct effect brought by microbial re-shaping. CONCLUSION The result suggests that supplementation of RES and PSB could potentially dampen some adverse effects of gut microbiota dysbiosis, and at the same time, re-composite and facilitate the growth of health beneficial microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yen-Chun Koh
- Institute of Food Sciences and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Sheng Lee
- Institute of Food Sciences and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Lun Kuo
- Biotools Co., Ltd, New Taipei City 221, Taiwan
| | | | - Chi-Tang Ho
- Department of Food Science, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
| | - Min-Hsiung Pan
- Institute of Food Sciences and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung City, Taiwan.,Department of Health and Nutrition Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung City, Taiwan
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Novel Amino Acid Derivatives of Quinolines as Potential Antibacterial and Fluorophore Agents. Sci Pharm 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/scipharm88040057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A new series of amino acid derivatives of quinolines was synthesized through the hydrolysis of amino acid methyl esters of quinoline carboxamides with alkali hydroxide. The compounds were purified on silica gel by column chromatography and further characterized by TLC, NMR and ESI-TOF mass spectrometry. All compounds were screened for in vitro antimicrobial activity against different bacterial strains using the microdilution method. Most of the synthesized amino acid-quinolines show more potent or equipotent inhibitory action against the tested bacteria than their correspond esters. In addition, many of them exhibit fluorescent properties and could possibly be utilized as fluorophores. Molecular docking and simulation studies of the compounds at putative bacterial target enzymes suggest that the antimicrobial potency of these synthesized analogues could be due to enzyme inhibition via their favorable binding at the fluoroquinolone binding site at the GyrA subunit of DNA gyrase and/or the ParC subunit of topoisomerase-IV.
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Righi D, Huber R, Koval A, Marcourt L, Schnee S, Le Floch A, Ducret V, Perozzo R, de Ruvo CC, Lecoultre N, Michellod E, Ebrahimi SN, Rivara-Minten E, Katanaev VL, Perron K, Wolfender JL, Gindro K, Queiroz EF. Generation of Stilbene Antimicrobials against Multiresistant Strains of Staphylococcus aureus through Biotransformation by the Enzymatic Secretome of Botrytis cinerea. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2020; 83:2347-2356. [PMID: 32705864 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.0c00071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The biotransformation of a mixture of resveratrol and pterostilbene was performed by the protein secretome of Botrytis cinerea. Several reaction conditions were tested to overcome solubility issues and to improve enzymatic activity. Using MeOH as cosolvent, a series of unusual methoxylated compounds was generated. The reaction was scaled-up, and the resulting mixture purified by semipreparative HPLC-PDA-ELSD-MS. Using this approach, 15 analogues were isolated in one step. Upon full characterization by NMR and HRMS analyses, eight of the compounds were new. The antibacterial activities of the isolated compounds were evaluated in vitro against the opportunistic pathogens Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus. The selectivity index was calculated based on cytotoxic assays performed against human liver carcinoma cells (HepG2) and the human breast epithelial cell line (MCF10A). Some compounds revealed remarkable antibacterial activity against multidrug-resistant strains of S. aureus with moderate human cell line cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Righi
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, CMU, Rue Michel Servet 1, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland (ISPSW), University of Geneva, CMU, Rue Michel Servet 1, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Robin Huber
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, CMU, Rue Michel Servet 1, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland (ISPSW), University of Geneva, CMU, Rue Michel Servet 1, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Alexey Koval
- Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, Translational Research Centre in Oncohaematology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, CMU, Rue Michel Servet 1, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Laurence Marcourt
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, CMU, Rue Michel Servet 1, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland (ISPSW), University of Geneva, CMU, Rue Michel Servet 1, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Sylvain Schnee
- Plant Protection Research Division, Mycology Group, Agroscope, Route de Duillier 50, P.O. Box 1012, 1260 Nyon, Switzerland
| | - Anaïs Le Floch
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, CMU, Rue Michel Servet 1, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland (ISPSW), University of Geneva, CMU, Rue Michel Servet 1, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Verena Ducret
- Microbiological Analysis Platform, Microbiology Unit, Department of Botany and Plant Biology, University of Geneva, Quai Ernest-Ansermet 30, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Remo Perozzo
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, CMU, Rue Michel Servet 1, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland (ISPSW), University of Geneva, CMU, Rue Michel Servet 1, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Concetta C de Ruvo
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, CMU, Rue Michel Servet 1, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland (ISPSW), University of Geneva, CMU, Rue Michel Servet 1, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Nicole Lecoultre
- Plant Protection Research Division, Mycology Group, Agroscope, Route de Duillier 50, P.O. Box 1012, 1260 Nyon, Switzerland
| | - Emilie Michellod
- Plant Protection Research Division, Mycology Group, Agroscope, Route de Duillier 50, P.O. Box 1012, 1260 Nyon, Switzerland
| | - Samad N Ebrahimi
- Department of Phytochemistry, Medicinal Plants and Drugs Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University, G. C., Evin, Tehran, Iran
| | - Elisabeth Rivara-Minten
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, CMU, Rue Michel Servet 1, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland (ISPSW), University of Geneva, CMU, Rue Michel Servet 1, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Vladimir L Katanaev
- Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, Translational Research Centre in Oncohaematology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, CMU, Rue Michel Servet 1, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
- School of Biomedicine, Far Eastern Federal University, Vladivostok 690090, Russia
| | - Karl Perron
- Microbiological Analysis Platform, Microbiology Unit, Department of Botany and Plant Biology, University of Geneva, Quai Ernest-Ansermet 30, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Jean-Luc Wolfender
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, CMU, Rue Michel Servet 1, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland (ISPSW), University of Geneva, CMU, Rue Michel Servet 1, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Katia Gindro
- Plant Protection Research Division, Mycology Group, Agroscope, Route de Duillier 50, P.O. Box 1012, 1260 Nyon, Switzerland
| | - Emerson F Queiroz
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, CMU, Rue Michel Servet 1, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland (ISPSW), University of Geneva, CMU, Rue Michel Servet 1, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
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Stilbenoids: A Natural Arsenal against Bacterial Pathogens. Antibiotics (Basel) 2020; 9:antibiotics9060336. [PMID: 32570824 PMCID: PMC7345618 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics9060336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Revised: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The escalating emergence of resistant bacterial strains is one of the most important threats to human health. With the increasing incidence of multi-drugs infections, there is an urgent need to restock our antibiotic arsenal. Natural products are an invaluable source of inspiration in drug design and development. One of the most widely distributed groups of natural products in the plant kingdom is represented by stilbenoids. Stilbenoids are synthesised by plants as means of protection against pathogens, whereby the potential antimicrobial activity of this class of natural compounds has attracted great interest in the last years. The purpose of this review is to provide an overview of recent achievements in the study of stilbenoids as antimicrobial agents, with particular emphasis on the sources, chemical structures, and the mechanism of action of the most promising natural compounds. Attention has been paid to the main structure modifications on the stilbenoid core that have expanded the antimicrobial activity with respect to the parent natural compounds, opening the possibility of their further development. The collected results highlight the therapeutic versatility of natural and synthetic resveratrol derivatives and provide a prospective insight into their potential development as antimicrobial agents.
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Azizan N, Mohd Said S, Zainal Abidin Z, Jantan I. Composition and Antibacterial Activity of the Essential Oils of Orthosiphon stamineus Benth and Ficus deltoidea Jack against Pathogenic Oral Bacteria. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22122135. [PMID: 29206142 PMCID: PMC6149972 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22122135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Revised: 11/27/2017] [Accepted: 11/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, the essential oils of Orthosiphon stamineus Benth and Ficus deltoidea Jack were evaluated for their antibacterial activity against invasive oral pathogens, namely Enterococcus faecalis, Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus mitis, Streptococcus salivarius, Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Porphyromonas gingivalis and Fusobacterium nucleatum. Chemical composition of the oils was analyzed using gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The antibacterial activity of the oils and their major constituents were investigated using the broth microdilution method (minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC)). Susceptibility test, anti-adhesion, anti-biofilm, checkerboard and time-kill assays were also carried out. Physiological changes of the bacterial cells after exposure to the oils were observed under the field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM). O. stamineus and F. deltoidea oils mainly consisted of sesquiterpenoids (44.6% and 60.9%, respectively), and β-caryophyllene was the most abundant compound in both oils (26.3% and 36.3%, respectively). Other compounds present in O. stamineus were α-humulene (5.1%) and eugenol (8.1%), while α-humulene (5.5%) and germacrene D (7.7%) were dominant in F. deltoidea. The oils of both plants showed moderate to strong inhibition against all tested bacteria with MIC and MBC values ranging 0.63–2.5 mg/mL. However, none showed any inhibition on monospecies biofilms. The time-kill assay showed that combination of both oils with amoxicillin at concentrations of 1× and 2× MIC values demonstrated additive antibacterial effect. The FESEM study showed that both oils produced significant alterations on the cells of Gram-negative bacteria as they became pleomorphic and lysed. In conclusion, the study indicated that the oils of O. stamineus and F. deltoidea possessed moderate to strong antibacterial properties against the seven strains pathogenic oral bacteria and may have caused disturbances of membrane structure or cell wall of the bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuramirah Azizan
- Drug and Herbal Research Centre, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 50300, Malaysia.
- Department of Clinical oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 50300, Malaysia.
| | - Shahida Mohd Said
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 50300, Malaysia.
| | - Zamirah Zainal Abidin
- Department of Clinical oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 50300, Malaysia.
| | - Ibrahim Jantan
- Drug and Herbal Research Centre, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 50300, Malaysia.
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Shen J, Zhou Q, Li P, Wang Z, Liu S, He C, Zhang C, Xiao P. Update on Phytochemistry and Pharmacology of Naturally Occurring Resveratrol Oligomers. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22122050. [PMID: 29186764 PMCID: PMC6149893 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22122050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2017] [Revised: 11/14/2017] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Resveratrol oligomers (REVs), a major class of stilbenoids, are biosynthesized by regioselective oxidative coupling of two to eight units of resveratrol monomer. Due to their unique structures and pleiotropic biological activities, natural product chemists are increasingly focusing on REVs in the last few decades. This study presents a detailed and thorough examination of REVs, including chemical structures, natural resources, and biological activities, during the period of 2010–2017. Ninety-two new REVs compounds, including 39 dimers, 23 trimers, 13 tetramers, six resveratrol monomers, six hexamers, four pentamers, and one octamer, have been reported from the families of Dipterocarpaceae, Paeoniaceae, Vitaceae, Leguminosae, Gnetaceae, Cyperaceae, Polygonaceae Gramineae, and Poaceae. Amongst these families, Dipterocarpaceae, with 50 REVs, accounts for the majority, and seven genera of Dipterocarpaceae are involved, including Vatica, Vateria, Shorea, Hopea, Neobalanocarpus, Dipterocarpus, and Dryobalanops. These REVs have shown a wide range of bioactivities. Pharmacological studies have mainly focused on potential efficacy on tumors, bacteria, Alzheimer’s disease, cardiovascular diseases, and others. The information updated in this review might assist further research and development of novel REVs as potential therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Shen
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China; (J.S.); (Q.Z.); (P.L.); (Z.W.); (S.L.); (P.X.)
- Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Qiang Zhou
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China; (J.S.); (Q.Z.); (P.L.); (Z.W.); (S.L.); (P.X.)
- Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100193, China
- School of Graduate, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300193, China
| | - Pei Li
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China; (J.S.); (Q.Z.); (P.L.); (Z.W.); (S.L.); (P.X.)
- Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Zhiqiang Wang
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China; (J.S.); (Q.Z.); (P.L.); (Z.W.); (S.L.); (P.X.)
- Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100193, China
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Shuangshuang Liu
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China; (J.S.); (Q.Z.); (P.L.); (Z.W.); (S.L.); (P.X.)
- Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Chunnian He
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China; (J.S.); (Q.Z.); (P.L.); (Z.W.); (S.L.); (P.X.)
- Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100193, China
- Correspondence: (C.H.); (C.Z.); Tel.: +86-10-5783-3165 (C.H.)
| | - Chunhong Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Baotou Medical College, Baotou 014060, China
- Correspondence: (C.H.); (C.Z.); Tel.: +86-10-5783-3165 (C.H.)
| | - Peigen Xiao
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China; (J.S.); (Q.Z.); (P.L.); (Z.W.); (S.L.); (P.X.)
- Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100193, China
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Bactericidal Effect of Pterostilbene Alone and in Combination with Gentamicin against Human Pathogenic Bacteria. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22030463. [PMID: 28304328 PMCID: PMC6155271 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22030463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2017] [Revised: 03/09/2017] [Accepted: 03/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The antibacterial activity of pterostilbene in combination with gentamicin against six strains of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria were investigated. The minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum bactericidal concentration of pterostilbene were determined using microdilution technique whereas the synergistic antibacterial activities of pterostilbene in combination with gentamicin were assessed using checkerboard assay and time-kill kinetic study. Results of the present study showed that the combination effects of pterostilbene with gentamicin were synergistic (FIC index < 0.5) against three susceptible bacteria strains: Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923, Escherichia coli O157 and Pseudomonas aeruginosa 15442. However, the time-kill study showed that the interaction was indifference which did not significantly differ from the gentamicin treatment. Furthermore, time-kill study showed that the growth of the tested bacteria was completely attenuated with 2 to 8 h treatment with 0.5 × MIC of pterostilbene and gentamicin. The identified combinations could be of effective therapeutic value against bacterial infections. These findings have potential implications in delaying the development of bacterial resistance as the antibacterial effect was achieved with the lower concentrations of antibacterial agents.
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Aldahoun MA, Jaafar MS, Al-Akhras MAH, Bououdina M. Enhanced nanocurcumin toxicity against (PC3) tumor and microbial by using magnetic field in vitro. ARTIFICIAL CELLS NANOMEDICINE AND BIOTECHNOLOGY 2016; 45:843-853. [DOI: 10.1080/21691401.2016.1178137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - M. S. Jaafar
- School of Physics, Universiti Sains Malaysia, USM, Penang, Malaysia
| | - M-Ali H. Al-Akhras
- Department of Physics, Bio-Medical Physics Laboratory, Jordan University of Science & Technology (JUST), Irbid, Jordan
| | - M. Bououdina
- Department of Physics, College of Science, University of Bahrain, AlZallaq, Kingdom of Bahrain
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Adahoun MA, Al-Akhras MAH, Jaafar MS, Bououdina M. Enhanced anti-cancer and antimicrobial activities of curcumin nanoparticles. ARTIFICIAL CELLS NANOMEDICINE AND BIOTECHNOLOGY 2016; 45:98-107. [PMID: 26747522 DOI: 10.3109/21691401.2015.1129628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Background Curcumin (diferuloylmethane) is a polyphenol derived from the plant Curcuma longa, commonly called turmeric. Extensive research over the last 50 years has demonstrated that these polyphenols play an important role in the maintenance of health and prevention of diseases, in addition to its therapeutic benefits such as anti-tumor, anti-inflammatory, and anti-oxidant activities. Materials and methods This study is devoted to the enhancement of the solubility and bioavailability of curcumin nanoparticles prepared by a process based on a wet-milling technique and then examine in vitro against prostate cancer cell line 3 (PC3), human embryonic kidney cell line (HEK), human erythrocytes (red blood cells (RBCs)), and against fourth different bacterial strains two gram-positive (Micrococcus luteus ATCC 9341, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 29213), two gram-negative (Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853). Results The cell viability curve, the half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50), and the minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) were evaluated. Nanocurcumin displayed significant activity against cancer cell line (PC3) and low toxicity against normal cells (HEK) compared with parent curcumin in favor of PC3 (P < 0.05). In addition, it was found that the efficiency of toxicity for nanocurcumin against PC3 (E% = 59.66%) was much better than HEK (E% = 36.07%) compared with parent curcumin. The results also demonstrate that, although nanocurcumin has a little more ability to lays RBCs than parent curcumin after incubated 60 min, but the hemolysis % remained very low and there was no significant difference between hemolysis % of nanocurcumin and parent curcumin (P > 0.05). On the other hand, the results demonstrate that, the MBCs of nanocurcumin were lower than curcumin for all different bacterial strains. Moreover, the selected gram-positive bacteria had higher sensitivity than the selected gram-negative bacteria for both curcumin and nanocurcumin. In conclusion, all these findings not only indicate that nanocurcumin safe compound has a potent ability as anti-cancer and antimicrobial activities, but also well justify the avail of using nanocurcumin as prostate cells PC3 anti-cancer, and antimicrobial agent for nanocurcumin are markedly improved by decreasing particle size to the nano-scale regime.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mohammed-Ali Hassan Al-Akhras
- b Department of Physics, Bio-Medical Physics Laboratory , Jordan University of Science & Technology (JUST) , Irbid , Jordan
| | | | - Mohamed Bououdina
- c Department of Physics, College of Science , University of Bahrain , Kingdom of Bahrain
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Abstract
Many naturally occurring oligostilbenes have drawn considerable attention because of their intricate structures and diverse biological activities. In recent years, oligostilbene bioactivities have become a popular research topic worldwide. Although these bioactivities are known to be extensive and several summaries on the activities of the compounds have been published, a comprehensive and systematic summary on active oligostilbenes is unavailable. From January 2005 to December 2013, a large number of active oligostilbenes and corresponding new bioactivities were reported in the literature. This review mainly focuses on the diverse bioactivities of oligostilbenes with various backbones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xian-Fen Wang
- a State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines , Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College , Beijing 100050 , China
| | - Chun-Suo Yao
- a State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines , Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College , Beijing 100050 , China
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Bacteriostatic antimicrobial combination: antagonistic interaction between epsilon-viniferin and vancomycin against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:461756. [PMID: 24783205 PMCID: PMC3982270 DOI: 10.1155/2014/461756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2013] [Accepted: 02/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Stilbenoids have been considered as an alternative phytotherapeutic treatment against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infection. The combined effect of ε-viniferin and johorenol A with the standard antibiotics, vancomycin and linezolid, was assessed against MRSA ATCC 33591 and HUKM clinical isolate. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) value of the individual tested compounds and the fractional inhibitory concentration index (FICI) value of the combined agents were, respectively, determined using microbroth dilution test and microdilution checkerboard (MDC) method. Only synergistic outcome from checkerboard test will be substantiated for its rate of bacterial killing using time-kill assay. The MIC value of ε-viniferin against ATCC 33591 and johorenol A against both strains was 0.05 mg/mL whereas HUKM strain was susceptible to 0.1 mg/mL of ε-viniferin. MDC study showed that only combination between ε-viniferin and vancomycin was synergistic against ATCC 33591 (FICI 0.25) and HUKM (FICI 0.19). All the other combinations (ε-viniferin-linezolid, johorenol A-vancomycin, and johorenol A-linezolid) were either indifferent or additive against both strains. However, despite the FICI value showing synergistic effect for ε-viniferin-vancomycin, TKA analysis displayed antagonistic interaction with bacteriostatic action against both strains. As conclusion, ε-viniferin can be considered as a bacteriostatic stilbenoid as it antagonized the bactericidal activity of vancomycin. These findings therefore disputed previous report that ε-viniferin acted in synergism with vancomycin but revealed that it targets similar site in close proximity to vancomycin's action, possibly at the bacterial membrane protein. Hence, this combination has a huge potential to be further studied and developed as an alternative treatment in combating MRSA in future.
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